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Questions and Answers
Which type of thermometer uses mercury or alcohol inside a glass tube?
Which type of thermometer uses mercury or alcohol inside a glass tube?
What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius Scale?
What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius Scale?
Who is regarded as the founder of the Celsius Scale?
Who is regarded as the founder of the Celsius Scale?
The Fahrenheit Scale was based on the temperature of a healthy human being as 0 degrees.
The Fahrenheit Scale was based on the temperature of a healthy human being as 0 degrees.
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What does the Kelvin Scale relate to?
What does the Kelvin Scale relate to?
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What is thermal expansion?
What is thermal expansion?
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The formula for linear thermal expansion is ΔL = (L₀) (α) (T₁ - T₀). What does 'ΔL' represent?
The formula for linear thermal expansion is ΔL = (L₀) (α) (T₁ - T₀). What does 'ΔL' represent?
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The coefficient of volumetric expansion is denoted as _____.
The coefficient of volumetric expansion is denoted as _____.
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What is latent heat?
What is latent heat?
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What process does latent heat of fusion relate to?
What process does latent heat of fusion relate to?
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What does the specific heat capacity indicate?
What does the specific heat capacity indicate?
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Study Notes
Types of Thermometers
- Liquid-in-Tube Thermometer: A tube of glass containing mercury or alcohol that expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
- Bimetallic Strip Thermometer: Consists of two bonded metal strips that expand differently when heated, causing the strip to bend.
- Resistance Thermometer: Based on the concept that electrical resistance of a coil changes with temperature.
- Constant Volume Gas Thermometer: Measures temperature by measuring the pressure of a gas at a constant volume.
Temperature Scales:
-
Celsius Scale: Created by Anders Celsius (1742), a Swedish astronomer.
- Freezing point of water is 0°C.
- Boiling point of water is 100°C.
- Widely used globally, particularly in scientific laboratories.
-
Fahrenheit Scale: Developed by Daniel Fahrenheit (1724), a German physicist.
- Based on a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride (0 degrees) and the temperature of a healthy human (96 degrees).
- Part of the English system of measurement.
-
Kelvin Scale: Created by William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1848), a Scottish-Irish physicist.
- Based on the concept of absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature.
- Primarily used in scientific research.
- An absolute temperature scale (no negative values).
Significance of Temperature Scales:
- Deriving temperature scales establishes a standardized framework for measuring and understanding temperature.
- Provides a common language for scientists, engineers, and the general public to communicate about heat and cold.
Temperature Conversion Formulae:
- Celsius to Fahrenheit: (°F-32) / 9 * 5
- Fahrenheit to Celsius: (°C × 9 / 5) + 32
- Kelvin to Celsius: °C + 273.15
Heat
- Heat is a form of energy that produces a sensation of warmth.
- It is the transfer of energy from a hot object to a colder object.
- Heat flows from a high-temperature location to a low-temperature location.
Thermal Expansion:
- Thermal expansion refers to the increase or decrease in the size of an object due to a temperature change.
- Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Coefficient of Expansion:
- A material property that quantifies how much its length changes per unit temperature change.
- It indicates how much a material expands or contracts when heated or cooled.
Types of Thermal Expansion:
- Linear Expansion: Change in the length of a solid object when the temperature changes.
- Volume Expansion: Increase in the volume of a solid, liquid, or gas when heated.
Thermal Expansion Formulae:
-
Linear Expansion: ΔL = (L₀) (α) (T₁ - T₀)
- ΔL = change in length (L - L₀)
- L₀ = original length
- α = coefficient of thermal linear expansion (1/C°)
- T₁ = final temperature
- T₀ = initial temperature
- ΔT = change in temperature
- Simplified Formula: ΔL = L₀αΔT
- Final Length: L = L₀ + ΔL
-
Volume Expansion: ΔV = (V₀) (β) (T₁ - T₀)
- ΔV = change in volume (V - V₀)
- V₀ = original volume
- β = coefficient of volumetric expansion (1/C°)
- T₁ = final temperature
- T₀ = initial temperature
- ΔT = change in temperature
- Simplified Formula: ΔV = V₀βΔT
- Final Volume: V = V₀ + ΔV
Heat & Internal Energy:
- Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Latent Heat:
- The amount of heat needed to change the phase of a given mass of a substance.
- The heat associated with a phase change is called latent heat.
- Latent means "hidden".
- Latent heat is not reflected by a temperature change.
Latent Heat of Fusion:
- The amount of heat needed to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization:
- The amount of heat needed to change the phase of a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas or gas to liquid.
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