Quiz 1: Moral and Ethical Values, Legal Issues (CNS3113)

Quiz 1 10 questions Please use the following Kahoot links to review for Test 1: SEE SLIDES 2  14 BECAUSE ALREADY DR EXPLAINE8 MCQs...

Quiz 1 10 questions Please use the following Kahoot links to review for Test 1: SEE SLIDES 2  14 BECAUSE ALREADY DR EXPLAINE8 MCQs 2 Matching https://kahoot.it/challenge/07765 784?challenge-id=788838be-072f -4284-b6cb-2b6f469e8cca_17261 25693806 https://kahoot.it/challenge/03072 168?challenge-id=788838be-072f -4284-b6cb-2b6f469e8cca_17261 CNS3113 – Cyber Law and 25723678 Ethics Dr. Dimitrios Xanthidis, Dubai men’s college 1. https://kahoot.it/challenge/007222200?challeng e-id=8cea7378-8635-4477-84b5-cd5b32881eed _1724617060302 2. https://kahoot.it/challenge/006315499?challeng e-id=8cea7378-8635-4477-84b5-cd5b32881eed _1724617126023 Unreal & unreasonable realities 2 today (1)  ”In the early 1950s, a person could walk inside a computer and by 2010... computers are beginning to “walk” inside of us.” (Bell, G. (2008), Bell’s law for the birth and death of the computer classes, Communications of the ACM, January 2008, Vol. 51, No. 1)  “… people lack many things: jobs, shelter, food, health care and drinkable water. Today, being cut off from basic telecommunications services is a hardship amost as acute as these other deprivations, and may indeed reduce the chances of finding remedies to them.” UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, in a keynote address to the International Telecommunication Union Oct. 9, 1999  “Social media gives legions of idiots the right to speak when they once only spoke at a bar after a glass of wine, without harming the community. Then they were quickly silenced, but now they have the same right to speak as a Nobel Prize winner. It’s the invasion of the idiots.” Umberto Eco, Italian writer. 2  Unreal & unreasonable realities 3 today (2)  “An alien hovers above an expressway and watches the cars move along. The alien notes ‘soft shapes’ inside the automobile and wonders, ‘are they their guts or their brains?’ It is fair to ask: Do we drive technology, or does technology drive us?” May Swenson, Southbound on the Freeway (poem), 1963  “Our relationship with technology is complicated. We create technology and choose to adopt it. However, once we have adopted a technological device, it can change us and how we relate to other people and our environment.” Michael Quinn, 2013 3 Sensors 4 Mone, G. (2014). The new digital medicine. Communications of the ACM, 57(9), 18-20. Mone, G. (2017). Sensors on the brain. Communications of the ACM, 60(4), 12-14. 4 Mapping IoT connected devices 5 (Wright, A. (2016). Mapping the internet of things. Communications of the ACM, 60(1), 16-18.) 5 Wearable devices and use 2016- 6 2026 (World Economic Forum 2018) 6  Ethics, Morals, Laws: LEARNING 7 OUTCOMES  Ethics, morals, law, virtue/vice, integrity; acting according to a code of principles  Importance of Ethics in the business world  Why Fostering Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) and Good Business Ethics Is Important  What are corporations doing to improve their business ethics?  Trends that increased the risk of using information technology in an unethical manner  Ethics in workplace, Ethics in IT 7  Part 1: Ethics, Moral and 8 Legalities Contents: 1. Definition of Ethics, 2. Definition of Moral, 3. Definition of Law and Legal framework, 4. Definition of Virtue and Vice, 5. Definition of Integrity, 6. Difference between Ethics, Morals, Law, 7. International experience, 8. Case studies. 8  Definitions: ethics and moral Moral values: ‫اخالقي‬ 9 values Related to policy or traditions what's wrong wrong and what's right right 1. Ethics ‫أخالق‬: A set of beliefs about what is right and what is wrong behavior within a society by its members: Conforms to the society’s generally accepted norms many of which almost universal, Individuals agree in general on what is ethical behavior, e.g., lying and cheating, but there are disagreements on other types of behavior, e.g., software piracy. ‫المعتقدات الشخصية‬ 2. Moral values ‫القيم األخالقية‬: Personal beliefs about right and wrong behavior that become the basis for a social consensus: Vary by age, culture, ethnicity, religion, life experiences, education, and gender, People develop habits that make it easier for them to choose between what society considers good or bad. 3. Virtue: a habit that inclines (tends) people to do what is acceptable, e.g., fairness, generosity, and A virtue is a habit loyalty. of doing what is right, such as being fair, generous, or loyal. 