21st Century Literature Lesson 1

is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet".

According to the website Britannica, _______ is traditionally defined as a body of written works associated with imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose. It can be classified according to various systems such as language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.

Philippine literature during the _________ is mostly based on oral traditions passed down from generation to generation.

Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects.

The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called ______ which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022.

The experiences of the people during the ________ such as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children, and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral literature.

These are stories that can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people.

These are forms of prose that deal with the origin of a thing, location, or name.

Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is to explain the existence of something or someone.

These pertain to a type of long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic achievements and deeds of the main character.

These can be considered the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the culture that expresses the hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Some examples are kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele, and some drinking songs.

The type of literature produced during this period used Spanish, Tagalog, and the vernacular form of languages.

In this period, an emphasis on Christian doctrine was manifested through various types of texts that replaced stories about heroes and animated creatures with Biblical characters and saints as evidenced by novenas, prayer books, and other printed materials.

When few privileged Filipino men from middle-class families were given access to education, they also became fluent in the Spanish language which paved the way for the production of literary texts by our natives. Eventually, this led to reforms in the government through underground newspapers and revolts. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896), was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.

In 1593, the _____ written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva entitled "Doctrina Cristiana" (The Christian Doctrine) was first printed. "Urbana at Felisa" by Modesto de Castro who is considered the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. This is an example of?

These were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed during the Spanish era. Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among the examples.

Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing. These are examples of.

These are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature. Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" is the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908.

The bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in Diaryong Tagalog. The underground ______ La Solidaridad is considered the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement.

This period is divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) and the period of emergence (1920-1930).

During the American Period, Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their works were critiqued because.

• A common theme in plays was all about what? within the American period

_______. These are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one subject and may range between 1,000 to 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez Benitez. This is an example of?

All forms of writings were censored during this time and period because there was no freedom of speech and of the press.

Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely during this period.

The use of English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were permitted during this period.

• Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all during this period.

Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo,

“Nayon at Dagat- dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.

Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first notable work that appeared right after the Second World War under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled ______ sa Makiling which was considered a narrative of the Philippines’ social, political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal and more to the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and style.

During this period, The rise of English writers began after exposure to the American language and culture, although there were still many Filipino writers observed using the vernaculars.

According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were ___ experiences which can be seen in the works of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s Watch in the Night for the English category.

Who was the individual known for his style associated with Rizal's influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962).

Why did Oral Tradition became less popular?

The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed in the work of _______ where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk tradition, especially in poetry such as epic and other oral forms of literature that still existed like Balagtasan.

During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign language to them.

Opera and classical music gained popularity.

• Among the other types of literature emerged were essay (e.g. "Literature and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon) during this period.

Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributed to the flourishing of Filipino literature: 1) the establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction, 2) the founding of the Philippine Writers’ Association in 1953, and 3) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name a few.

Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria Abelardo.

The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through what?

Spanish was introduced as the medium of communication and later shifted to Tagalog when a sense of nationalism arose during the revolutionary period.

What was the first printed book in 1593. By Domingo Nieva and Juan de Plancencia

Who wrote ''Urbana at Felisa'' and was considered the Father of classic Prose in Tagalog.

Who wrote the novel ''Ninay'' and was the first published novel by a Filipino author.

During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign language to them.

Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of this period.

In the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative in nature, but later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing.

A new type of literature began when the American system of education and the English language were introduced.

The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers encouraged many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language.

The first story ''dead stars'' was written by?

editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Tinubuan” which was written by?

editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were ““Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” which was written by?

editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Nayon at Dagat- dagatan” which was written by?

editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Suyuan sa Tubigan” which was written by?

According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war experiences which can be seen in the works such as Without Seeing the Dawn (1947). which was written by?

According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war experiences which can be seen in the works such as Watch in the Night which is written by?

While Filipino literature used the vernaculars, the works of ________ were profoundly noted for his style associated with Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong (1962).

privileged Filipino men from middle-class families are known as?

When few privileged Filipino men from middle-class families were given access to education, they also became fluent in the Spanish language which paved the way for the production of literary texts by our natives.

the staged re-enactment of Christ's passion and death.

It is a beautiful art form of lyric theater drama incorporated with singing, dancing and dialogue.

a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest

Filipino religious folk theater that emerged during Spanish colonial rule. It depicts conflicts between Christians and Muslims,

This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. In this contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea and who offered here hand in marriage to anyone who can retrieve it.

traditional Filipino poetical debates that originated in the pre-Spanish period. ____ was a pastime during wakes where men and women participate in a poetical joust. A _____ consists of a series of short poems, its topics often revolve around love, wisecracks, and social issues.

Filipino form of debate done in verse