Gastrointestinal Tract Infection (GIT) PDF

Gastrointestinal tract infection (GIT) Introduction: Bowel infections are caused by microorganisms ('bugs', or germs) in the gut, and are sometimes called gastrointestinal infections (gastroenteritis). You can get a bowel infection by consuming contaminated water or food. Human GIT components: Th...

Gastrointestinal tract infection (GIT) Introduction: Bowel infections are caused by microorganisms ('bugs', or germs) in the gut, and are sometimes called gastrointestinal infections (gastroenteritis). You can get a bowel infection by consuming contaminated water or food. Human GIT components: The main organs include Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Symptoms of GIT infection: 1- A change in normal bowel habits. 2- Blood on or in the stool that is either bright or dark. 3- Unusual abdominal or gas pain. 1 4-A feeling that the bowel has not emptied completely after passing stool. 5- Diarrhea. 6-Nausea. 7-Vomiting. 8-Crampy abdominal pain. GIT infection terms Esophagitis : Is inflammation that damages the lining of the esophagus. An endoscope (a long, flexible tube equipped with a camera)may be used to see inside your esophagus. Infectious esophagitis is rare. It often occurs in people with weak immune systems. People who have strong immune systems don't usually develop the infection. Gastritis: Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain. Other possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite and heartburn. Enteritis: Is inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated water with pathogenic microbes. Gastroenteritis : Also known as infectious diarrhea, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur. Colitis: Is swelling or inflammation of the large intestine. Enterocolitis: Is an inflammation that occurs throughout your intestines. It combines “enteritis,” inflammation of the small intestine,with“colitis,” inflammation of the large intestine. Appendicitis: Is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. 2 Proctitis: Is inflammation of the rectal mucosa. Diarrhea Definition: Is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day. Types of diarrhea: 1- Acute watery diarrhea – lasts several hours or days and includes cholera. 2- Acute bloody diarrhea – also called dysentery. 3- Persistent diarrhea – lasts 2 – 4 weeks. 4- Chronic diarrhea – Lasts more than 4 weeks. Causes of diarrhea: 1- A bacterial infection. 2- A virus. 3- Trouble digesting certain things (food intolerance) 4-Food allergy (such as celiac disease, gluten allergy) 5- Parasites that enter the body through food or water. 6- A reaction to medicines. 7- An intestinal disease, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms of diarrhea: 1- Belly (abdominal) cramps. 2- Stomach pain. 3- Swelling (bloating). 4- Upset stomach (nausea). 5- Urgent need to go to the bathroom. 6- Fever. 7- Bloody stools. 8- Loss of body fluids (dehydration). 3 Common bacteria that cause diarrhea: 1- S.aureus (Enterotoxigenic strains). 2- Salmonella. 3- Shigella. 4- E.coli. 5- B.cereus. 6- Yersnia enterocolitica. 7- Clostridium. 8- Campylobacter. 9- Vibrio. Common viruses cause diarrhea: 1- Rotavirus. 2- Norovirus. 3- Adenovirus. Parasites cause diarrhea: 1- Giardia. 2- Coccidian parasite. Fungi causes diarrhea: 1- Candida (Over growth). Traveller diarrhea Traveler's diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and stomach cramps. It's caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. When you visit a place where the climate or sanitary practices are different from yours at home, you have an increased risk of developing traveler's diarrhea. Common causative agent: ETEC. 4  Antibiotic associated diarrhea Antibiotic-related diarrhea is caused by disrupting the bacterial balance in your intestines. Certain antibiotics are more likely to cause it, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Good bacteria is to keep the growth of opportunistic bacteria in check. These bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile, (known as C. diff for short) can cause infections if they’re allowed to thrive, which can happen if good bacteria are killed off by antibiotics. Dysentery Definition: is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea. Types: A- Ameobic dysentery (Entamoeba histolytica). B- Bacillary dysentery (Shigella) Symptoms of dysentery: 1- Diarrhea containing blood or mucus. 2- High fever. 3- Nausea and vomiting. 4- Painful stomach cramps (abdominal pain). 5