PSY 207 Final Exam PDF

PSY 207 FINAL EXAM CHAPTER 5: - Plagues are a type of infectious disease - Pandemics are when the growth rate of an infectious disease skyrockets, and each day cases grow more than the day prior - Pandemics are a result of human civilization growing, health care advancements, most pa...

PSY 207 FINAL EXAM CHAPTER 5: - Plagues are a type of infectious disease - Pandemics are when the growth rate of an infectious disease skyrockets, and each day cases grow more than the day prior - Pandemics are a result of human civilization growing, health care advancements, most pandemics are caused by zoopathic pathogens - The black plague: most fatal pandemic in human history, a bacteria that is transmitted to humans through bites from infected fleas, bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic, resulted in the death of 75-200 million people, swollen lumps in the armpits or groins that turned skin black - The spanish flu: killed 50k canadians to 50 million worldwide, lead to federal department of health in 1919 (making public health was a responsibility), came in waves (the ending of ww1 was also a hinderance), arrived in port cities like quebec montreal and halifax, public gatherings were prohibited, quarantines - HIV/AIDS 1980s: 1980s doctors notice rare cancers and infections striking otherwise healthy young gay men, “gay plague”, in 1981 medical professionals named gay related immune deficiency or GRID, acquired immune deficiency syndrome 1983 through blood transfusions, 2000 canadians contracted aids as a result of blood transfusions between 1980-1985, march 1987 first anti hiv drug approved, almost 25% increase since 2021, 19 out of every 100k people have HIV in saskatchewan - How do we respond?: pandemic denial and anti maskin sentiments, misinformation & scapegoating, anti vaccination movement, all have major impact on social costs and implications (vulnerable populations, social customs, grief and depression in society, economic after effect CHAPTER 6: - Holocaust: hitler used a 4 step process to dehumanize jewish people (prejudice, scapegoating, discrimination, persecution) - Maria Altmann, an elderly Jewish refugee living in Cheviot Hills, Los Angeles, who, together with her young lawyer, Randy Schoenberg, fought the government of Austria for almost a decade to reclaim Gustav Klimt's iconic painting of her aunt Adele Bloch-Bauer, Portrait of Adele - Dr edith egar: a teen in 1944, lived in hungary, believes in the choice (We have the choice to be depressed, we have the choice to be happy, we have the choice to turn hate into pity, Helps people connect with their passed loved ones, Discover self-renewal, achieve things that were unattainable, and discard limitations - Rwanda: Complex interplay of deeply rooted social, economic, and political forces throughout the history of Rwanda that precipitated the Rwandan Genocide Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa April 6, 1994 President of Rwanda’s plane is shot down Believed to be a Hutu extremist act Hutu people organized and carried out attack against Tutsi people Lasted over 100 days - Israel and palestine: The region, inhabited for thousands of years by groups such as the Canaanites, Israelites, and Babylonians, saw successive conquests by the Romans (1st century), Byzantines (6th century), and Arab rulers (7th century), with Arab rule lasting  over a millennium until the Ottoman Turks took control in the 16th century. After World War I, the British assumed control under a League of Nations mandate, leading to tensions between the Jewish minority, inspired by the Balfour Declaration of 1917 promising a Jewish homeland, and the Arab majority. Jewish migration increased during the 1920s–1940s, particularly during the Holocaust. In 1947, the UN proposed partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, but this was rejected by Arab leaders, sparking war. Israel declared statehood in 1948, leading to further conflict, displacement of Palestinians (Al Nakba), and territorial disputes. Subsequent wars, such as in 1967, expanded Israeli control, and unresolved issues persist today, including Palestinian refugees, Jewish settlements, Jerusalem’s status, and the creation of a Palestinian state. Chapter 7: - Dignity involves respecting, honoring, and valuing individuals, which fosters self-worth and builds self-esteem. It is a fundamental aspect of human rights and is upheld through ethical practices, ensuring patient well-being, promoting fairness, and building better relationships. Maintaining dignity includes effective communication, respecting privacy, treating individuals uniquely, and supporting their independence. - In end-of-life care, dignity becomes particularly significant, as it is closely tied to a person’s sense of autonomy, self-determination, and participation in meaningful activities. Caregivers play