ଫିଜିକ୍ସ ମୌଳିକ ଧାରଣା

Key Concepts in Physics

Definitions:
- Physics: The natural science that studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Study of motion and forces (e.g., Newton's laws).
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat, energy, and work.
- Electromagnetism: Study of electric charges, electric fields, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
- Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
- Relativity: Study of space, time, and gravitation, primarily associated with Einstein.
Fundamental Forces:
- Gravitational: Attraction between masses.
- Electromagnetic: Interaction between charged particles.
- Strong Nuclear: Force that holds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Weak Nuclear: Responsible for radioactive decay.
Units of Measurement:
- SI Units: Standard system for measurement.
  - Length: meter (m)
  - Mass: kilogram (kg)
  - Time: second (s)
  - Force: Newton (N)
  - Energy: Joule (J)
Key Principles:
- Conservation Laws:
  - Energy Conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
  - Momentum Conservation: Total momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
- Laws of Motion:
  - First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force.
  - Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Key Equations:
- Kinematics:
  - v = u + at (final velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time)
  - s = ut + 0.5at² (displacement = initial velocity × time + 0.5 × acceleration × time²)
- Work-Energy Principle: W = ΔKE (Work done = change in kinetic energy).
- Ohm’s Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance).
Conceptual Topics:
- Wave-Particle Duality: Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles.
- Theoretical Physics: Exploration of concepts not yet confirmed by experiments.
- Astrophysics: Study of the universe and celestial bodies.
Practical Applications:
- Engineering: Application of physics principles in design and construction.
- Medicine: Use of imaging technologies (e.g., MRI, X-rays).
- Technology: Development of electronics, telecommunications, and power generation.
Important Experiments:
- Cavendish Experiment: Measurement of gravitational force.
- Double-Slit Experiment: Demonstration of wave-particle duality.
- Millikan Oil Drop Experiment: Measurement of the elementary electric charge.

Study Tips

Focus on understanding concepts rather than memorizing formulas.
Practice problem-solving with a variety of physics problems.
Utilize diagrams and visual aids to represent physical concepts.
Conduct experiments to grasp practical applications of theoretical principles.

ପ୍ରାଧାନ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ

ଭୂତତ୍ତ୍ୱ:
- ଭୂତତ୍ତ୍ୱ: ପଦାର୍ଥ, ଶକ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଦଳଙ୍କର ଅଧିକାର ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧ୍ୟୟନ କରୁଥିବା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ।

ଶାଖାଗୁଡିକ

କ୍ଲାସିକାଲ ମେକାନିକ୍ସ: ଗତି ଏବଂ ଦଳର ଅଧିକାର।
ଥର୍ମୋଡାଇନାମିକସ୍: ତାପ, ଶକ୍ତି, ଏବଂ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅଧିକାର।
ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେଟିଜମ୍: ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରିକ ଚାର୍ଜ୍, ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରିକ ଫିଲ୍ଡ, ମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେଟିକ ଫିଲ୍ଡ ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡିକର ପରସ୍ପର ବ୍ୟବହାର।
କ୍ୱାଣ୍ଟମ୍ ମେକାନିକ୍ସ: ପରমাণୁ ଏବଂ ସବା ପରমাণୁ ତଳର କଣର ଅଧିକାର।
ରେଲେଟିଭିଟି: ସ୍ପେସ୍, ସମୟ, ଏବଂ ବିକର୍ଷଣ, ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ଭାବେ ଏଇନଷ୍ଟାଇନ ସହିତ ସଂପୃକ୍ତ।

ପ୍ରାଧାନ ଦଳ

ଗ୍ରାଭିଟେସନାଲ: ମାସଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଆକର୍ଷଣ।
ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋମ୍ୟାଗ୍ନେଟିକ: ଚାର୍ଜ୍ ଥିବା କଣଗୁଡିକର ବ୍ୟବହାର।
ସ୍ଟ୍ରଂଗ୍ ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲୀୟ: ପ୍ରୋଟନ୍ ଏବଂ ନ୍ୟୁଟ୍ରନ୍ସ୍ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ନ୍ୟୁକଲସ୍ କେମେ ସ୍ଥିର ରଖେ।
ହୃଦୟ ନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲୀୟ: ବିକର୍ଷଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଦାୟୀ।

ମାପ ଏବଂ ଆକାର

SI ବାହୁଳ୍ୟ:
- ଦଳ: ମିଟର୍ (m)
- ମାସ: କିଲୋଗ୍ରାମ୍ (kg)
- ସମୟ: ସେକେଣ୍ଡ (s)
- ଦଳ: ନ୍ୟୁଟନ୍ (N)
- ଶକ୍ତି: ଜୌଲ୍ (J)

ମୂଳ ନୀତି

ଅନୁରକ୍ଷା ନୀତି:
- ଶକ୍ତି ଅନୁରକ୍ଷା: ଶକ୍ତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରାଯାଇପାରିବ ନାହିଁ, କେବଳ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ।
ମୋମେଣ୍ଟମ୍ ଅନୁରକ୍ଷା: ଏକ ଅଲଗା ସିଷ୍ଟେମର ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମୋମେଣ୍ଟମ୍ ସ୍ଥିର ଥାଏ।

ଦଳ ନୀତି

ପ୍ରଥମ ନୀତି (ଇନର୍ସିଆ): ଏକ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଆବଜକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରହିଥାଏ ଓ ଗତିରେ ଥିଲେ ଗତିରେ ଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ କୌଣସି ଦଳ ପ୍ରହାର କରେ।
ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ନୀତି: F = ma (ଦଳ = ମାସ × ଅବଗତି)।
ତୃତୀୟ ନୀତି: ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ସମାନ ଓ ବିପରୀତ ଏକ୍ସନର ହୁଏ।