일본어 문법 기초

• This study note sheet covers the basics of Japanese grammar.
• It utilizes three conversational AI models for learning.
• The presentation was created by 신지원 on 2023241033.

Japanese Sentence Structure (Chat GPT View)

• Japanese follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure.
• The verb typically comes at the end of the sentence.
• The positions of the subject and object are flexible, but generally appear before the verb.
• Example: "나는 책을 읽는다" (I read a book) is "私は本を読む" (Watashi wa hon o yomu).
• "私は(Watashi wa)" means "I" (subject).
• "本を(Hon o)" means "book" (object).
• "読む(Yomu)" means "read" (verb).

Subject and Particles

• In Japanese, subjects are used with particles.
• 'は(wa)' and 'が(ga)' are the most basic particles.
• 'は' marks the topic.
• 'が' marks the subject.
• は(wa): indicates the speaker.
• Example: 私は学生です(watashi wa gakusei desu) meaning "I am a student."
• を(wo): indicates the object.
• Example: りんごを食べます(ringoo tabemasu) meaning "I eat an apple."
• に (ni): used for place or direction.
• Example: 学校に行きます(gakkou ni ikimasu) meaning "I go to school."
• で (de): indicates location or method.
• Example: バスで行きます(basu de ikimasu) meaning "I go by bus."
• と (to): used for persons or things together.
• Example: 友達と行きます(tomodachi to ikimasu) meaning "I go with a friend."
• の (no): indicates ownership or relationship.
• Example: 私の本 (watashi no hon) meaning "my book."

Verb Conjugation

• Verbs are classified into 3 groups.
• Group 1 Verbs:
• End with う (u).
• Example: 話す (hanasu) to speak.
• Irregular conjugation.
• Covers the majority of verbs.
• Group 2 Verbs:
• End with る (ru).
• Example: 食べる (taberu) to eat.
• Regular conjugation.
• Less common.
• Group 3 Verbs:
• する (suru) to do.
• くる(kuru) to come.
• Very irregular conjugation.
• Frequently used verbs.

Adjectives and Adjectival Nouns

• Adjectives and adjectival nouns exist.
• Adjectives:
• End with い (i).
• Example: 高い (takai, high).
• Adjectival nouns:
• End with な (na).
• Example: きれいな (kireina, pretty).
• Role in Sentences:
• Used as predicates in sentences.
• Undergo changes.

Honorific and Humble Language

• Politeness is very important.
• Three types of language exist.
• Honorific keigo (敬語).
• Humble kenjogo (謙譲語).
• Plain/Normal futsūgo (普通語).
• Honorific: Raises the other party's actions.
• Example: 先生がおっしゃる(sensei ga ossharu) meaning "the teacher says (honorific)."
• Humble: Lowers one's own actions.
• Example: 申し上げる (mōshiageru) meaning "I say (humble)."
• Plain: Ordinary way of speaking.
• Example: 言う (iu) meaning "to say."

Basic Time Expressions

• Japanese tenses are divided into past and present/future.
• The future and the present tense are identical.
• The future can be expressed depending on the context.
• Doing now: 今やっている (Ima yatteiru) – Now doing.
• Did in the past: 昨日やった (Kinou yatta) – did yesterday.

Negative Forms

• These are the negative forms for Japanese.
• Verbs:
  • Add ない (nai).
  • 食べる (taberu, to eat) becomes 食べない (tabenai, do not eat).
• い-adjectives:
  • Replace い (i) with くない (kunai).
  • 高い (takai, expensive) becomes 高くない (takakunai, not expensive).
• な-adjectives (also called adjectival nouns or だ-adjectives):
  • Add じゃない (janai).
  • Example: 静かじゃない (shizuka janai) meaning "not quiet."

Basic Particles

• は (wa/は): theme marker.
• 今日は晴れです (kyō wa hare desu) meaning "Today is sunny."
• を (o/を): object marker.
• 本を読みます (hon o yomimasu) meaning "I read a book."
• に (ni/に): indicates target, destination or time.
• 学校に行きます (gakkō ni ikimasu) meaning "I go to school."
• で (de/で): location/method.
• 電車で行きます (densha de ikimasu) meaning "I go by train."

Japanese Grammar Fundamentals (RUTEN View)

• The basics consist of these main elements.
• Sentence Structure.
• Particles.
• Verbs.
• Adjectives.
• Honorifics and Humble Language.
• Adverbs.

Ruten's Six Points Explained

• Sentence Structure: Japanese follows an SOV structure. For example, "I eat an apple" is "Watashi wa ringo o taberu."
• Particles: Particles are used to indicate a word's role in a sentence."wa" indicates the topic. "o" indicates the object.
• Verbs: The japanese verbs change in various form, like basic past, negative, etc.
• Adjectives: Japanese adjectives are split into two types: "I" adjectives and "Na" adjectives.
• Honorific and humble language: Honorifics and humble language show respect to the person you're speaking to.
• Adverbs: Japanese adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and prepositions to enrich the sentence.

Google Gemini's Explanation of Key Components

• Sentence structure > basic sentence types.
• Particle use > Nouns.
• Verb use > Adjectives.

Japanese Particles Overview

• SOV Structure: Japanese has Subject (S), Object (O), and Verb (V) order like Korean.
• Example: I (subject), read (object), and book (verb): Watashi wa hon o yomimasu.
• Role of particles (joshi): Adds a grammatical function to the part of speech.
• The following particles exist.
• は (wa): indicates subject.
• が (ga): indicates subject.
• を (o): indicates object.
• に (ni): Indicates time, location or direction.
• で (de): Indicates the method, place, or mean.
• の (no): Indicates possession, or the relationship between two nouns.

Japanese Verbs

• Group 1 Verbs: Ends in "u". Udangoshi. 話す (hanasu) -speak/talk
• Group 2 Verbs: Ends in "Ru". Ru before the Masu. 食べる (taberu)- eat.
• Group 3 Verbs:- Suru, Kuru. Irregular Verbs. する, くる. Special.
• Expressions Using Verbs:- Tense, honorific, Conditional, Many forms.

Verb Usage and Type

• The different Verb usage depends on what expression is needed.
• ます means something specific.
• て connects clauses.
• た is the past form.

Adjectives and Nouns

• Adjectives and Nouns are categorized as followed.
• Adjectives have two categories consisting of い & な adjectives.
  • い adjectives have the word is at the end.
    • Example: (Takai) い/高い. -な Adjective - な will be at the end of the word.
    • Example: (Kirei) きれいな.
• Adjectives can change to show tense/politeness.

Nouns

• Nouns have many uses and applications.
• A name can be a noun.

Basic Sentence Structure

• Japanese has 4 basic general structures.
• Declarative (General description).
  • General facts.
• Use desumasu form (ですます).
• Interrogative Sentence (Questions).
• End with the word Ka.
• You can use an Interjection.
• Imperative (Commands to do things)
• "te kudasai" must be used to request something.
• "nasai" verb.
• Take note of the situation you're imposing upon.
• Is Negative (Negative Expression).
  • "Masen" must be used.
• Words or terms ending in "Janai".
• Adjectives have negative versions.

Chat GPT's Strengths and Weaknesses.

• Strengths.
  • Large Volume of Resource.
  • Easy to get a complete conclusion as you see many examples.
  • Complete detail/breakdown of the grammar.
• Weaknesses.
  • Answers take a long time as it's processing and refining the answer.
  • Can contain the context with too much unnecessary info.