a crucial role by listening, respecting cultural practices, and honoring wishes. Palliative and hospice care focus on improving the quality of living and dying by prioritizing comfort, managing symptoms, reducing suffering, and supporting patients and families during difficult times. - Palliative care in Canada was formalized in 2017 with an Act passed by Parliament to create a national framework. Despite progress, challenges persist, including cultural competency issues, social and organizational barriers, inadequate funding, lack of resources and equipment, and provider-related barriers such as limited time, skills, and education. These challenges impact access and quality of care for many patients. - While 58% of Canadians who died in 2021–2022 received palliative care—an improvement from the early 2000s—many still receive it only shortly before death. Efforts are being made to address these gaps, including the opening of standalone hospice facilities, such as in Saskatchewan in 2021 and Prince Albert in 2023. Advanced care planning is expanding in underserved areas, and grief literacy initiatives are being implemented for healthcare workers to better support patients and families. Chapter 8: - Grief is not just an emotion but a multifaceted experience that can arise from various types of loss, not limited to the death of a loved one. It encompasses emotional, cognitive, functional, and behavioral responses, distinguished from bereavement (the fact of the loss) and mourning (the expression of grief). Types of grief include acute, prolonged, anticipated, traumatic, and ambiguous grief, among others, with signs such as mood swings, fatigue, anxiety, and difficulty focusing. Sudden Temporary Upsurges of Grief (STUGs) can occur unexpectedly, often around significant dates.  - Coping with grief involves embracing and expressing emotions, taking life one day at a time, nurturing hope, and practicing self-care, self-love, and self-compassion. Strategies include staying in a safe space, seeking support, and letting go of obligations. Active and reflective listening, acknowledging the loss, and avoiding comparisons are essential when supporting someone grieving. Ultimately, prioritizing physical and emotional well-being is crucial for navigating the grieving process. - Grief theories provide insights into the complex process of loss and mourning. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory highlights that attachment styles (secure, anxious, disorganized, or avoidant) shape how individuals experience and cope with grief. Parkes’ psychosocial model describes grief as a journey through phases: shock and numbness, yearning and searching, disorganization and despair, and eventual reorganization and renewal. Worden’s Four Tasks of Mourning focus on accepting the loss, processing the pain, adjusting to life without the deceased, and maintaining a meaningful yet altered connection while moving forward. - Silverman and Klass’s Continuing Bonds Theory emphasizes the importance of maintaining a transformed relationship with the deceased to find peace and adapt. Stroebe and Schut’s Dual Process Model adds another dimension, describing grief as a balance between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping. This model highlights the oscillation between processing the pain of the loss and engaging in life tasks to rebuild. Together, these theories underscore the dynamic, individual nature of grieving and offer guidance for navigating it. Chapter 9: - Memorials serve to honor and remember the dead, commemorate significant events, or celebrate individuals. They can take many forms, such as permanent structures, living creations that evolve over time, or gatherings and rituals. Modern memorials, which emerged prominently after World War I, rely on symbolism to capture moments in time, reflect national narratives, and stimulate dialogue about history and shared experiences. - The concept of contested memory highlights that different groups may interpret events and memorials differently, resulting in varying perspectives and emotions. Contemporary memorials are often abstract and interactive, designed to challenge viewers and encourage multiple interpretations. These forms of remembrance not only acknowledge loss but also engage with broader cultural and historical narratives. - War memorials honor significant historical events, instilling patriotism and a sense of belonging, particularly in Canadian contexts where they aim to evoke pride. Pandemic memorials, such as the AIDS Memorial Quilt and COVID-19 memorials like the National COVID Memorial Wall in the UK and Italy’s COVID-19 Memorial, highlight collective grief and remembrance for lives lost during crises. - Memorials play a crucial role in grieving by providing a dedicated space for reflection, storytelling, and connection. They help preserve memories, bring