4. Vice: a habit of unacceptable behavior, e.g., greed, envy, & anger. **Ethics: These are the shared rules in a society about what is right and wrong. **Moral values: These are personal beliefs about right and wrong, influenced by things like culture, religion, and life experiences. 9 5. Definitions: Integrity 10  Quote: “Integrity is doing the right thing, even when nobody is watching” (Anonymous) (Reynolds, p. 1).  Definition: acting consistently according to the personal code of principles,  Importance of Integrity: extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you expect to receive from others.  Unfortunately, consistency can be difficult to achieve, particularly when you are in a situation that conflicts with your moral standards or involves people you have feelings about.  Example: Is it okay to lie to protect someone’s feelings? Should you intervene with a coworker who seems to have a chemical dependency problem? Is it acceptable to exaggerate your work experience on a résumé? Can you cut corners on a project to meet a tight deadline? 10 Difference between: 11 Moral Values, Ethics & Laws Morals Ethics Law ‫المعتقدات الشخصية‬  Personal  Standards or codes of  Legal system of rules forced beliefs about behavior expected of an by institutions or right and individual by a group to government, that tell us wrong which s/he belongs(nation, what we can and cannot do  Moral acts organization, profession),  It governs society to maintain conform to e.g., the ethics of the law social order. what an profession demand defense  Breaking the law leads to individual attorneys defend an punishment believes to accused client to the best  Laws can announce an act as be the right of their ability, even if they legal, although many people thing to do know the client is guilty of may consider the act immoral ‫راي الشخصي‬ the most heinous and —for example, abortion. morally objectionable ‫إجهاض‬ crime. Ethics are the rules for how people should behave based on their group. For example, lawyers must defend their clients well, even if they know the 11  Ethical dilemmas (1)  problems 12 1. Log files -- what to save and how to handle them: Almost everything is recorded; In the wrong hands, facts that are meant to be kept secret may be exposed; Protection and access of records is an issue; Whether records are truly destroyed when it is said so is an issue; disclosure Possible need for government regulations; Need for new revenue streams. 2. How much protection is enough: The overhead of having everything double-encrypted with two different algorithms and locked in a hard disk that is kept in a safe slows the system to a crawl. To make matters worse, if one bit gets flipped or one part of the algorithm is wrong, the data is all lost because the encryption can't be undone. Others don't want to act on protecting the data either because it is not considered sensitive or because the next team can add special encryption if necessary. Many teams ignore these responsibilities and just generate plenty of other code with wonderful features not caring about security and thinking of it as just a guess... Until data is lost. 12 Ethical dilemmas (2)  problems 13 3. To bug-fix or not to bug-fix? How do we decide whether a bug is serious enough to be fixed? Many bugs go ignored and unfixed because no one wants to even think about them. Can a company prioritize the list fairly? Are some customers more important than others? Can a programmer play favorites by choosing one bug over another? 4. How much to code -- or compromise -- to prevent misuse: Programmers know there may be a place in the code where the Web camera and the LED can be decoupled. If that can be found, the camera can be turned into a spying device. The challenge for the engineer is anticipating misuse and designing to prevent it. 13 Ethical dilemmas (3)  problems 14 5. How far to defend customers against data requests: When an organization collects data, it will likely someday be caught between serving your customers and serving the government. Requests to deliver data to legal entities are becoming increasingly common, leaving more and more software and services organizations to contemplate to what extent to betray customers' privacy before the law. You can scrutinize these requests and even hire your own lawyers to contest whether they are truly lawful, but the reality is that the courts will be debating legalities long after your funding runs out. There are no easy solutions. Some companies are choosing to leave the business rather than lie to their customers. Others are trying to be more open about requests, which the government often tries to forbid. 