Week 10 Test Bank 1 PDF

**Sapir's model of groups emphasizes which key characteristic?** A. The inherent equality of all members within a group.\ B. The level of emotional and personal association among members.\ C. The ability of a group to form around shared economic interests.\ D. The hierarchical nature of relationshi...

**Sapir's model of groups emphasizes which key characteristic?** A. The inherent equality of all members within a group.\ B. The level of emotional and personal association among members.\ C. The ability of a group to form around shared economic interests.\ D. The hierarchical nature of relationships in symbolic groups.\ E. The reliance on shared ancestry to define membership. **Correct Answer: B**\ *Explanation*: Sapir\'s model focuses on how individuals emotionally and personally associate within groups, distinguishing between physical, purposeful, and symbolic connections. **2. What distinguishes symbolic groups in Sapir's model?** A. They are always formed around shared physical proximity.\ B. They rely on common goals for cohesion.\ C. They are defined by shared symbols or status markers.\ D. They require high emotional association among members.\ E. They are structured exclusively through familial ties. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are characterized by shared symbols or status, such as membership in elite social clubs, rather than physical proximity or specific goals. **3. How do sodalities differ from kin-based groups?** A. Sodalities are exclusive to modern industrial societies.\ B. Sodalities rely on shared ancestry and familial obligations.\ C. Sodalities promote unity among individuals with no kinship ties.\ D. Sodalities always involve formal leadership structures.\ E. Sodalities prioritize economic redistribution over social cohesion. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Sodalities are voluntary associations that promote unity and collective action among individuals who are not related by kinship, often transcending such ties. **4. An example of age-based sodalities can be found among the:** A. Trobriand Islanders.\ B. Ju/'hoansi.\ C. Maasai.\ D. Kwakwaka'wakw.\ E. Nuxalk. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Among the Maasai, men of the same age group form age sets, undergoing shared rites of passage and taking on lifelong social obligations. **5. What practice helps maintain egalitarianism among the Ju/'hoansi?** A. Redistribution of resources through potlatch ceremonies.\ B. The institutionalized use of age sets for social organization.\ C. Criticizing successful hunters to prevent arrogance.\ D. Assigning permanent leadership roles based on skill.\ E. Conducting formal elections for community leaders. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: The Ju/'hoansi practice \"insulting the meat,\" which involves criticizing hunters to prevent arrogance and maintain group harmony, thus discouraging wealth accumulation. **6. Which characteristic is common in ranked societies?** A. Equal access to prestige but unequal economic resources.\ B. Redistribution of resources to maintain social order.\ C. Status determined solely by individual achievements.\ D. Leadership roles are situational and temporary.\ E. A strict prohibition on ceremonial displays of wealth. **Correct Answer: B**\ *Explanation*: Ranked societies often involve leaders redistributing resources to maintain social order and demonstrate generosity, as seen in potlatch ceremonies. **7. Among the Kwakwaka'wakw, potlatch ceremonies serve to:** A. Equalize economic resources by removing surplus wealth.\ B. Demonstrate the power and generosity of leaders.\ C. Distribute land among tribal members.\ D. Resolve disputes between warring groups.\ E. Promote intertribal trade agreements. **Correct Answer: B**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies among the Kwakwaka'wakw display a leader\'s wealth and generosity, reinforcing their social status while redistributing resources. **8. What best describes the caste system in India?** A. A rigid class structure with minimal economic mobility.\ B. A form of ranked society based on lineage and prestige.\ C. A voluntary social structure centered on shared interests.\ D. An egalitarian system ensuring resource distribution.\ E. A temporary association based on economic status. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: The Indian caste system is a rigid form of stratification where individuals are born into hierarchical groups with little or no social mobility. **9. What is a distinguishing feature of class societies compared to ranked societies?** A. Class societies rely solely on redistribution to maintain balance.\ B. Class societies are defined by ascribed rather than achieved status.\ C. Social mobility is possible in class societies, albeit limited.\ D. Leadership roles in class societies are always hereditary.\ E. Class societies are exclusively found in non-industrial settings. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Unlike ranked societies, class societies allow for some degree of social mobility, although movement between classes is often constrained. **10. Which is an example of redistribution in modern class societies?** A. Taxation systems.\ B. Potlatch ceremonies.\ C. Song duels to resolve disputes.\ D. Age-set rites of passage.\ E. Insulting the meat. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Taxation systems collect resources from individuals and redistribute them, balancing economic inequalities in modern class societies. **What is a key role of gossip in maintaining egalitarian societies?** A. It reinforces the status of leaders within the group.\ B. It strengthens hierarchical relationships among members.\ C. It creates alliances between unrelated individuals.\ D. It discourages dominance by promoting social pressure.\ E. It formalizes decision-making processes in leadership. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Gossip in egalitarian societies acts as a social mechanism to discourage individuals from seeking dominance or hoarding resources, ensuring group harmony. **12. How do ranked societies typically determine leadership roles?