Untitled Quiz

Salmonella

• Salmonella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.
• There are two species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori.
• Salmonella enterica has six subspecies.
• Salmonella causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals.
• There are over 2,500 Salmonella serotypes, each named for the city where it was first identified.

Salmonellosis

• Most human infections are caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica.
• Salmonella infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
• The infectious dose can range from 200 to 100,000 colony-forming units (CFUs), and varies based on the specific serotype.
• The symptoms of salmonellosis depend on the specific serotype and the host's age, immune status, and overall health.
• The incubation period for salmonellosis is typically 12-72 hours but can range from 6 hours to 7 days.

Typhoid Fever

• Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi.
• Typhoid fever is a serious, sometimes fatal, systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and rose spots (small, pink lesions on the skin)
• A high incidence of typhoid fever correlates with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water.
• Typhoid fever is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting in children and adults.
• Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.
• Typhoid fever is a preventable disease with a vaccine.

Paratyphoid Fever

• Paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella Paratyphi.
• Paratyphoid fever is very similar to typhoid fever, but it is usually less severe.
• Paratyphoid fever can be treated with antibiotics.
• Paratyphoid fever can be prevented with a vaccine.

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella

• Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged in recent decades.
• MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
• MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are a significant public health threat and can be difficult to treat.

Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella

• Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
• CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to ciprofloxacin, a commonly used antibiotic for typhoid fever.
• CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are spreading globally and pose a serious threat to public health.
• CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are associated with treatment failures.
• Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged.

Salmonella Typhi in the US

• The US reports approximately 300 cases of typhoid fever per year.
• The majority of typhoid fever cases in the US are associated with international travel to developing countries.
• Typhoid fever in the US is often found in people who did not get the typhoid vaccine.

Salmonella Paratyphi in the US

• The US reports about 150 cases of paratyphoid fever per year.

Salmonella Gastroenteritis

• Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a common cause of food poisoning.
• Symptoms of NTS infection include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.
• Most cases of NTS infection are self-limiting, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and complications.
• NTS infection can be treated with antibiotics.
• NTS infection can be prevented by practicing good food hygiene, such as washing your hands thoroughly and cooking food to the proper temperature.
• Vaccination is not currently available to prevent NTS infections.