6. How to deal with the international nature of the Internet: The Internet runs everywhere, avoiding many of the traditional barriers at the borders, a a recipe for legal headaches when customers A and B are in different countries. That's only the beginning, because servers C and D are often in entirely different countries as well. Whose laws should a company follow when customers are in different countries? When data is in different counties? When is data transferred across international lines? 14 Ethical dilemmas (4)  problems 15 7. How much monitoring is really warranted: ‫ما مقدار المراقبة المبررة حقا‬ Maybe your boss wants to make sure the customers aren't ripping off the company. Maybe you want to make sure you get paid for your work. Maybe some spooky guy from the government says you must install a backdoor to catch bad guys. In every case, the argument is filled with assurances that the backdoor will only be used, like Superman's powers, to support truth and justice. It won't be used against political enemies or the less fortunate. It won't be sold to despotic regimes. But what if the bad guys discover the hidden door and figure out how to use it themselves? What if your backdoor is used to support untruths and injustices? Your code can't make ethical decisions on its own. That's your job. 8. How bulletproof should code really be: Often simple data structure do well in demo when the problems are small. The users try out the code and say, "Gosh this works quickly." Several months later, when enough data has been loaded into the system, the cheap algorithm's weaknesses appear, and the code slows to a crawl. Developers must often decide exactly how hard to work on the final product. Do you whip off a quick and cheap solution or spend weeks adding bulletproof code that deals with extreme cases? True, clients and users should assume some of the responsibility during the requirements and sign-off phases, but developers are often better equipped to anticipate potential contextual hiccups of running code. 15  Part 2: Ethics in the Business 16 World  Contents: 1. Need for Ethics in the Business World, 2. Corporate Ethics, ‫أخالقيات الشركات‬ Slide 18 3. The importance of fostering Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Good Business Slide 18 Ethics / 20 4. Characteristics of Successful Ethics Program Slide 21 5. How can management improve Ethics Slide 22 6. Maintaining Ethics in Business (Corporate Code of Ethics, Sarbanes Oxley, Social Audit) 7. Case studies. 16  Why do we need ethics in Ethics in the ‫سلوكيات غير أخالقية بشكل متزايد‬ business world the business world? 17 SAME MOUZA SLIDE 39 Increasingly unethical behaviors: had a major global negative impact, e.g., the collapse and/or bailout of financial institution such as Bank of America, CitiGroup, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, American International ‫اتجاهات األعمال الجديدة‬ Group (AIG) NewEx: America culture is spreading all around the world business trends have increased the likelihood of unethical behavior: 1. Globalization: created a complex work environment across diverse cultures and societies; more difficult to apply principles and codes of ethics consistently, e.g., when U.S. companies moved operations to developed countries where employees work in conditions that would not be acceptable in most developed parts of the world, 2. Outsourcing: Pressure to maintain revenue and profits: e.g. the chairman of the India-based outsourcing firm Satyam Computer Services admitted he had overstated the company’s assets by more than $1 billion. The revelation represented India’s largest ever corporate scandal ‫ارتفاع مخاطر الخسارة المال‬ and caused the government to step in to protect the jobs of the company’s 53,000 employees. Higher risk of financial loss and criminal/ civil lawsuits for businesses ‫زيادة اليقظة‬ that act unethically 17  Corporate Ethics (Business )‫أخالقيات الشركات (أخالقيات األعمال‬ SAME MOUZA SLIDE 42 18 Ethics) A moral or ethical set of rules that (control) the actions and behavior of individuals in the business organization. It includes: Corporate ethics include :‫المسؤولية االجتماعية للشركات‬ ‫السلوك األخالقي‬ ‫االمتثال القانوني‬ 3. Corporate Social 1. Ethical Conduct 2. Legal Compliance Responsibility (CSR) Behaving in ways consistent Legal compliance is the Organizations taking with what society and process or procedure to responsibility for the individuals typically think are ensure that an organization impact of their actions on: good values. follows relevant laws, Environment Involves demonstrating regulations, and business Community respect for key moral rules. Welfare ‫ الرعايه‬of its principles that include For example – following labor employees honesty, fairness, equality, laws, health & safety laws, dignity, diversity, and cyber laws. individual rights.  