** A. Through voluntary associations like sodalities.\ B. Based on economic contributions and labor.\ C. By ascription through lineage or birth.\ D. By conducting competitive elections.\ E. Through temporary and situational appointments. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Leadership in ranked societies is often ascribed, meaning it is determined by lineage or birth rather than individual achievement or situational need. **13. Which example demonstrates the concept of redistribution in a ranked society?** A. Generalized reciprocity among the Ju/'hoansi.\ B. Rites of passage among Maasai age sets.\ C. Reciprocal exchange in horticultural communities.\ D. The Kwakwaka'wakw potlatch ceremonies.\ E. Taxation systems in modern industrial societies. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: In ranked societies, redistribution occurs through ceremonies like the Kwakwaka'wakw potlatch, where resources are collected and redistributed to display generosity and maintain social order. **14. What defines economic systems in egalitarian societies?** A. Hoarding of resources for individual use.\ B. Formalized taxation to balance inequalities.\ C. Market exchange systems with currency.\ D. Generalized reciprocity ensuring shared resources.\ E. Ceremonial exchanges reinforcing group ties. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Egalitarian societies rely on generalized reciprocity, where resources are freely shared among group members to prevent wealth accumulation and maintain equality. **15. Among the Nuxalk, what purpose do potlatch ceremonies serve?** A. They promote intertribal warfare and competition.\ B. They consolidate kinship ties through marriage.\ C. They redistribute resources and reinforce social hierarchies.\ D. They ensure temporary leadership roles.\ E. They resolve disputes over land and territory. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies in Nuxalk society redistribute surplus resources and reinforce social hierarchies by displaying the wealth and generosity of leaders. **16. How do age-based sodalities maintain social cohesion?** A. Through hierarchical economic redistribution.\ B. By prioritizing gender equality in leadership roles.\ C. By forming temporary alliances for communal work.\ D. By organizing rites of passage and shared obligations.\ E. Through market-based economic activities. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Age-based sodalities, such as those among the Maasai, strengthen social cohesion by conducting shared rites of passage and lifelong mutual responsibilities. **17. What is a defining feature of class societies compared to caste systems?** A. Complete equality in resource distribution.\ B. Limited but possible social mobility between classes.\ C. Leadership based entirely on skill and merit.\ D. Absolute restriction on mobility between groups.\ E. Redistribution through symbolic ceremonies. **Correct Answer: B**\ *Explanation*: Class societies allow for limited social mobility between economic or social classes, unlike caste systems, which are rigid and restrict upward movement entirely. **18. In the context of the caste system, what defines \"endogamous groups\"?** A. Groups formed by shared age and societal roles.\ B. Groups that organize around voluntary associations.\ C. Groups open to intermarriage with other castes.\ D. Groups where marriage is confined within the same caste.\ E. Groups that prioritize individual wealth accumulation. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Endogamous groups are those in which marriage is restricted within the same caste, helping maintain social purity and hierarchy within the system. **19. How does the Maisin culture resist economic stratification?** A. By prioritizing the redistribution of ceremonial goods.\ B. Through collective ownership of land and resources.\ C. By relying solely on subsistence farming methods.\ D. By emphasizing reciprocity and rejecting wealth accumulation.\ E. Through hierarchical leadership ensuring resource equality. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: The Maisin resist economic stratification by practicing reciprocity, where resources are shared and wealth accumulation is discouraged in favor of community generosity and cohesion. **20. What is the primary role of redistribution in social stratification?** A. To ensure absolute equality in resource distribution.\ B. To increase wealth for the governing elite.\ C. To eliminate the need for symbolic group structures.\ D. To balance inequalities through the collection and redistribution of surplus.\ E. To create temporary alliances among unrelated groups. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Redistribution serves to balance inequalities by collecting surplus resources from certain individuals or groups and redistributing them to others within the society. **What distinguishes egalitarian societies from ranked societies?** A. Permanent leadership roles are assigned based on prestige.\ B. Redistribution is central to maintaining social order.\ C. Economic resources are distributed according to lineage.\ D. Social status is determined by ceremonial wealth displays.\ E. Leadership is temporary and based on situational needs. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: In egalitarian societies, leadership is situational and temporary, often based on skill or specific needs rather than hereditary or ceremonial factors. **22. Which factor most restricts mobility in the caste system?** A. Access to education is universally limited.\ B. Economic redistribution is prioritized over equality.\ C. Birth into a specific caste determines one's social position.\ D. Voluntary associations define group identity.\ E. Wealth accumulation is actively discouraged. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: The caste system enforces rigid stratification by assigning individuals to hierarchical groups at birth, with minimal or no opportunity for mobility. **23. Among the Ju/'hoansi, what mechanism ensures resource sharing?** A. Redistribution through hierarchical potlatch ceremonies.