Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary method used by most laboratories for identifying Salmonella serogroups?
What is the primary method used by most laboratories for identifying Salmonella serogroups?
What is the estimated infectious dose range for Salmonella?
What is the estimated infectious dose range for Salmonella?
Which factor is correlated with a high incidence of enteric fever?
Which factor is correlated with a high incidence of enteric fever?
Which serogroups account for approximately 99% of Salmonella infections?
Which serogroups account for approximately 99% of Salmonella infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a risk factor for increasing the incidence of enteric fever?
What is a risk factor for increasing the incidence of enteric fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What association is noted with prior Helicobacter pylori infection?
What association is noted with prior Helicobacter pylori infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What major health issue is indicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi?
What major health issue is indicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi?
Signup and view all the answers
Where has the incidence of infection associated with S. Paratyphi A been observed to be increasing?
Where has the incidence of infection associated with S. Paratyphi A been observed to be increasing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicating ciprofloxacin resistance for S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi?
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicating ciprofloxacin resistance for S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of travelers diagnosed with enteric fever had received the S.Typhi vaccine?
What percentage of travelers diagnosed with enteric fever had received the S.Typhi vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following regions is primarily associated with the emergence of strains of S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases?
Which of the following regions is primarily associated with the emergence of strains of S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate number of cases of typhoid fever reported annually in the United States?
What is the approximate number of cases of typhoid fever reported annually in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptoms are most commonly associated with enteric fever?
Which symptoms are most commonly associated with enteric fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of recent S.Typhi isolates in the United States were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
What percentage of recent S.Typhi isolates in the United States were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
Signup and view all the answers
Which best describes the spread of clone H.58 associated with clinical failure of quinolone treatment?
Which best describes the spread of clone H.58 associated with clinical failure of quinolone treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended testing for resistance to ciprofloxacin now considered insufficient?
What is the recommended testing for resistance to ciprofloxacin now considered insufficient?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following serotypes is exclusively associated with human hosts?
Which of the following serotypes is exclusively associated with human hosts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of gastroenteritis associated with Salmonella?
What is the primary cause of gastroenteritis associated with Salmonella?
Signup and view all the answers
How many serotypes of Salmonella are currently known to be pathogenic to humans?
How many serotypes of Salmonella are currently known to be pathogenic to humans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following antigens is used for serotyping Salmonella?
Which of the following antigens is used for serotyping Salmonella?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic is NOT typically associated with Salmonella bacteria?
What characteristic is NOT typically associated with Salmonella bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does Salmonella bacteria NOT produce during glucose fermentation?
Which of the following does Salmonella bacteria NOT produce during glucose fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections?
What is the primary mode of transmission for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species of Salmonella contains the majority of human pathogenic serotypes?
Which species of Salmonella contains the majority of human pathogenic serotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Salmonella
- Salmonella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.
- There are two species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori.
- Salmonella enterica has six subspecies.
- Salmonella causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals.
- There are over 2,500 Salmonella serotypes, each named for the city where it was first identified.
Salmonellosis
- Most human infections are caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica.
- Salmonella infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- The infectious dose can range from 200 to 100,000 colony-forming units (CFUs), and varies based on the specific serotype.
- The symptoms of salmonellosis depend on the specific serotype and the host's age, immune status, and overall health.
- The incubation period for salmonellosis is typically 12-72 hours but can range from 6 hours to 7 days.
Typhoid Fever
- Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi.
- Typhoid fever is a serious, sometimes fatal, systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and rose spots (small, pink lesions on the skin)
- A high incidence of typhoid fever correlates with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water.
- Typhoid fever is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting in children and adults.
- Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.
- Typhoid fever is a preventable disease with a vaccine.
Paratyphoid Fever
- Paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella Paratyphi.
- Paratyphoid fever is very similar to typhoid fever, but it is usually less severe.
- Paratyphoid fever can be treated with antibiotics.
- Paratyphoid fever can be prevented with a vaccine.
Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella
- Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged in recent decades.
- MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
- MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are a significant public health threat and can be difficult to treat.
Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella
- Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to ciprofloxacin, a commonly used antibiotic for typhoid fever.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are spreading globally and pose a serious threat to public health.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are associated with treatment failures.
- Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged.
Salmonella Typhi in the US
- The US reports approximately 300 cases of typhoid fever per year.
- The majority of typhoid fever cases in the US are associated with international travel to developing countries.
- Typhoid fever in the US is often found in people who did not get the typhoid vaccine.
Salmonella Paratyphi in the US
- The US reports about 150 cases of paratyphoid fever per year.
Salmonella Gastroenteritis
- Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a common cause of food poisoning.
- Symptoms of NTS infection include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.
- Most cases of NTS infection are self-limiting, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and complications.
- NTS infection can be treated with antibiotics.
- NTS infection can be prevented by practicing good food hygiene, such as washing your hands thoroughly and cooking food to the proper temperature.
- Vaccination is not currently available to prevent NTS infections.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