Supply chain sustainability: Developing and maintaining a supply chain that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs (such issues as fair labor practices, energy and resource conservation, human rights, and community responsibility.)  Supply chain sustainability means managing how products are made and delivered to be fair, eco- friendly, and respectful of communities, ensuring future generations can also meet their needs. 18  ‫مسؤول أخالقيات الشركات‬ Corporate Ethics Officer 19 Provides an organization with vision and leadership in the area of business conduct Ideally a senior-level manager; reports directly to the CEO Known as a corporate compliance officer Responsibilities: 1. Ensuring compliance with ethical procedures 2. Creating and maintaining the ethics culture that the highest level of corporate authority wishes to have 3. Being the key contact person for ethics issues 19  ‫لماذا يعد تعزيز المسؤولية االجتماعية للشركات وأخالقيات العمل الجيدة أمًر ا مهًما‬ Why Fostering Corporate Social Responsibility 20 and Good Business Ethics Is Important ?? To gain the goodwill of the community ‫لكسب حسن نية المجتمع‬ To create an organization that operates consistently ‫إلنشاء منظمة تعمل باستمرار‬ To foster good business practices and operate with stakeholders in a fair and ethical manner. To protect organization/employees from legal action ‫القانونية‬ ‫ الموظفين من اإلجراءات‬/ ‫ة المنظمة‬ ‫لتجنب الدعاية غير المواتية والحفاظ على سمعة طيبة‬ To avoid unfavorable publicity & maintain a good reputation 20  ‫خصائص برنامج األخالق الناجح‬ Characteristics of a Successful Ethics 21 Program 1. Employees are willing to seek advice about ethics issues 2. Employees feel prepared to handle situations that could lead to misconduct 3. Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior 4. Organization does not reward success obtained through questionable means (ex: take another student's work and change it ) If these elements are achieved we will 5.ensure Employees feel positive about their company that we have a Successful Ethics Program 21  ‫كيف يمكن لإلدارة تحسين أخالقيات العمل؟‬ How can management improve business 22 ethics ?  Creating an environment in which employees can:  Seek advice about business conduct ‫اطلب المشورة بشأن سلوك العمل‬  Raise issues ‫إثارة القضايا‬  Report misconduct ‫اإلبالغ عن سوء السلوك‬  Setting the standard for company-wide ethical conduct with a “Code of Ethics” or “Code of Conduct” Code of ethics Ex: ‫ميثاق الطالب ماهو مسموح وما هو‬ ‫غير مسموح‬  Ensuring compliance with laws and regulations (example: Sarbanes Oxley Act, Social Audits)  Conducting themselves according to the highest standards of personal and professional integrity 22 Establishing a Corporate Code of ‫وضع مدونة ألخالقيات الشركات‬ 23 Ethics Code of ethics: These are statements that: Highlight an organization’s key ethical issues Identify the predominant values (‫ )قيمة ذات أهمية عاليه‬and principles important to the organization and its decision- making Organizational code of ethics should: Apply to its directors, officers, and employees Focus on employees in work roles susceptible(‫ )عرضة‬to ethical risk Provide mechanisms for reporting unethical conduct Fostering a culture of honesty and accountability Kahoot  The concept of Code of Ethics is closer to...  social contract. 23  See the record in BBL 24 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Passed by the U.S. Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in organizations. Enacted in response to public outrage over several major accounting scandals Requires listed companies to have code of ethics applicable to all employees, senior management, and directors Section 404: Annual reports must be signed by the CEO and CFO attesting that the information in the firm’s SEC filings is accurate Section 406: Public companies must disclose whether they have a code of ethics and any waiver of the code for certain members Kahoot of management  The Sarbanes- Oaxley Act of 2002...  