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ସାମାଜିକ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ କ'ଣ ବିଷୟ ପ୍ରତି ସମସ୍ୟାୋପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ କରାଯାଏ?
ସାମାଜିକ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ କ'ଣ ବିଷୟ ପ୍ରତି ସମସ୍ୟାୋପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ କରାଯାଏ?
ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କର ଅପରିମିତ ଆବଶାକତାକୁ ପୂରଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଖଣ୍ଡ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ସାଧନମାନଙ୍କ ଅଲୋକରେ କିପରି ହାରାହାରିମାନ ତାଲିକାବଦ୍ଧ କରାଯିବ।
ଅଭାବ କ'ଣ? ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ କେମିତି?
ଅଭାବ କ'ଣ? ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ କେମିତି?
ଅଭାବ ହେଉଛି ସେହି କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ସାଧନ ଅପରିମିତ ଓ ମଣିଷଙ୍କର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଅପରିମିତ।
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଓ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସାଧନର ଏକ ସଂଘାଟ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଏ, କୋଣସି ସ୍ଥିତିରେ ତାହା କ'ଣ ସୂଚିତ କରେ?
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଓ ଆର୍ଥିକ ସାଧନର ଏକ ସଂଘାଟ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଏ, କୋଣସି ସ୍ଥିତିରେ ତାହା କ'ଣ ସୂଚିତ କରେ?
ଉଉସୋର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାରେ ଥିବା ଗୁଣାଙ୍କ ଉପରେ କ୍ଷତି କ୍ଷତି ଓ ମୟ ଦର ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଗଣନାକରେ ସୂଚିତ କରେ।
କେମିତି ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ସମୟରେ କୋଣସି ସ୍ଥିତି ଅଥବା ଘଟଣା ଟିକେ ସୂଚିତ କରୁଛି?
କେମିତି ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ସମୟରେ କୋଣସି ସ୍ଥିତି ଅଥବା ଘଟଣା ଟିକେ ସୂଚିତ କରୁଛି?
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ଚାରିଟି ସଂସାରକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ମୂଳ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ କ'ଣ କଥା ହେବ?
ଚାରିଟି ସଂସାରକୁ ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ମୂଳ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ କ'ଣ କଥା ହେବ?
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ମିଶ୍ର ଆର୍ଥିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାର ଲକ୍ଷଣ କ'ଣ?
ମିଶ୍ର ଆର୍ଥିକ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାର ଲକ୍ଷଣ କ'ଣ?
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ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବିକାଶ ଦ୍ୱାରା ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ କ'ଣ ସୂଚନା ଦେଉଛି?
ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବିକାଶ ଦ୍ୱାରା ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ କ'ଣ ସୂଚନା ଦେଉଛି?
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ମାକ୍ରୋ ଆର୍ଥିକତା କ'ଣ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଅଧିକ ଗଲ୍ପ କରେ?
ମାକ୍ରୋ ଆର୍ଥିକତା କ'ଣ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଅଧିକ ଗଲ୍ପ କରେ?
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ଆର୍ଥିକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିକାଶରେ କଣ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଗୁଡିକି କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ଅନୁକୂଳ କରେ?
ଆର୍ଥିକ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିକାଶରେ କଣ ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଗୁଡିକି କ୍ଷେତ୍ର ଅନୁକୂଳ କରେ?
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ସରକାରୀ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପର କିଛି ଭଳି ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ?
ସରକାରୀ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପର କିଛି ଭଳି ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ?
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ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ବେପାରରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାପନାର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କଣ?
ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ବେପାରରେ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠାପନାର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କଣ?
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ମଣୈଟାର ଭୂମିକା କଣ ଏବଂ ସେ କିପରି ଅର୍ଥସାହାୟ୍ୟ କରେ?
ମଣୈଟାର ଭୂମିକା କଣ ଏବଂ ସେ କିପରି ଅର୍ଥସାହାୟ୍ୟ କରେ?
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ବେକାରୀ କେଉଁ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ସନ୍ଦର୍ବରେ ଜଣାଥିବା ଉତ୍ସାହ?
ବେକାରୀ କେଉଁ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ସନ୍ଦର୍ବରେ ଜଣାଥିବା ଉତ୍ସାହ?
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ମୂଲ୍ୟବୃଦ୍ଧିର ସଂଜ୍ଞା କିଣ୍ତୁ ସେ କେମିତି କାମ କରେ?
