Reproduction In Animals & Plants PDF

OBJECTIVE Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce. PERPETUATION OF LIFE  There are varieties of organism in the animal kingdom possessing different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology and physiology. Morpho...

OBJECTIVE Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce. PERPETUATION OF LIFE  There are varieties of organism in the animal kingdom possessing different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology and physiology. Morphology *The term morphology is Greek and is a make up of morph- meaning ‘shape, form’ *And –ology which means ‘the study of something Physiology *The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. *The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions. *Reproduction *is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. *Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. *Sexual reproduction -Joining of an egg and sperm *Asexual reproduction -A single organism replicating its genetic material to split into two identical organisms.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION The formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent Does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent (clone) without the need for a mate, they are able to reproduce. -a typeFragmentation of reproduction or cloning where one organism is divided into minor fragments. Once divided, these fragments develop into individual ones which are fully Fragmentation Vs Regeneration  Binary Fission Separation of the parent cell into two new daughter cells. This process happens with the division and duplication of the parents genetic material into two parts. Here, each daughter cell receives one copy of its parent DNA. Protozoa -are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that PARAMECIUM have relatively complex internal structure and carry AMOEBA out complex metabolic activities. Some are free living EUGLENA while others are parasitic. Types of Binary Fission Longitudinal Binary Fission Euglena Transverse Binary Fission Parameciu m Irregular Binary Fission Amoeba  Budding A new organism is developed from a small part of the parent’s body. *A bud which is formed detaches to develop into a new organism. Yeast Cells under SEM Budding in Hydra  Parthenogenesi It is a form of s asexual reproduction by self-impregnation resulting in the production of a zygote from an unfertilized egg. honey bee Thus, it is also referred to by many as “ virgin birth”. aphids Zebra Shark Komodo Dragon  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The perpetuation of a new organism from two organisms with the use In this process, the male gametes gametes (sperm cell) fuses with a female gamete(egg cell) to form a diploid cell called zygote containing two sets of During sexual reproduction, the chromosomes. genetic material contained in their chromosomes combine to produce genetically diverse offspring that is Human egg(ovum) Human sperm (Spermatozoa) Oviparous Vs. Viviparous Oviparous –egg laying Viviparous –gives birth HOW DO PLANTS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY?  The parts of a flower Sepals protect the bud until it opens. Petals attract insects. Stamens make pollen. Pistils (carpel) grow into fruits which contain the seeds.  Stamen (male) Anther: pollen grains grow in the anther. When the grains are fully grown, the anther splits open. Filament: holds the anther  Pistil (female) Stigma Style Ovary Stigma – sticky place for pollen to attach Style – where pollen nuclei travels to reach the egg Ovary – where egg is located  Modifications in Flowers  Complete flowers – have all four organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) – Morning glory and tiger lily  Incomplete flowers – lacks one or more of the four organs. Either have a functioning stamen or pistil, but not both – Squash and corn Tiger Lily – a complete flower  Incomplete Flowers Female Squash Flower Male Squash Flower  Asexual Reproduction  only requires DNA from one parent.  It creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent (clones).  Clones lack genetic diversity.  This makes them more susceptible to disease. It also makes them less adaptable to changes in the environment.  Vegitative Reproduction  A form of asexual reproduction where a new plant grows from parts of an existing plant.  Fast reproduction  Examples: – Strawberry runners – Potato eyes and buds – Corms – Bulbs  Runners- stolon/stem grows horizontally above the ground. The buds are formed at the nodes of runners. Ex. Strawberry, Bermuda grass  tubers- These underground growths produce new plants from stems or growing points called eyes. Ex. Potato, sweet potato  bulbs- are shortened underground storage structures. They are stems that are enclosed with fleshy, concentric layered leaves. Ex. Garlic, onion,  rhizomes- These stems grow sideways along with the soil or just below the surface. They branch apart to produce new points of growth. Ex. Ginger plants. Artificial propagation  Did you know? Different species have different number of chromosomes: 39 pairs 30 pairs 24 pairs 23 pairs 11 pairs 4 pairs ACTIVIT Y Activity : Sexual Reproduction in Animals Directions. Classify the following animals as viviparous or oviparous. Write on the space given. ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION 1. Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate) 2. eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) 4. salmon (Salmo salar) 5. monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) 6. human (Homo sapiens) 7. frogs (Ran pipens)  ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION 8. banobo (Pan paniscus) 9. clownfish (Amphiprion ephippium) 10. cattle (Bos taurus) * Activity 10: Sexual Reproduction * Directions. Using the diagram below classify if the statement is correct or not as related to the descriptions of sexual reproduction in animals. Write True if it is correct and False if incorrect on the space given. __________1. Offspring are different from the parent organism. __________2. Asexual reproduction creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the driving force behind evolution. __________3. Sexual reproduction requires three parents. __________4. Asexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species than sexual reproduction would. __________5. This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his environment and survive. __________6. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg cell. __________7. Egg cell in human has 46 chromosomes. __________8. Sperm cell in human has 23 chromosomes. __________9. In sexual reproduction, not only do you need two gametes for fertilization, one has to be male, the other female. __________10. Genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more complex than mitosis and diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double.