17. Shock & IHD

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What happens during Stage I of shock?

Heart rate increases while blood pressure remains normal. (correct)

Compensatory mechanisms fail completely.

Multiple organ failure occurs.

Blood pressure decreases rapidly.

What is a significant risk associated with prolonged decompensation in shock?

Decreased metabolic demand.

Irreversible organ damage. (correct)

Hypotension reversibility.

Improved organ perfusion.

Which type of shock is characterized by hypotension and a weak/rapid pulse?

Hypovolemic shock. (correct)

Anaphylactic shock.

Neurogenic shock.

Septic shock.

What primarily causes ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate ischemic heart disease?

Increased metabolic demand. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about septic shock is true?

The skin may initially appear warm and flushed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the common consequence when compensation fails in Stage II of shock?

Development of metabolic acidosis. Signup and view all the answers

What often leads to sudden occlusion in ischemic heart disease?

Ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the early cellular changes in the initial minutes following myocardial ischemia?

Swelling and loss of glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What indicates irreversible myocyte injury 30-60 minutes post-ischemia?

Swollen mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of ATP depletion in myocardial cells?

Impaired energy-dependent functions Signup and view all the answers

Which process can trigger apoptosis in myocardial cells?

DNA injury Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased intracellular calcium have during myocardial ischemia?

Activates cellular enzymes promoting necrosis Signup and view all the answers

During the early stages of myocardial infarction, which cells infiltrate necrotic tissue?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What happens during day 5-7 post-myocardial infarction?

Macrophages replace neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk during the period when macrophages are replacing neutrophils in myocardial infarction?

Weakened myocardial walls Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Prinzmetal angina?

Typically occurs in the early morning and responds well to vasodilators Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation occurs due to chronic ischemia?

Development of collateral circulation Signup and view all the answers

During what phase does the heart receive oxygenated blood primarily?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

What type of infarction is characterized by a blockage affecting the entire wall thickness?

Transmural Infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which stage describes stable narrowing allowing adequate blood flow at rest?

Fixed Coronary Obstruction (Typical Angina) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of plaque disruption in coronary artery disease?

Formation of thrombi that may occlude the artery Signup and view all the answers

What describes an occlusive thrombus in coronary artery disease?

Complete blockage resulting in acute transmural MI Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels is most vulnerable during systole due to high pressure?

Subendocardial vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of transudate edema?

Pressure imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What does oncotic pressure primarily depend on?

Concentration of large proteins in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fluid movement at the arterial end of a capillary?

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differential pushes fluid out Signup and view all the answers

Which type of edema is characterized by high protein and high cellular content?

Exudate edema Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a capillary?

Decreased fluid reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

How does lymphatic obstruction contribute to lymphedema?

It leads to excess fluid and protein accumulation Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, what mechanism increases vascular permeability?

Endothelial damage Signup and view all the answers

What balance leads to net fluid movement at the venous end of a capillary?

Oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What causes the reddish-blue appearance of congested tissues?

Deoxygenated blood due to impaired outflow Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic congestion in tissues?

Accumulation of hemosiderin from red cell breakdown Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily associated with venous ulcers?

Increased venous pressure and fluid accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes white infarcts compared to red infarcts?

They result from arterial occlusion and are pale in appearance Signup and view all the answers

What cellular changes occur in the liver during acute hepatic congestion?

Degeneration of hepatocytes and distended liver sinusoids Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes contraction band necrosis during reperfusion injury?

Hypercontracted sarcomeres with thickened Z disks Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome when blood flow is restored after myocardial injury?

Some myocardial cells may still die despite restored flow Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is most commonly involved in myocardial infarction (MI)?

Left Anterior Descending Artery Signup and view all the answers

What defines unstable angina compared to stable angina?

New or changing pain not relieved by rest or nitroglycerine Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with myocardial infarction (MI)?

Chest pain that radiates to the left arm Signup and view all the answers

What type of myocardial infarction is associated with ST-elevation on an ECG?

ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation in individuals with ischemic heart disease who may be asymptomatic?

No noticeable symptoms at all Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes a transmural infarct from a non-transmural infarct?

Transmural infarcts result from large, permanent occlusion of a coronary artery Signup and view all the answers