10th Class Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings

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Questions and Answers

Define the latent heat of vaporisation.

The latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat energy required to change a unit mass of a liquid into gas at its boiling point.

What is the process known as the change of solid state to a gaseous state without going through the liquid state?

Sublimation

Explain why water droplets form on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water?

Water droplets form on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water because the water vapor in the air, upon contact with the cold glass, loses energy and condenses into liquid form.

Define the three states in which matter exists.

solid, liquid, gas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a solid?

Rubber band Signup and view all the answers

Liquids generally have higher density compared to solids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are matter?

Air Signup and view all the answers

What is latent heat?

hidden heat Signup and view all the answers

Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.

Hot food releases more volatile compounds that spread easily in the air, covering a larger distance. Cold food releases fewer volatile compounds, requiring closer proximity to smell. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Particles of matter are small, continuously moving, attract each other, and have spaces between them. Signup and view all the answers

A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show?

The property of matter demonstrated here is cohesion, as it allows the diver to cut through the surface tension of water. Signup and view all the answers

How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?

The water in an earthen pot becomes cool during summer due to the cooling effect of evaporation from the porous surface of the pot. Signup and view all the answers

Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?

Cotton, being a good absorber of water, helps in absorbing the sweat and facilitating easy evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?

Our palm feels cold when acetone, petrol, or perfume is put on it because the vaporization process absorbs heat from our body, causing a cooling effect. Signup and view all the answers

Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?

Sipping hot tea or milk faster from a saucer is possible due to the larger surface area of the liquid exposed to the atmosphere which promotes quicker cooling. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Everything in the universe, including air, water, food, stones, clouds, stars, plants, and animals, is made up of matter.
Matter can be classified into five basic elements: air, earth, fire, sky, and water.

Physical Nature of Matter

Matter is made up of particles, which are extremely small.
These particles have space between them, allowing them to move and interact with each other.
The particles of matter are continuously moving, which is known as kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of particles increases with an increase in temperature.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of matter are constantly moving, which is known as kinetic energy.
Particles of matter attract each other, with the strength of the force varying between different types of matter.
Particles of matter can intermingle with each other, which is known as diffusion.

States of Matter

There are three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries, and a fixed volume.
Solids are rigid and cannot be compressed easily.
Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.
Liquids flow and change shape, and are not rigid.
Gases are highly compressible and have a high rate of diffusion.
Gases have a large amount of space between particles, which allows them to move freely and rapidly.

Solid State

Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries, and a fixed volume.
Solids are rigid and cannot be compressed easily.
Examples of solids include a pen, book, needle, and wooden stick.

Liquid State

Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.
Liquids flow and change shape, and are not rigid.
Liquids can be compressed, but only to a certain extent.
Examples of liquids include water, cooking oil, milk, and juice.

Gaseous State

Gases are highly compressible and have a high rate of diffusion.
Gases have a large amount of space between particles, which allows them to move freely and rapidly.
Examples of gases include the air in a balloon, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG).

Diffusion

Diffusion is the process of particles of matter moving from one place to another.
Diffusion occurs in all three states of matter, but is faster in gases.
Examples of diffusion include the spread of smell from a cooking pot, the diffusion of ink in water, and the mixing of particles in a solution.### Matter and Its States
Matter is made up of small particles.
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Solids:
- Forces of attraction between particles are maximum.
- Particles have minimum kinetic energy.
- Particles have minimum space between them.
- Arrangement of particles is most ordered.
Liquids:
- Forces of attraction between particles are intermediate.
- Particles have intermediate kinetic energy.
- Particles have intermediate space between them.
- Layers of particles can slip and slide over each other.
Gases:
- Forces of attraction between particles are minimum.
- Particles have maximum kinetic energy.
- Particles have maximum space between them.
- No order, particles just move about randomly.

Change of State

The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature or pressure.
Sublimation: change of solid state directly to gaseous state without going through liquid state.
Deposition: change of gaseous state directly to solid state without going through liquid state.

Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling: a bulk phenomenon where particles from the bulk of the liquid change into vapour state.
Evaporation: a surface phenomenon where particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state.

Factors Affecting Evaporation

Surface Area: evaporation increases with an increase in surface area.
Temperature: evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
Humidity: evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity.
Wind Speed: evaporation increases with an increase in wind speed.

Evaporation and Cooling

Evaporation causes cooling.
Latent heat of vaporisation is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
Examples of evaporation causing cooling:
- Wearing cotton clothes in summer.
- Sprinkling water on a hot surface.
- Using a desert cooler.
- Keeping water in an earthen pot (matka) in summer.### Latent Heat of Fusion
Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at its melting point.

Units of Measurement

Temperature: measured in kelvin (K)
Length: measured in meter (m)
Mass: measured in kilogram (kg)
Weight: measured in newton (N)
Volume: measured in cubic meter (m3)
Density: measured in kilogram per cubic meter (kg m–3)
Pressure: measured in pascal (Pa)

Temperature Conversion

To convert temperature from Kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273 from the Kelvin value
To convert temperature from Celsius to Kelvin, add 273 to the Celsius value

Properties of Matter

Naphthalene balls disappear over time without leaving a solid because they sublimate (change directly from solid to gas)
We can smell perfume from a distance because particles of perfume diffuse through the air
Water is a liquid at room temperature due to its particles having enough energy to overcome their intermolecular forces
An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature due to its particles having strong intermolecular forces

Phase Change

Ice at 273 K is more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature because it requires more energy to change phase from solid to liquid
Boiling water produces more severe burns than steam because it has a higher temperature and specific heat capacity

Diagram of State Change

A, B, C, D, E, and F represent the states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, melting point, boiling point, and condensation point, respectively

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of matter, its existence in different forms and its properties. Understand the concept of matter and its significance in our daily lives.