晚清革命与中华民国建立

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Questions and Answers

1920年代，北洋政府在教育方面確立了什麼樣的新制度？

排斥女子教育的政策

完整的文言文教育系統

只有男子可以接受高等教育

男女平等的新學制 (correct)

胡適和陳獨秀主張了哪一種文體的使用？

白話文 (correct)

古文

段落體

詩詞

《新青年》在出版上有何重要特點？

全面使用白話文 (correct)

每期都包含數學問題

使用古文出版

獨家介紹西方音樂

1924年，國民黨確立了什麼政策？

聯俄、容共、扶助農工 Signup and view all the answers

國共第一次合作的主要背景是什麼？

國民黨組織弱化並缺乏群眾基礎 Signup and view all the answers

魯迅在《新青年》發表的作品主要是哪一種文體？

白話小說 Signup and view all the answers

共產國際對中國革命的支持主要表現在哪方面？

推動兩黨合作 Signup and view all the answers

1917年，俄國十月革命的成功對中國有什麼影響？

使共產黨獲得關注和支持 Signup and view all the answers

學校在1920年代的教育上強調了什麼？

教授白話文並改用白話文教科書 Signup and view all the answers

在推動白話文運動的過程中，白話文的應用主要出現在什麼方面？

民眾的日常書寫和報刊 Signup and view all the answers

保路運動中民眾的主要抗議是針對哪一政策？

鐵路國有政策 Signup and view all the answers

在武昌起義中，革命黨成功控制武昌城后，推舉誰為都督？

黎元洪 Signup and view all the answers

中華民國的成立主要是哪個事件促成的？

武昌起義 Signup and view all the answers

哪些運動是同盟會成員提出的？

三民主義 Signup and view all the answers

袁世凱在二次革命期間采取的策略是什麼？

與革命軍談判 Signup and view all the answers

袁世凱於1915年宣布自己為皇帝，此行動被稱為什麼？

帝制 Signup and view all the answers

五四運動的直接原因是什麼？

二十一條款的問題 Signup and view all the answers

五四運動期間，北京學生大規模罷課是因為什麼？

反對賣國罪行 Signup and view all the answers

五四運動後哪種社會變化最為明顯？

婚姻自由的提升 Signup and view all the answers

哪一事件被視為袁世凱復辟帝制的直接後果？

護法之役 Signup and view all the answers

北洋政府在巴黎和會上拒絕簽署的條約是什麼？

對德和約 Signup and view all the answers

在五四運動期间，學生提出的主要口號是什麼？

外爭主權，內除國賊 Signup and view all the answers

哪個運動對新文化運動的發展有重要影響？

五四運動 Signup and view all the answers

五四運動后哪一變化更為明顯？

女性社會地位提升 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Late Qing Revolution and Republic of China Establishment

保路運動 (Protecting the Railroad Movement): In 1911, the Qing government nationalized railway construction projects, leading to protests in provinces like Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, and Sichuan. Local citizens formed "Protect the Railroad Associations" and organized strikes to oppose the move. These actions culminated in the suppression by Qing troops, and eventually, the events that led to the Wuchang Uprising.

Wuchang Uprising

Revolutionaries' Plot: Revolutionary parties planned an uprising for October 1911, however, a bomb explosion prematurely revealed these plans.
Qing's Response: The governor-general ordered the arrest of revolutionaries but was met with resistance.
Success and Establishment of Military Government: Revolutionary forces successfully seized the city of Wuchang.
New Leadership: Li Yuanhong was elected as the military governor (commander).

Republic of China Establishment

Spread of Rebellion: The success of Wuchang Uprising sparked rebellions in other regions, leading to declarations of independence across many provinces.
Qing Control Diminished: By December 1911, the Qing dynasty lost control over most southern regions, maintaining control only over parts of northern China, Northeast, and Northwest.
Establishment of Provisional Government: Representatives from various provinces convened in Nanjing to establish the Chinese Provisional Government.
Sun Yat-sen as President: Sun Yat-sen was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China, taking office on January 1, 1912.
Qing Dynasty's Collapse: Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor, Puyi.

Significance of Xinhai Revolution

Overthrowing Qing Dynasty: Ending 268 years of Manchu rule.
Ending Monarchy: Overthrowing the millennia-long Chinese monarchy.
Establishing Republic: Transitioning China to a republican form of government.
Promoting Modernization: Driving political and social reforms toward modernization.
Promoting Nationalism: Promoting a sense of shared identity among all of China's ethnic groups.
Industrialization: Encouraging the development of Chinese industries.
Promoting Intellectual Liberation: Inspiring thought and cultural revolution throughout Chinese society.

Role of Hong Kong

Origins of Revolution: Hong Kong, under British rule, served as a place where revolutionaries were involved in planning, organizing, and disseminating revolutionary ideas.
Base for Plotting/Fundraising: Hong Kong was an ideal location for revolutionaries due to its location and infrastructure facilitating the movement of resources and personnel.
Platform for Propaganda: Hong Kong publications provided a platform to critique the Qing government and popularize revolutionary concepts, including ideologies and political theories from Europe and the west.

Yuan Shikai's Presidency and the Warlord Era

Yuan Shikai's Rise to Power: Appointed by Qing as the Prime Minister to handle the revolution, he seized the opportunity for his personal benefit.
Transfer of Power: Sun Yat-sen stepped down as President in favor of Yuan Shikai.
Military Conflicts and Political Instability: Post-Yuan death, political turmoil ensued, and the nation fragmented based on regional warlord-controlled areas.
Corruption and Warlordism: Disputes arose between warlords resulting in constant conflict, and ultimately, undermining the fledgling Republic.

Five Four Movement

Foreign Interference & Anti-Japanese Sentiment: China's demands at the Paris Peace Conference were rejected, leading to widespread outrage.
Student Protests: Students demonstrated in Beijing on May 4, 1919, demanding the expulsion of corrupt officials and the cancellation of treaties with Japan.
National Mobilization: Protests spread across cities, leading to strikes, boycotts, and a nationwide patriotic movement.
Resolution & Consequences: The resultant political and social pressure prompted the Beijing government to release arrested students, remove officials, and maintain neutrality against foreign intervention.

Impact of Five Four Movement

Increased National Awareness: The movement boosted Chinese nationalist sentiments, and participation in politics by ordinary citizens increased.
Cultural Shift: The movement fostered new ideas and philosophies, including a rejection of traditional thought.

Rise of Women's Rights: Women's roles in education, employment, and political participation increased dramatically.
White-Collar Opportunities: Women moved into educated, higher paying career opportunities.

Nationalists and Communist Collaboration

Formation of Nationalist Government: Sun Yat-sen restructured the Nationalist Party and promoted the "Three Principles of the People".
Communist Participation: Communists were allowed to join the Nationalist Party while adhering to its discipline.
Military School Foundation: The Whampoa Military Academy was established to train officers for the Nationalist military with communist participation.

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Description

本测验涵盖了晚清时期的保路运动以及辛亥革命的重要事件，包括武昌起义和中华民国的建立。通过这些问题，了解中国历史转折点的影响与意义。请准备好考察你对这些历史事件的理解！