\ B. Competitive displays of ceremonial wealth.\ C. Age-based organizations managing group resources.\ D. Taxation systems reinforcing communal obligations.\ E. Social practices like "insulting the meat" discourage hoarding. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Practices like \"insulting the meat\" among the Ju/'hoansi involve criticizing hunters, ensuring that no one hoards resources or seeks undue recognition, maintaining group equality. **24. What best describes the function of potlatch ceremonies?** A. Reinforcing egalitarian practices through symbolic exchanges.\ B. Solidifying age-set obligations and mutual responsibilities.\ C. Resolving disputes over land and community resources.\ D. Generating wealth for leaders to maintain power.\ E. Redistributing surplus to display wealth and reinforce status. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies redistribute surplus resources while simultaneously displaying the wealth and generosity of leaders, reinforcing their status within the community. **25. What is a key characteristic of sodalities in tribal societies?** A. They are limited to kinship-based alliances.\ B. They create social cohesion across kinship lines.\ C. They are formed solely for economic redistribution.\ D. They maintain hierarchical lineage-based leadership.\ E. They rely on symbolic group identity rather than practical roles. **Correct Answer: B**\ *Explanation*: Sodalities transcend kinship lines by organizing individuals around shared interests or roles, promoting unity and social cohesion in tribal societies. **26. How do the Maisin resist environmental exploitation?** A. By enforcing rigid hierarchical systems for resource management.\ B. Through ceremonial redistribution of surplus resources.\ C. By maintaining age-based divisions for ecological work.\ D. Through economic stratification to prevent overuse of resources.\ E. By using traditional ecological knowledge to preserve forests. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: The Maisin use traditional ecological knowledge to protect their forest ecosystems, blending cultural identity with environmental activism to resist exploitation. **27. What role does redistribution play in ranked societies?** A. It equalizes access to all resources across different groups.\ B. It ensures ceremonial leadership remains temporary.\ C. It provides a foundation for egalitarian economic practices.\ D. It eliminates distinctions in social hierarchy.\ E. It maintains social order by collecting and redistributing surplus. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Redistribution in ranked societies maintains social order by allowing leaders to collect surplus resources and distribute them in ways that reinforce social hierarchies. **28. What defines symbolic groups in Sapir's model?** A. They emphasize practical goals over symbolic identity.\ B. They consist solely of individuals in close physical proximity.\ C. They are structured around economic resource sharing.\ D. They require strong emotional connections among members.\ E. They are defined by shared symbols or status markers. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are characterized by their reliance on shared symbols or status, such as membership in elite clubs, rather than proximity or emotional association. **29. How does the caste system influence occupational roles?** A. It enables individuals to select professions freely.\ B. It restricts mobility through hierarchical redistribution.\ C. It organizes labor according to voluntary sodalities.\ D. It encourages resource sharing to equalize wealth.\ E. It dictates professions based on inherited social roles. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: In caste systems, occupational roles are often inherited, with individuals confined to specific professions tied to their caste, limiting mobility and reinforcing hierarchy. **30. What is the primary significance of status in social stratification?** A. It ensures that mobility is entirely restricted by lineage.\ B. It provides a foundation for symbolic redistribution.\ C. It reinforces egalitarian practices within communities.\ D. It allows for ceremonial displays of collective wealth.\ E. It determines access to resources and societal roles. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Status in social stratification is crucial as it determines an individual\'s access to resources, roles, and opportunities within a society, shaping their social and economic life. **31. What is a defining characteristic of redistribution in egalitarian societies?** A. Redistribution is managed by permanent leaders.\ B. It is primarily symbolic and ceremonial in nature.\ C. It involves surplus collection for hierarchical use.\ D. Redistribution serves to reinforce social hierarchies.\ E. Resources are shared to ensure community equality. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: In egalitarian societies, redistribution is informal and ensures resources are shared equitably, promoting communal harmony and equality. **32. How do ranked societies typically maintain social cohesion?** A. By promoting voluntary associations based on shared interests.\ B. Through temporary leadership roles assigned by merit.\ C. By redistributing resources without regard to hierarchy.\ D. Through competitive egalitarian systems of resource sharing.\ E. By redistributing resources to reinforce social status. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Ranked societies maintain cohesion by redistributing resources in a way that reinforces the social hierarchy, such as through potlatch ceremonies. **33. Why is reciprocity significant in egalitarian societies?** A. It replaces redistribution in ceremonial **You said:** please do question 31-40 with answer options a, b, c **ChatGPT said:** **Test Bank: Social Stratification (Answer Options A, B, C Only)** **31. What mechanism prevents resource hoarding in egalitarian societies like the Ju/'hoansi?** A. Formal taxation systems.\ B. Redistribution through ceremonial gatherings.\ C. Social practices like gossip and \"insulting the meat.