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Questions and Answers
What is the primary method used by most laboratories for identifying Salmonella serogroups?
What is the estimated infectious dose range for Salmonella?
Which factor is correlated with a high incidence of enteric fever?
Which serogroups account for approximately 99% of Salmonella infections?
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What is a risk factor for increasing the incidence of enteric fever?
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What association is noted with prior Helicobacter pylori infection?
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What major health issue is indicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi?
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Where has the incidence of infection associated with S. Paratyphi A been observed to be increasing?
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What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicating ciprofloxacin resistance for S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi?
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What percentage of travelers diagnosed with enteric fever had received the S.Typhi vaccine?
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Which of the following regions is primarily associated with the emergence of strains of S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases?
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What is the approximate number of cases of typhoid fever reported annually in the United States?
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Which symptoms are most commonly associated with enteric fever?
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What percentage of recent S.Typhi isolates in the United States were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
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Which best describes the spread of clone H.58 associated with clinical failure of quinolone treatment?
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What is the recommended testing for resistance to ciprofloxacin now considered insufficient?
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Which of the following serotypes is exclusively associated with human hosts?
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What is the primary cause of gastroenteritis associated with Salmonella?
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How many serotypes of Salmonella are currently known to be pathogenic to humans?
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Which of the following antigens is used for serotyping Salmonella?
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What characteristic is NOT typically associated with Salmonella bacteria?
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Which of the following does Salmonella bacteria NOT produce during glucose fermentation?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections?
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Which species of Salmonella contains the majority of human pathogenic serotypes?
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Study Notes
Salmonella
- Salmonella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.
- There are two species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori.
- Salmonella enterica has six subspecies.
- Salmonella causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals.
- There are over 2,500 Salmonella serotypes, each named for the city where it was first identified.
Salmonellosis
- Most human infections are caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica.
- Salmonella infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- The infectious dose can range from 200 to 100,000 colony-forming units (CFUs), and varies based on the specific serotype.
- The symptoms of salmonellosis depend on the specific serotype and the host's age, immune status, and overall health.
- The incubation period for salmonellosis is typically 12-72 hours but can range from 6 hours to 7 days.
Typhoid Fever
- Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi.
- Typhoid fever is a serious, sometimes fatal, systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and rose spots (small, pink lesions on the skin)
- A high incidence of typhoid fever correlates with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water.
- Typhoid fever is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting in children and adults.
- Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.
- Typhoid fever is a preventable disease with a vaccine.
Paratyphoid Fever
- Paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella Paratyphi.
- Paratyphoid fever is very similar to typhoid fever, but it is usually less severe.
- Paratyphoid fever can be treated with antibiotics.
- Paratyphoid fever can be prevented with a vaccine.
Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella
- Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged in recent decades.
- MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
- MDR strains of Salmonella Typhi are a significant public health threat and can be difficult to treat.
Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella
- Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are resistant to ciprofloxacin, a commonly used antibiotic for typhoid fever.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are spreading globally and pose a serious threat to public health.
- CIPR strains of Salmonella Typhi are associated with treatment failures.
- Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Salmonella Typhi have emerged.
Salmonella Typhi in the US
- The US reports approximately 300 cases of typhoid fever per year.
- The majority of typhoid fever cases in the US are associated with international travel to developing countries.
- Typhoid fever in the US is often found in people who did not get the typhoid vaccine.
Salmonella Paratyphi in the US
- The US reports about 150 cases of paratyphoid fever per year.
Salmonella Gastroenteritis
- Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a common cause of food poisoning.
- Symptoms of NTS infection include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.
- Most cases of NTS infection are self-limiting, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and complications.
- NTS infection can be treated with antibiotics.
- NTS infection can be prevented by practicing good food hygiene, such as washing your hands thoroughly and cooking food to the proper temperature.
- Vaccination is not currently available to prevent NTS infections.
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