Woodbury University Psyc 316 Cross-Cultural Psychology Fall 2024 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

**[WOODBURY UNIVERSITY]** **[PSYC 316: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY]** **[FINAL EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE]** **[FALL 2024]** **[PROFESSOR YACOUBIAN]** **[Racial and Ethnic Socialization]** - Know the meaning of racial socialization and the elements that it relates to - Practices concer...

**[WOODBURY UNIVERSITY]** **[PSYC 316: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY]** **[FINAL EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE]** **[FALL 2024]** **[PROFESSOR YACOUBIAN]** **[Racial and Ethnic Socialization]** - Know the meaning of racial socialization and the elements that it relates to - Practices concerning the nature of one's racial/ethnic status - relates to identity, relationships and positions in social hierarchy - Know anticipatory socialization. - Learning skills and knowledge for anticipated future roles - Know everything about socialization through life courses: Infancy and childhood; adolescence; and adulthood. - Infancy and childhood: a child's sense of self is formed at a very early age, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept - Adolescence: anticipatory socialization is often associated with adolescence because many young people spend time planning or for the future roles, adolescence is often characterized by emotional and social unrest - Adulthood: one major difference is the degree of freedom of choice, because they work towards their goals till 40 **[Racial and Ethnic Identity Development: Theoretical Framework]** - Know what the meaning of identity is as presented in class. - Best case scenario racial identity is a uniting factor, and a sense of belonging within which to embed a personal identity - For POC in America, race can be very important aspect of personal and social identity - For people of mixed-race heritage transrational adoptees and people with nonbinary gender and sexual identities negotiating identity can be complex - Racism and specifically internalized racism can affect identity development negatively - Know the assumptions in Social Identity Theory. - Our very sense of who we are including our sense of self-esteem and self-worth determined by in and outgroups - Social identity: aspects of self-image deriving from social categories to which the person perceives they belong - Assumptions in social identity theory: people want to maintain or improve self-esteem, associated with membership in various identity groups, and compare to other groups - Know everything about in-group and out-group effects. - Once people perceive themselves to be members of a group there tends to be an "us" versus "them" - Characteristics distinguishing one from another are accentuated so that the groups appear more different than they actually are - Outgroup homogeneity effect: members of the other group seem very familiar to one another, and are perceived in stereotypical terms while the. Ingroup is perceived as more heterogeneous - Brewer 3 patterns of in and outgroup behaviors: ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation, both effects - Ingroup and outgroup dynamic is the base of racism - Know all the stages of Racial Identity Development as conceptualized and presented by Janet Helms. - Pre-encounter: general sense of acceptance through conformity through the dominant white culture - Encounter: usually resulting from a striking event that makes clear that the person will always be considered black and therefore inferior - Immersion-emersion: when a new identity is formed by the idealization of black heritage (black pride) and devaluation of white culture dives into one's own culture and embraces it, and starts asking questions - Internalization: when the person develops a complex and mature understanding of positive black racial identity, and embraces it - Know everything about Helms' Theory of White Racial Identity Development. - Recognizing and considering racism: contact status (one is naïve and unaware), disintegration status (one begins to recognize whiteness and racism and feels conflicted about it), reintegration status (one consciously accepts social reality, justifies it) - Rejecting racism and developing a positive white identity: Pseudo-independent status (one begins to recognize racism as unjustified and question one's responsibility), Immersion-emersion (one actively seeks out new information and experiences to understanding race relations), autonomy status (one shows openness to understanding racial identity, which can bring a person to activism) - Be able to discuss Helms' Racial Identity Development Theory in the context of Malcolm X's life. - Pre-encounter: Malcolm little experienced systematic racism in foster care due to dad's racial death, internalized low self worth reflected by societal standards - Internalized self-worth stemming from father's experience as his pride got him killed leaving him and family further vulnerable to the white supremacists - "acted" white to conform to society (hairstyle, clothing, lifestyle, dating white women, etc.) while rejecting his origins - Encounter: in prison was aware of systematic racism, learned about Islamic culture that challenged white supremacy - Learned how language always placed darkness and 'black' as a derogatory term (dirty, evil, etc.) while white was placed akin to pureness and fair - Immersion: changed name to Malcom X to reject "slave name", rejected white supremacy and embraced black identity - Used the "white man's word" against them by learning their language and twisting their own arguments against them, changed his name to reject slave name - Embraced black identity through Islam as well as the ideologies taught to him by Elijah Muhammad (his mentor) - Internalization: founded Organization of Afro-American unity to build solidarity and empowerment, actively worked to challenge systematic racism and understand race relations - Embraces his black identity as well as religion through his own POV after the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca; he came back with his own definitions separate from Muhammad - Saw people of all races and embraced the idea of brotherhood despite differences under their religion; sought to bring that brotherhood to US with him under Islam (fighting against white supremacy, etc.) - Know the three (3) stages of Phinney's Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. - Self identifies ethnic identity - Unexamined ethnic identity: a person has not explored their ethnicity or culture has no commitment - Ethnic Identity Search (Moratorium): person explores their cultural background without committing to an ethnic identity, might want to learn about it - Achieved ethnic identity: a person has a clear commitment to their ethnic identity after a period of exploration - Know everything about the development of identity related to gender, sexuality, and feminism (gender identity, transgender identity, gender fluid, sexual orientation identity, and feminist identity. - Gender Identity: ones sense of membership in a particular sex/gender grouping - Transgender Identity: refers to one's sense that sex/gender assignment does not correspond with experiences sex/gender - Gender fluid: experience of a non-binary gender identity that may change over time - Sexual orientation identity: address how one sees themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, or heterosexual - Feminist identity: refers to viewing oneself as a person who values equality between the sexes recognizing and working against societal and cultural barriers