Untitled Quiz

Human Movement System

• The human movement system involves physiological processes that work together, including the movement system and nervous system.
• The musculoskeletal system (a part of the movement system) is discussed, covering bones, joints, and muscle mechanisms.
• The discussion also touches on abnormalities, disorders, and diseases related to movement.

Learning Objectives

• Students should be able to formulate hypotheses about the interrelationship between organs in the movement system, supported by observation data.
• Students should analyze movement system disorders or abnormalities using data and interpretations.
• Students should evaluate the relationship between the movement system and nervous system, based on research from scientific sources.

Components of the Movement System

• Movement system includes:
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscle system

The Skeleton

• Functions:
  • Organ protection (brain, intestines, etc.)
  • Body structure for muscle movement
  • Mineral storage (necessary for proper body functions)
  • Blood cell production
• Divisions:
  • Axial skeleton (80 bones): Forms the trunk of the body, including skull, spine, and ribcage.
  • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones): Forms the limbs, includes the arms, legs, hips, and shoulders.

Sections of the Axial Skeleton

• Skull: Complex structure with protective functions for many parts of the body. It also has the ossicles of the inner ear and the hyoid bone located within the skull.
• Spine (vertebral column): Supports the body.
• Rib cage: Protects vital organs and helps with breathing.

Sections of the Appendicular Skeleton

• Arms and hands
• Legs and feet
• Hips (pelvis)
• Shoulders

Bone Shapes

• Long bones (e.g., humerus): Elongated, facilitating movement.
• Flat bones (e.g., frontal bone): Flat, often involved in protection.
• Short bones (e.g., carpals): Cube-shaped, providing stability and supporting movement.
• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae): Varying shapes, support diverse functions.
• Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella): Small, rounded bones found within tendons (e.g. kneecap), protecting tendons from stress and wear; improving force generation. Examples include kneecap, palm, and fingers, among other locations

Bone Structures

• Compact bone: Dense, strong, supports the whole body, and protects organs
• Cancellous/spongy bone: Light and porous, found in the ends of long bones and within vertebrae, allowing for light weight.

Types of Joints

• Joints are locations where two or more bones connect.
• Joints allow movement and structural support.
• Cartilage cushions bones to prevent friction.
• Joint types include ball and socket, pivot, and hinge.

Tendons

• Tendons connect muscles to bones.
• They're tough tissues that allow stretching for movement.
• Example. Achilles tendon

The Muscular System

• Function: Provides movement in conjunction with the skeletal system. Essential for life support processes, as well as food consumption.
• Type of Muscles:
  • Skeletal muscle (for voluntary movement)
  • Smooth muscle (for involuntary actions like digestion)
  • Cardiac muscle (for involuntary heart function)

Skeletal Muscle Structures

• Detailed information on the structures of skeletal muscles including muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcolemma, sarcomere, etc., is provided through visual diagrams.

Movements of Skeletal Muscles

• Flexion vs Extension
• Abduction vs Adduction
• Pronation vs Supination
• Elevation vs Depression
• Rotation

Abnormalities of Skeletal Muscle

• Students should refer to a scientific article.
• A mind map is to be created as an assignment.