loved ones together, and offer comfort and closure over time. Addressing grief through memorials is essential, as unresolved grief can lead to emotional and physical health challenges, negatively impacting quality of life. Additionally, projects like mandalas and grief houses offer therapeutic outlets for processing loss. Chapter 10: - Advanced care planning is a process where individuals make decisions about their future healthcare and end-of-life wishes, including preferences for life support, burial, or cremation. The process involves several steps: thinking about personal preferences, learning about the implications of those decisions, finalizing choices, communicating them with loved ones, and recording them officially. It's crucial to have a trusted person designated as a power of attorney to make decisions if one cannot speak for themselves. - Additionally, having a will is important for managing assets and providing instructions for distribution. After a death, there are multiple steps to follow, including registering the death, obtaining a death certificate, and contacting agencies like the Canada Revenue Agency and the Canada Pension Plan. Families are often overwhelmed by these tasks, so making advanced plans can ease the burden during a difficult time. PSY 207 Midterm Cheat sheet ^.^ lolz :3 Chapter 1: - Death avoidance: When people learn that someone they know is dying or has a terminal illness, they avoid talking about it with them. - Importance of talking about death: people who are dying wanna talk, but don’t wanna upset loved ones. It benefits both the dying and the other in talking about it. Allows us to connect better. To die well, we must talk about death before we die. - We don’t like thinking about death unless it happens to other people. - Death positivity and neutrality: listening to voices of people who are nearing end of life. Open to friendly and honest conversations about death and dying. - Listening to the dying: listen to hear their experiences, struggles, and wisdom. - Death over dinner, conversation project, and death cafes: talking about death to better explain and communicate with loved ones. Straightforward conversation with talking about what you want when you die. - Death positivity: social movement that challenges us to reimagine death and dying, includes development of compassionate communities. Some examples are Death cafes, death over dinner, and the conversation project. Focusing on the positive rather than the negative can help us rethink death. Chapter 2: - EOL rights: living honour the dead and/or address fears of the dead. Practices like covering the eyes of the deceased or moving bodies feet first were believed to prevent the dead from calling the living to follow them. Similarly, Victorian widows wore black to blend in as shadows, avoiding being beckoned by their deceased husbands' spirits. These rites reflect a desire to create boundaries between the world of the living and the spirit world. - 4 key factors that led to distancing of death in NA non-indigenous (late 1800s): longer life expectancy, better medicine, technology focusing on avoiding death (like  helmets), movement of cemetery outside the city, professionalisation of the death industry. - Hindu death custom: placing dead on pyre of logs and setting it on fire. Still dominant practice today. - Catacombs: romans, parisians, lima. Roman catacombs were made as underground tombs by jews and christians. - Philippines: suspending coffins on the side of a cliff in order to allow the dead to be closer to ancestral spirits who came before them. - Canadian customs (18th-19th): evolved from europe, death was viewed as inevitable and an integrated part of the community. People often died in homes, were placed on wood boxes or caskets (depending on financial situation), bodies displayed at the home and burials took place closer to home. People did not have a fear-based strategy around the end of life. - Burial first appeared in north africa middle east. Possibly shielding family or loved ones from seeing dead. The Industrial revolution allowed everyone to get a grave. Big cities have almost no burial space. - Canadian customs (19th to 20th): death moved away from daily lives, influencing how it affects us. - Indigenous customs: spiritual practices passed down from oral traditions such as storytelling, dances, performances, songs, art, and knowledge sharing. Oral traditions are the foundations of indigenous societies. - Modern day natives: 3 main indigenous groups (metis, inuit, first nations), over 50 distinct indigenous nations, 630 bands, 60 languages. Focus on healing the spirit and preparing it for its journey to the spirit world. - Circle of life: birth and death are linked as a transition of the spirit through this world. Examples of this would be medicine wheel: north (white /mental), east (yellow / spiritual), south (red / physical), west (black / emotional). Similar to seasons and life cycles. Represents awareness of states. In order to be happy, we need all of these 4 states to be balanced. All aspects of life are interconnected. Represents death as one part of the life cycle and a transition point to the spirit world. - Indigenous death customs: singing to celebrate life, death is celebration of life. Dead people are moving into the spirit world, the ultimate trip to the spirit world. Pipe ceremony. Steps to ceremonies, fire lit for 4 days to help guide the journey. 