10th Class Physics and Chemistry Review

Fundamental Concepts:
- Laws of motion (Newton's laws).
- Conservation laws (energy, momentum).
- Dynamics and kinematics.
- Thermodynamics (laws, heat transfer).
Key Areas:
- Mechanics: motion, forces, energy.
- Electricity and magnetism: Ohm's law, circuits, electromagnetic fields.
- Waves and optics: wave properties, sound, light behavior.
- Modern physics: quantum mechanics, relativity.

Atomic Structure:
- Atoms: protons, neutrons, electrons.
- Isotopes and ions.
Chemical Bonding:
- Ionic bonds: electron transfer.
- Covalent bonds: electron sharing.
- Metallic bonds: electron sea model.
Reactions:
- Types: synthesis, decomposition, single and double displacement.
- Balancing chemical equations.
- Rate of reaction and factors affecting it.
States of Matter:
- Solids, liquids, gases: properties and changes of state.
- Phase transitions (melting, freezing, boiling, condensation).

Arithmetic:
- Basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
- Fractions, decimals, percentages.
Algebra:
- Variables and expressions.
- Solving equations and inequalities.
- Functions and graphs.
Geometry:
- Basic shapes: triangles, circles, rectangles.
- Area, perimeter, volume calculations.
- Theorems (Pythagorean theorem, properties of parallel lines).
Calculus:
- Concepts of limits, derivatives, and integrals.
- Applications: motion, area, optimization problems.
Statistics and Probability:
- Mean, median, mode measures of central tendency.
- Basic probability concepts: events, independence, combinations, and permutations.
- Distributions: normal, binomial, and Poisson distributions.

Newton's Laws of Motion describe how objects move in response to forces.
Conservation Laws state that certain quantities remain constant in a closed system, such as energy and momentum.
Dynamics deals with the causes of motion, while kinematics describes motion without considering its causes.
Thermodynamics studies heat and its relation to other forms of energy, including the Laws of Thermodynamics that govern energy transfer and transformation.

Motion includes displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Forces cause changes in motion, and can be categorized as contact or non-contact.
Energy is the capacity to do work, and can exist in various forms, including kinetic, potential, and thermal energy.

Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.
Circuits are pathways for electrical current, and can be series, parallel, or a combination of both.
Electromagnetic fields are created by moving electric charges and exert forces on other charges.

Waves are disturbances that transfer energy without transferring matter.
Sound is a mechanical wave that travels through a medium.
Light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum and exhibits wave-particle duality.

Quantum Mechanics deals with the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level.
Relativity addresses the relationship between space, time, and gravity, including special and general relativity.

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, carrying a net electrical charge.

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration.
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration.
Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons form a delocalized "sea" around the positively charged metal ions.

Synthesis reactions combine reactants to form a single product.
Decomposition reactions break down a reactant into smaller products.
Single displacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound.
Double displacement reactions involve the exchange of ions between two reactants.
Balancing chemical equations ensures that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
Rate of reaction is influenced by factors like temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.

Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with molecules closely packed together.
Liquids have a fixed volume but can change shape, with molecules less tightly packed.
Gases have no fixed shape or volume, with molecules far apart and moving freely.
Phase transitions involve changes in the state of matter, including melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation.

Basic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Fractions represent parts of a whole, while decimals represent parts of a whole using a base-ten system.
Percentages represent a portion of a whole using a hundredth as a base.

Variables represent unknown quantities, while expressions combine variables, numbers, and operations.
Solving equations and inequalities involves finding the values of variables that satisfy a given relationship.
Functions represent relationships between input and output values, and can be graphed to visualize these relationships.

Basic shapes include triangles, circles, and rectangles.
Area measures the amount of surface enclosed by a shape, while perimeter measures the total length of its boundary.
Volume measures the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object.
Theorems are proven statements about geometric relationships.

Limits represent the behavior of a function as its input approaches a specific value.
Derivatives measure the rate of change of a function.
Integrals calculate the area under a curve.
Applications of calculus include modeling motion, solving problems related to area, and optimizing functions.

Measures of central tendency describe the typical value in a dataset, including mean, median, and mode.
Basic probability concepts include events, independence, combinations, and permutations.
Distributions model the probability of different outcomes, including normal, binomial, and Poisson distributions.