elasticity
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Questions and Answers

What does the formula for % change in quantity demanded measure?

  • The average increase in price over time.
  • The total revenue generated from sales.
  • The absolute quantity demanded before a price change.
  • The relative change in quantity demanded based on price change. (correct)
  • Which scenario would most likely result in elastic demand?

  • Demand remains unchanged even with significant price changes.
  • A change in price has little to no effect on consumer preferences.
  • A large increase in price leads to a moderate decrease in quantity demanded.
  • A small increase in price leads to a large decrease in quantity demanded. (correct)
  • In the context of price elasticity, what does unitary elasticity imply?

  • Consumers are indifferent to price changes.
  • The percentage change in price equals the percentage change in quantity demanded. (correct)
  • Demand responds strongly to price changes.
  • Total revenue decreases if price increases.
  • What impact does an inelastic demand have on total revenue when prices increase?

    <p>Total revenue increases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the substitution effect relate to elasticity?

    <p>It increases demand for substitutes when a price increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which determinant typically leads to a more elastic demand?

    <p>Availability of close substitutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely occur if the price of a necessity, such as medicine, increases?

    <p>Quantity demanded does not change substantially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the price elasticity of demand measure?

    <p>The responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the proportion of a product's cost in a consumer's budget affect its price elasticity?

    <p>A higher proportion generally leads to more elastic demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the quantity demanded of a product in the short run when its price increases?

    <p>It changes little as consumers adjust slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In comparing the price elasticity of demand for cars and shirts, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Price changes for cars affect budgets more than for shirts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between time and the price elasticity of demand for oil?

    <p>Long run elasticity is greater than short run elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor makes it difficult for consumers to switch to substitutes in the short run when the price of a product increases?

    <p>The necessity of changing existing systems or vehicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in oil prices typically influence its long run quantity demanded as opposed to short run quantity demanded?

    <p>Long run quantity demanded decreases even more than in the short run.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes elastic demand from inelastic demand?

    <p>Elastic demand is sensitive to price changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might motorists find it difficult to reduce oil consumption immediately after a price increase?

    <p>Lack of alternative transportation options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in the price of product A have on the purchasing power of consumers?

    <p>It decreases purchasing power for all products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the income effect, what is likely to happen after the price of product A increases?

    <p>Consumers will reduce their overall consumption of all products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the substitution effect when the price of product A increases?

    <p>Consumers will seek cheaper alternatives to product A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the price change of product A impact the market for its substitutes?

    <p>Demand for substitutes increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the real income effect considered negative?

    <p>When the price of a normal product increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the quantity demanded of product A if it is a perfect substitute and its price rises?

    <p>The quantity demanded decreases to zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates elastic demand?

    <p>The quantity demanded significantly decreases with a price increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a consumer's real income decreases due to the price increase of a normal product, which action is expected?

    <p>The consumer will buy fewer normal products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Income Effect on Demand

    • The change in price of a product affects consumer budgets, and the response of quantity demanded is proportional to how much the product makes up of the budget.
    • Cars, for example, are a significant portion of many budgets.
    • A 1% increase in the price of cars will have a larger impact on consumer budgets than a 1% increase in the price of a shirt
    • Consumers are likely to reduce the quantity of cars purchased more significantly than the quantity of shirts.
    • Price elasticity of demand is higher for products that make up a larger percentage of consumer budgets.

    Time Elapsed and Demand for a Product

    • Products that have substitutes may see a smaller change in demand in the short term.
    • Switching to a substitute can be difficult and time-consuming.
    • When oil prices increased in the 1970s, demand for oil remained relatively stable in the short term.
    • It takes time for consumers to transition to smaller cars or public transportation.
    • Long-term price elasticity of demand is higher than short-term price elasticity.

    Impact of Price Increase on Consumers

    • When the price of a product increases, the purchasing power of consumers decreases.
    • If the price of all products increases by the same percentage, due to inflation for example, the real income of consumers will decrease.
    • Consumers may reduce their consumption of all products to maintain their budgets.
    • This is the real income effect: the decrease in quantity demanded for a product due to a reduction in real income as a result of a product price increase.

    Understanding the Substitution Effect

    • When the price of a product increases, consumers may choose to substitute it with cheaper substitutes as it becomes relatively more expensive.
    • The extent of substitution depends on the availability and price of substitutes.
    • If a completely substitutable product exists (e.g., product B for product A), consumers may switch entirely, resulting in a decrease in demand for product A.

    Calculating Price Elasticity of Demand

    • Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to price changes.
    • It can be calculated using the formula:
      • % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price
    • Example: If a 13.3% increase in price leads to a 40% decrease in quantity demanded, the price elasticity of demand is 3.

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