1st day visiting, next visiting relatives, next visiting people further away, last is coming to eat and being on your way. They also pray, and use a sweat lodge. - Colonization: Resulted in many Indigenous peoples ways of life, cultural and spiritual views and practices and their lives have been increasingly threatened through forced conversion to Christianity. Difficulty in knowing the history of indigenous rituals. Some know no indigenous rituals. Some create ”Fusions” of traditional and christian death rituals.  - Antyesti (hindus): depend on the region, social group, gender, and age of the dead. Means last sacrifice or final auspicious ceremony, involves cremation of the body. Disposal of ashes into a sacred river. Antyeshti rites are the final sacraments (samskaras) in a series that ideally begins at the moment of conception and is performed at each important stage of life. - Burial beads (south korea): lack of space in the graveyard, a way for the South Koreans to keep their deceased loved ones close by, and honour their memory, while still upholding the law. Korean rituals rooted in Confucianism (family members are to honour their dead and remember them in ways that allow the deceased to pass on safely to the afterlife). - Confucianism: Chinese and old beliefs. They believe in inner virtue, morality and respect for the community and its values. - Tibet and Mongolia (buddists): soul moves on from the body, body must be sacrificed. They place bodies on high mountains to let animals decompose the body naturally. Sees body as an empty vessel, giving back to nature. - Madagascar: funeral tradition called famadihana or turning of the bones. Occurs every 5-7 years. Bodies are wrapped in fresh cloth, sprayed with perfume, and danced with. Time to share stories and receive blessings. Began in the 17th century, after mass patriation of soldiers' bodies. Bodies returned to stone tomb in clothes. - Homo naledi: gravesite of old ancestors, and were first distinctly buried in south africa. - Togas: in Victorian and Roman cultures. Black outfits for funeral since it was cheap and nobody would know whos broke and rich, - Asian cultures use white for funerals, for purity and celebration. - Embalming: treatment of bodies with chemicals to prevent decay, - In chile they first used embalming in chin chua - Modern day embalming is injection of chemicals into the arterial network. It tries to make them look as relaxed and normal as possible. - Jews and muslims: enwrapped in shroud, not embalmed. They both share memories and eat food together. - Ngaben (bali and indonesia): loved ones light ancestor in coffin in shape of bull (wada) on fire while battle music is playing to represent battle to another realm. - Louisiana: New Orleans goodbye, brass band plays music all the way from funeral to church to cemetery. As the body is laid to rest, music becomes more upbeat. - Dela muertos: Nov 1st or 2nd. Dancing music and food are thought to rouse the dead from sleep and reconnect them to their family for a night. Flowers and bright banners, favourite foods of the dead, marigolds help guide souls from cemetery to family homes. - Ching ming: families visit tombs and provide offerings. They burn joss paper or spirit money (offerings). Dead can use material wealth in the afterlife. Family will eat food and spend time together. Chapter 3:  - Sardinia: professional mourners, provide the oral expression of emotion at a pre-funeral event and/or increase the number of people in attendance at a funeral. - Maori haka: wailing, keening, lamenting performances to express grief. Begin shortly after death and last until burial, or can take place prior to funerals and body disposal and during other death related gatherings. Public rituals are a powerful way to give voice to the impact of the loss on the wider community. Haka chant dance is an integral part of the maori mourning process, showing love and compassion and uplifting the spirits of bereaved families. - Lament for the dead that is at the core of traditional irish wakes, and the ancient wailing practice of yemenite-jewish women. - Wiccan: cremation and burial of ashes. Emphasis on reincarnation and the spirit is believed to move on to the summerlands (an abundantly green place that is both peaceful and beautiful). - Cultural membership