\" **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: The Ju/'hoansi discourage hoarding and arrogance by using social practices such as gossip and \"insulting the meat,\" ensuring resources are shared equitably. **32. How** **You said:** still provide all 5 answer options, but only have th ecorrect answer use a, b, c **ChatGPT said:** **Test Bank: Social Stratification (Correct Answer Uses A, B, or C)** **31. What mechanism prevents resource hoarding in egalitarian societies like the Ju/'hoansi?** A. Social practices like gossip and \"insulting the meat.\"\ B. Redistribution through formal taxation systems.\ C. Rites of passage involving resource distribution.\ D. Competitive wealth displays during ceremonies.\ E. Inherited leadership roles that enforce sharing. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: The Ju/'hoansi use practices such as gossip and \"insulting the meat\" to discourage resource hoarding and maintain equality within the group. **32. How do age sets function in sodalities?** A. They organize individuals into groups with shared lifelong obligations.\ B. They promote temporary alliances for resource redistribution.\ C. They establish hereditary leadership roles across communities.\ D. They create symbolic ties without practical responsibilities.\ E. They are limited to kinship-based relationships for cohesion. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: In sodalities, age sets group individuals of the same age who undergo rites of passage together and share lifelong responsibilities, strengthening social bonds. **33. What is the role of potlatch ceremonies in ranked societies?** A. To redistribute surplus resources and reinforce status.\ B. To equalize access to resources among all members.\ C. To ensure ceremonial wealth is shared equally.\ D. To emphasize collective decision-making and unity.\ E. To consolidate kinship ties through symbolic exchanges. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies in ranked societies, such as among the Kwakwaka'wakw, redistribute surplus resources while reinforcing the social status of leaders through displays of generosity. **34. What defines the structure of symbolic groups in Sapir's model?** A. Shared symbols or status that connect members.\ B. Strong emotional connections between members.\ C. Practical goals that dictate group organization.\ D. Proximity and physical interaction among individuals.\ E. Ritualized exchanges that formalize group membership. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are defined by shared symbols or status, which may not involve physical proximity or emotional association, differentiating them from other group types. **35. How do class societies differ from caste systems?** A. They allow limited social mobility based on wealth or achievement.\ B. They prioritize communal redistribution over individual wealth.\ C. They emphasize symbolic equality despite economic disparity.\ D. They strictly enforce marriage within defined groups.\ E. They completely prohibit upward or downward mobility. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Class societies permit some social mobility, allowing individuals to move between classes based on factors like wealth or achievement, unlike the rigid structure of caste systems. **36. What ensures equality in resource distribution among the Ju/'hoansi?** A. Generalized reciprocity in sharing resources.\ B. Redistribution through hierarchical systems.\ C. Formalized systems of taxation and governance.\ D. Symbolic exchanges that reinforce unity.\ E. Centralized leadership roles that enforce sharing. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: The Ju/'hoansi rely on generalized reciprocity, where resources are shared freely among group members, preventing wealth accumulation and maintaining equality. **37. What is a primary characteristic of ranked societies?** A. Leaders redistribute resources to maintain social order.\ B. Social mobility is constrained by wealth and prestige.\ C. Equality in resource access is prioritized over hierarchy.\ D. Leadership roles are assigned temporarily and situationally.\ E. Group organization is determined exclusively by kinship ties. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Ranked societies often have leaders who collect surplus resources and redistribute them, maintaining social order and reinforcing hierarchical structures. **38. How do sodalities contribute to social organization in tribal societies?** A. They promote unity by cutting across kinship lines.\ B. They emphasize resource redistribution among groups.\ C. They formalize temporary alliances through rituals.\ D. They ensure equality by limiting symbolic group ties.\ E. They centralize leadership roles for ceremonial functions. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Sodalities are voluntary associations that promote social cohesion by transcending kinship lines, often based on shared interests, age, or gender. **39. What is the function of redistribution in class societies?** A. To balance inequalities through taxation systems.\ B. To ensure ceremonial wealth displays remain equitable.\ C. To reinforce social hierarchies through symbolic exchanges.\ D. To provide equal opportunities across all social classes.\ E. To create temporary alliances for economic cooperation. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Redistribution in class societies, such as through taxation systems, helps to address economic disparities and balance inequalities between different classes. **40. What role does emotional connection play in high-emotion groups in Sapir's model?** A. It fosters close-knit relationships like those in families or friendships.\ B. It strengthens symbolic ties through shared rituals and symbols.\ C. It determines the level of resource sharing within the group.\ D. It reinforces hierarchical organization based on kinship.\ E. It formalizes alliances through collective ceremonies. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: High-emotion groups in Sapir's model, such as families or close friendships, are characterized by strong emotional bonds that define their cohesion and interaction.