aimed to protect a business from high- ranking officials 24  ‫التدقيق االجتماعي‬ Social Audit 25 In a social audit, an organization reviews how well it is meeting its ethical and social responsibility goals & communicates its new goals for the upcoming year with: Governmen Communitie t Agencies s & Society KahootThrough Social Audit a business... reviews how well it meets its ethical goals. Market Stakeholders Analysts Informatio n is shared with 25  Ethics Training for Employees 26 In a social audit, an organization reviews how well it is meeting its ethical and social responsibility goals & communicates its new goals for the upcoming year with its employees as follows. Encourage employees to Encourage employees to act ethically report any misconducts Goals ‫طمأن الموظفين بأن مالحظاتهم سيتم التصرف فيها وأنهم لن‬ ‫يتعرضوا لالنتقام‬ Show employees Reassure employees that effective ways of their feedback will be acted reporting incidents on and that they will not be subjected to retaliation 26 Ethical Criteria in Employee ‫المعايير األخالقية في تقييم الموظفين‬ 27 Appraisals Treating others fairly and with respect Operating effectively in a multicultural environment Accepting personal accountability for meeting business needs Continually developing others and themselves Operating openly and honestly with suppliers, customers, and other employees 27 Manager’s role in creating ethical environment 28 Managers must assume greater responsibility for ethical decisions by: Making broad-minded, objective decisions based on technical savvy, business know-how, and a sense of ethics Creating a working environment in which ethical dilemmas can be discussed openly, objectively, and constructively Table 1.4 (Reynolds, 2015) Manager’s Checklist for Establishing an Ethical Work Environment 28  Ethics in Information Technology: 29 Why? The ability to capture ‫القدرة على التقاط وتخزين‬ Huge growth of the and store vast amounts ‫كميات هائلة من البيانات‬ Internet of personal data ‫الشخصية‬ ‫لقد أدى االعتماد‬ Greater reliance on ‫المتزايد على أنظمة‬ information systems in ‫المعلومات في كافة‬ all aspects of life have Lack of privacy and ‫جوانب الحياة إلى‬ increased the risk of security ‫زيادة خطر استخدام‬ using Internet ‫اإلنترنت بشكل غير‬ unethically..‫أخالقي‬ 29  30 Unethical use of IT: Examples Some examples that raise public concern about the ethical use of information technology: o E-mail and Internet access monitoring at work o Downloading in violation of copyright laws o Unsolicited e-mail o Identify theft by hackers o Plagiarism by students o Cookies and spyware to track a site’s visitors’ hard drives 30  ‫النظريات األخالقية‬ Difference ‫ تقديم مصلحة العامة ان تكون الفوائد اكثر‬Utilitarian Ethical Theories ‫من األضرار‬ 31 Useful ex: boss monitor his employee during their work (this action will benefit the manager but effect negatively on th 1) Utilitarian ‫نفعي‬: the happiness of the greatest number of people in employee the society is considered the greatest good. It is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greater balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected. 2) Kantianism: Immanuel Kant's theory states that the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. Human beings must follow a “categorical imperative (‫ ”)أمر حاسم قاطع‬which is an absolute moral standard that does not change based From Kahoot on individual  kantianism is deciding always based on circumstances. Kant stated thatspecific laws regardless of the case a behavior is only ethical if it remains beneficial if performed universally by everyone. 3) Social Contract ‫العقد االجتماعي‬: the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among Kahoot them  The to form concept of Code theofsociety Ethics is in which closer they to...  live. Morality consists in Kantianism is a way of thinking about right and wrong based on rules. It says you should do the right thing because it's your the contract. social set of rules governing behavior, that will be accepted by everybody. duty, no matter what the outcome is. The right action is something that should be done by everyone, in every situation 31.**Example:** Suppose telling the truth is a rule. According to Kantianism, you must always tell the truth, even if it causes Summary 32 Ethics is important as the risks associated with inappropriate behavior increased Organizations have at least five good reasons for encouraging employees to act ethically 1. To gain the good will of the community 2. To create an organization that operates consistently 3. To foster good business practices 4. To protect the organization and its employees against legal action 5. To avoid unfavorable publicity Organizations require successful ethics programs and a Code of Ethics The corporate ethics officer ensures that ethical procedures are installed and followed Managers’ behaviors and expectations can strongly influence employees’ ethical behavior Ethical considerations must be incorporated into decision making 32