生物力学入门

Study Notes

Biomechanics studies the structure and function of biological systems using mechanical principles.
It applies physics to understand movement, forces, and energy transfer in living organisms (humans, animals, and plants).
This allows analysis of performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation.

Force: A push or pull that causes or alters motion (measured in Newtons). Examples include muscular forces, gravitational forces, and contact forces.
Motion: Change in position over time; described by displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Energy: Capacity to do work. Types include kinetic (motion), potential (stored), and chemical (stored in bonds). How energy is converted and used during movement is crucial.
Torque: Rotational force (measured in Newton-meters). Understanding joint movement is key.
Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Kinetics: Study of forces responsible for motion.
Mechanical Advantage: Ratio of output force to input force, measuring force multiplication. Important for joints, muscles, and limbs.

Sports Performance Analysis: Improves technique, identifies weaknesses, tailors training programs by analyzing movement patterns, force production, and energy expenditure. Tools like video analysis, motion capture, and force plates are used.
Injury Prevention: Identifies injury risk factors and develops strategies to reduce risk by understanding how forces impact the body.
Rehabilitation: Designs and evaluates rehabilitation programs to improve joint function, muscle strength, and coordination for injury recovery.
Prosthetics and Orthotics: Designs artificial limbs and supportive devices to improve function and reduce disability, considering human movement forces.
Ergonomics: Designs and evaluates workplaces and tasks to maximize productivity, minimize discomfort, and prevent injury by considering worker-environment interaction and tools.
Clinical Gait Analysis: Assesses and evaluates human walking patterns to detect gait mechanics abnormalities.
Animal Locomotion: Studies animal movement and efficient movement mechanisms.

Video Analysis: Records and analyzes movements frame by frame.
Motion Capture Systems: Tracks joint and body segment positions in 3D space with markers.
Force Plates: Measures forces produced by contact with surfaces.
Electromyography (EMG): Measures muscle electrical activity during movement.
Computer Modelling: Creates simulations of human movement to analyze forces and torques.
Simulation: Uses biomechanical principles to simulate human movement, predict potential risks of different movements and activities.
Experimental Designs: Develops experimental procedures to test hypotheses, collect data, and support theories.

Individual Differences: Age, sex, height, weight, fitness, and health conditions impact results.
Environmental Conditions: Temperature, humidity, and terrain affect performance and injury risk.
Task-Specific Factors: Specific tasks, equipment, and environment influence the biomechanical analysis.

Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to study living organisms, focusing on the interaction of forces and movements.
It includes numerous applications and tools.
Understanding biomechanics improves human performance, prevents injuries, and enhances rehabilitation.

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