Writing Chapter 2 of Research Paper PDF

LEARNING FORM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH  Overview CITE RELATED LITERATURE USING A STANDARD STYLE (e.g., APA,MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style) ILLUSTRATE AND EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DEFINE TERMS USED IN THE STUDY...

LEARNING FORM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH  Overview CITE RELATED LITERATURE USING A STANDARD STYLE (e.g., APA,MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style) ILLUSTRATE AND EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DEFINE TERMS USED IN THE STUDY LIST RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (IF APPROPRIATE) WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW? The process of obtaining relevant and imporatant information or material related to the research topic is called “review of related literature”. A literature review helps you explain how the research problem to be investigated fits to the larger picture. A literature review lets you identify what has already been done so as not to replicate other researchers work.  Steps in Doing a Literature Review Identify key Locate the Evaluate and Organize the Write the terms to use in literature about a select the literature you literature review your search for topic by literature have selected. literature consulting several critically for your types of materials review. and databases.  Introduction sets the stage for the review. This is where you give an overview, define important Literature key words, and inform readers Review of the limitations of the Usually has (3) main review. parts: introduction, Conclusion body, and conclusion Summarizes the trends and Body themes that you have observed as you describe the It contains the discussions on findings from the different the similarities and differences articles. It is in the conclusion of findings from several that you identify the gaps in articles and how they are the literature. related to the present study.  Citing References Reference citation is the process of documenting the various sources of materials and information relevant to your study. The three most common citation styles in writing a literature are: (1) American Psychological Association (APA) style (2) Modern Language Association (MLA) style (3) Chicago Manual of Style  APA Style (7th edition) In APA style (7th ed.), citation are used in two main forms: in-text citations and the references list. 1. In-text Citation (within the body of your paper) APA uses the author-date method for in-text citations. Basic format: (Author’s Last Name, Year) Ex. (Smith,2020) For direct quotes: Include the page number Ex.:(Smith,2020,p.15) Multiple authors: Two Authors: (Author1 &Author2,Year) Ex. (Smith&Johnson,2020) Three or more authors:(Author1 et al., Year) Ex.(Smith et al.,2020) No Author: Use the title in Italics for books or reports Ex.(A Guide to Research, 2020) or(“Global Warming.”2020)  APA Style (7th edition) In APA style (7th ed.), citation are used in two main forms: in-text citations and the references list. 2. Reference List (at the end of your research paper) a. Books Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Edition if applicable). Publisher b. Journal Article Format: Author, A. A.,& Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the journal, Volume(Issue),page range. c. Websites Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL 3. General APA Formatting Guidelines Double-spacing throughout. Hanging indent for all references Alphabetical order by the first author’s last name.  Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework is a visual or written representation of the relationships between key variables or concepts within your study. It serves as the foundation that connects your research objectives, hypotheses, and methodology, helping to clarify how the different components of your research are interrelated. It is used to: Define the concepts being studied. Provide a clear structure for the research process. Show how the variables or ideas relate to one another. Guide the collection and analysis of data.  Conceptual Framework Example of a Conceptual Framework Research Topic: The Impact of Social Media Usage on Academic Performance with Self-Esteem as a Moderating Variable. In this framework: Social Media Usage is expected to have a direct influence on Academic Performance. Self-Esteem acts as a moderating variable, which means that it changes the strength or direction of the relationship between social media usage and academic performance. Specifically, the impact of social media on academic performance may vary depending on a student's self-esteem level.  Definition of Terms in research refers to the section where key terms and concepts used in the study are clearly defined to ensure consistency and clarity throughout the research. Conceptual definition Operational definition A conceptual definition explains the meaning of a An operational definition explains how a concept term or concept based on how it is understood in or variable will be measured or manipulated in a theory or the broader literature. specific study. Purpose: To provide a common understanding of Purpose: To specify how the researcher will the term as it is used in a specific discipline or measure or observe the concept in the context context. of the study. Example: In a study on motivation, the conceptual Example: In the same study on motivation, the definition of motivation might be: “Motivation refers operational definition might be: “Motivation will to the internal processes that initiate, guide, and be measured using a 10-item questionnaire, sustain goal-oriented behavior”. where respondents rate their level of motivation on a scale of 1 to 5”.  Research Hypothesis A hypothesis in quantitative research is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. Types of Hypotheses 1. Null Hypothesis (H₀): Definition: A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. It assumes that any observed difference is due to chance or random variation. Purpose: To be tested and either rejected or accepted in the analysis. The goal is often to reject the null hypothesis, which would suggest a significant relationship exists between variables. Example: “There is no significant relationship between social media usage and academic performance among high school students.”  Research Hypothesis A hypothesis in quantitative research is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. Types of Hypotheses 2. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Definition: The alternative hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the variables. It is the hypothesis that the researcher aims to support through evidence. Purpose: It proposes the expected relationship or difference between variables and is tested against the null hypothesis. Example: “Increased social media usage is associated with lower academic performance among high school students.”  Research Hypothesis Formulating Hypotheses To formulate a hypothesis, follow these steps: 1. Identify the Variables: Determine the independent and dependent variables in your study. 2. Review Existing Literature: Use previous research to inform your hypothesis. 3. State the Relationship: Clearly express the expected relationship between the variables. 4. Make It Testable: Ensure your hypothesis can be tested with quantitative methods such as surveys, experiments, or statistical analysis.