ମୂଲ୍ୟବୃଦ୍ଧିର ସଂଜ୍ଞା କିଣ୍ତୁ ସେ କେମିତି କାମ କରେ?
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ଆର୍ଥିକ ତଥ୍ୟ ବିଶେଷଣ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧର କିମ୍ବା ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ କ'ଣ?
ଆର୍ଥିକ ତଥ୍ୟ ବିଶେଷଣ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧର କିମ୍ବା ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ କ'ଣ?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Economics
- Economics is the social science that studies how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
- It explores the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
- Two main branches of economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics.
- Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual economic agents (consumers, producers, firms).
- Macroeconomics examines the overall performance of the economy, focusing on aggregate variables like inflation, GDP, and unemployment.
Scarcity and Choice
- Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem faced by all societies.
- Resources are limited, while human wants and needs are virtually unlimited.
- This necessitates choices; societies must decide how to allocate these limited resources.
- Opportunity cost represents the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.
Basic Economic Concepts
- Supply and demand: These concepts are fundamental to understanding market forces.
- Supply represents the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to offer at various prices.
- Demand represents the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy at various prices.
- Equilibrium price is the point where supply and demand intersect.
- Market mechanisms aim to allocate goods and services efficiently.
Factors of Production
- The factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services.
- The four key factors are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
- Land refers to natural resources.
- Labor refers to the human effort used.
- Capital refers to the tools, machinery, and infrastructure used.
- Entrepreneurship involves the initiative, risk-taking, and innovation to organize the other factors.
Economic Systems
- Different economic systems organize the allocation of resources in various ways.
- Capitalism is a market-based system where private individuals own and control the means of production.
- Socialism is an economic system where the state or the community owns and controls the means of production.
- Mixed economies combine elements of both capitalism and socialism.
Economic Models and Theories
- Models simplify reality to help economists understand complex economic phenomena.
- Models frequently use graphs, equations, and assumptions to predict economic outcomes.
- Theories explain why economic events occur.
- These theories offer insights and frameworks for analyzing markets and economic policies.
Economic Growth and Development
- Economic growth refers to an increase in the economy's productive capacity over time.
- Measurement tools like GDP are used to track the changes in economic output.
- Development expands beyond mere growth to encompass improvements in living standards (e.g., health, education, infrastructure, poverty reduction).
- Factors that drive economic growth and development include technological innovation, investments in human capital, and favorable institutional frameworks.
Government Intervention
- Governments often intervene in the economy to address market failures or promote societal goals.
- Examples of government intervention include regulations, setting minimum wage, taxes, subsidies, and public goods provision.
- Regulations aim to correct market failures like externalities or monopolies.
International Trade
- Trade between nations allows for greater specialization, increased efficiency, and a wider range of goods and services.
- Concepts like comparative advantage highlight the gains from trade.
- Trade policies like tariffs and quotas can significantly influence international trade flows.
Money and Banking
- Money is a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
- Central banks play a vital role in managing the money supply and financial markets.
- Monetary policy and fiscal policies influence the economy's overall performance.
Unemployment
- Unemployment occurs when individuals who are actively seeking work cannot find employment.
- Different kinds of unemployment exist (structural, cyclical, frictional).
- Unemployment rates reflect the health of the economy.
Inflation
- Inflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy.
- Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money.
- Central banks use monetary policy to address inflation.
Economic Data Analysis
- Economists use statistical methods to analyze economic data to understand trends and patterns.
- Data collection and interpretation inform policy decisions.
- Tools like regression analysis help gauge cause-and-effect relationships.
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Description
ଏହି କ୍ୱିଜ୍ରେ ଅର୍ଥଶାସ୍ତ୍ରର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବିସୟଗୁଡିକୁ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଛି, ଯାହା ସଂସାରର ସୀମିତ ସାଧନ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଲୋକଙ୍କର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତାକୁ ପୂରଣ କରାଯାଉଛି। ଏହାରେ ଅବସ୍ଥା, ବିକି, ଓ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଘରାଣୀର ବିଶ୍ଲେଷଣ ହେଉଛି। ଆପଣ ମାଇକ୍ରୋ ଓ ମ୍ୟାକ୍ରୋ ଅର୍ଥଶାସ୍ତ୍ର ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବେ।