shapes how we perceive and respond to death. - Vocal and physical expressions of emotion play an important role in end-of-life rituals and ceremonies, which includes the work of professional mourners. - There is much historical, cross-cultural, and religious variation in death-related rituals, including funerals. Chapter 4: - Traditional methods: burial, embalming, cremation - Embalming: began in ancient egypt with practice of mummification, preservation of body as a requirement of afterlife. Mummification included organ removal, drying out the body, wrapping the body, application of resin and oils, and sealing. began in usa civil war, led to the funeral industry. It is replacing the body’s blood with chemicals that prevent body decomp. - Burial: begins with purchase of plot, wood or metal casket, outer burial container (burial vaults or grave liners). Average funeral cost is 10k cad. - Cremation: one of most common forms of body disposal. 75% cremation rate in 2021. Urns can be buried or placed in mausoleum or columbarium. Some now turn ashes into diamonds, jewellery, glass art, fire works, tree seedlings, or part of the coral reef. High heat to reduce human remains to bone and ash and the pulverisation of the bone into tiny pieces, which are then placed in an urn. - Environmental effects of death: soil pollution from embalming fluids, Heavy wooden caskets are often treated with poisonous chemicals, metal and plastic fittings are also polluting soil, Consumption of urban land Cemetery maintenance chemicals, reducing biodiversity, Cremation is a fossil fuel process, releases CO2 and other emissions, Vehicles used in transportation process, The amount of materials needed to make caskets (wood/metal) - Green alternatives: using essential oil mixtures, dry ice, opt out of embalming. Biodegradable caskets, natural burial or human composting, gps for grave markings instead of using harmful products, trees or plants could be used. - Burial capacity: paris and catacombs, happy valley christian cemetery, covid-19 - Grave recycling: deepening of graves, mass graves (typical in europe), how long graves are kept. New orleans: ground burial cites have 2 shelves, newest casket is placed on the top and left for a minimum of one year and a day. After that time, when someone else dies, the casket is removed and another is placed. - COVID-19: Many people could not participate in religious death rituals or ceremonies, People were encouraged to avoid embalming, Health restrictions, capacity limits, and social distancing impacted death requirements, Improved condolences via social media. Greif from covid is said to resemble grief from natural disasters (trauma therapy). - Problems with funerals and covid: family-only funerals, death registrations (takes longer time), scrapping inquests (takes longer time), transportation, storing and dealing with bodies. - Green burial: bodies are not embalmed, buried shallower than 6 feet to allow for better decomposition, headstones don’t need footings, no concrete, caskets are all biodegradable. More engagement in final goodbye. - Jae rhim lee: infinity burial project, uses mushrooms to decompose and clean toxins from bodies. When buried we are buried with over 200 pollutants in our bodies. The Idea is to use mushrooms to clean the dead body so it's better for being put in the environment. Made custom mushrooms to eat her body when she's dead. Responsible for taking on the burden on the planet. Mushroom death suit. - Dead to tree pod: burial pod is made of biodegradable, it decomposes naturally and provides nutrients for the sapling planet above the pod. Burial pods can be used for ashes or pets. - Water dissolve: aquamation: alkaline water solution with heat decomposes the body in two hours in a stainless steel vessel. Remains can be used for ashes. 7 times less carbon footprint then regular cremation. Used to lower fossil fuels in the environment caused by cremation. Doesn’t know if it can destroy proteins of the dead body to remove diseases such as mad cow disease. Made in 1880’s to dispose of dead farm animals. - Hong kong has low space for a cemetery (happy valley christian cemetery), so columbariums are used. - Hong Kong uses governmental cheaper niches for columbariums. Keeping ashes in the house is taboo in Chinese culture. - Certain conventional methods associated with dealing with bodies after death are costly, contribute to the lack of space for the dead, and are not environmentally sustainable. - Alternative options for dealing with bodies provide an opportunity to move beyond our conventional understandings of burials and cremation. - There are a variety of “greener” ways to deal with bodies at the end of life. Some are variations on ancient practices and some are recent innovations. - Current conventional methods of dealing with bodies after death are based on ancient practices. -