CPU and Ports (Week 1 & 2) PDF

CTHASOPL: HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERAL INSTALLATION Rudante Galapon, MSIT  Components of Computer System Week 1-2  Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to: Know what a computer system is; Differentiate the compo...

CTHASOPL: HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERAL INSTALLATION Rudante Galapon, MSIT  Components of Computer System Week 1-2  Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to: Know what a computer system is; Differentiate the components of computer system; Enumerate the different types of RAM; Be familiar with common types of storage drivers; List all the types of optical media; and Have a knowledge of different ports and cables Prayer  Central Processing Unit A central Processing Unit is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instruction of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.  CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU DIAGRAM  CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CONTROL UNIT – It tells the computers memory, arithmetic/logic unit and I/O devices how to respond to a programs instructions ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT – it performs arithmetic and logical operations on integer binary numbers CACHE – a memory that can be access more quickly than a regular RAM. REGISTRY – All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. Kinds of CPU sockets  Types of CPU socket CPU sockets come in two major types Pin-grid array Land-grid array. CPU HOLDER is a portion in the motherboard which holds the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or simply as processor. There are two major manufacturer of personal computer processor:  Socket 478 Socket 478 is a ZIF-type socket for the Pentium 4 and Celeron 4 (Celerons based on the Pentium 4 core) introduced in October 2001. It was specially designed to support additional pins for SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR future Pentium 4 processors  Socket LGA775 (also called Socket T) is used by the Core 2 Duo/Quad processors, the most recent versions of the Intel Pentium 4 Prescott processor and the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition processors. Some versions of the Celeron and Celeron D also use Socket LGA775. Socket LGA775, unlike earlier Intel processor sockets, uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR socket, rather than the processor.  Socket LGA1156 also known as Socket H) was introduced in September 2009 and was designed to support Intel Core i Series processors featuring an integrated chipset North Bridge, including a dual-channel DDR3 memory controller and optional integrated graphics. Socket LGA1156 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Socket LGA1366 (also known as Socket B) was introduced in November 2008 to support high-end Intel Core i Series processors, including an integrated triple-channel DDR3 memory controller, but which also requires an external chipset North Bridge, in this case called an I/O Hub (IOH). Socket LGA1366 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR rather than the processor.  Socket LGA1155 (also known as Socket H2) was introduced in January 2011 to support Intel’s Sandy Bridge (second-generation) Core i Series processors, which now include Turbo Boost overclocking. Socket LGA1155 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. Socket LGA1155 uses the same cover plate as Socket 1156, but is not interchangeable with it. Socket LGA1155 is also used by Intel’s Ivy Bridge (third-generation) Core i Series processors. LGA1155 supports up to 16 PCIe v3 lanes and 8 PCIe 2.0 lanes.  Socket LGA2011 Socket LGA2011 was introduced in November 2011 to support high- performance versions of Intel’s Sandy Bridge (second-generation) Core i Series processors (Sandy Bridge-E), which now include Turbo Boost overclocking. LGA2011 supports 40 PCIe 3.0 lanes, quad-channel memory addressing, and fully-unlocked processor multipliers. Socket LGA2011 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Socket 939 and 940 Socket 939 is used with the Socket 939 versions of the AMD Athlon 64, 64 FX, and 64 X2 It’s also used by some versions of the AMD Opteron processor for workstations and servers. Motherboards using this socket support conventional unbuffered DDR SDRAM modules in either single- or dual-channel mode, rather than the server-oriented (more expensive) registered modules required by Socket 940 motherboards. Sockets 939 and 940 have different pin arrangements and processors for each and SOCKET TYPE USED BY AMD PROCESSOR are not interchangeable. Socket 940 is used with the Socket 940 version of the AMD Athlon 64 FX, as well as most AMD Opteron processors Motherboards using this socket support only registered DDR SDRAM modules in dual- channel mode. Because the pin arrangement is different, Socket 939 processors do not work in Socket 940, and vice versa.  Socket AM2 In May 2006, AMD introduced processors that use a new socket, called Socket AM2 AM2 was the first replacement for the confusing array of Socket 754, Socket 939, and Socket 940 form factors for the Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, and Athlon 64 X2 processors. SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Socket AM3 Socket AM3 was introduced in February 2009, primarily to support processors with integrated DDR3 memory controllers such as the Phenom II. Besides adding support for DDR3 memory, Socket AM3 has 941 pins in a modified key pin configuration that physically prevents Socket AM2 or AM2+ SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR processors from being inserted.  Socket F (1207FX) Socket F (also called 1207FX) was introduced by AMD in August 2006 for its Opteron line of server processors. Socket F is AMD’s first land grid array (LGA) socket, similar to Intel’s Socket LGA775. It features 1,207 pins in a 35-by-35 grid, with the pins in the socket instead of on the processor. Socket F normally appears on motherboards in pairs because it is designed to run dual physical processors on a single motherboard. Socket F was utilized by AMD for its Quad FX processors, which are dual-core processors sold in matched pairs, operating as a dual socket dual-core system. Future versions may support quad-core processors, for a total of 8 cores in the system. Due to the high expense of running dual physical processors, only a limited number of non-server motherboards are available with Socket F. SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Socket FM1 Socket FM1 was introduced by AMD in July 2011 for use by accelerated processing units (APUs –CPU plus GPU) and CPUs based on the Llano core. These include the Ax-3xxx series APUs and some Athlon II CPUs, as well as the E2-3200 APU. FM1 has 905 pins in a 31 × 31 grid and uses a PGA socket similar to those used by previous AMD processors. Socket FM1 supports DDR3 memory. It was replaced by Socket FM2 SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Socket FM2 Socket FM1 was introduced by AMD in September 2012 for use by its Trinity series of APUs. These include the Ax-5xxx series APUs. FM2 has 904 pins in a 31 × 31 grid and uses a PGA socket similar to those used by previous AMD processors. Socket FM2 supports DDR3 memory. SOCKET TYPE USED BY INTEL PROCESSOR  Types of memory 1. Random Access Memory (RAM) It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary memory. The programs and data that the CPU requires during execution of a program are stored in this memory. It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the power is turned off. RAM is further classified into two types- SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) and DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). 2. Read Only Memory (ROM) Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program essential to boot the computer. It is not volatile. Always retains its data. Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change. Used in calculators and peripheral devices. ROM is further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Types of memory  Type of RAM Fpm (Fast page mode) – 1990  Type of RAM EDO (Extended data output) - 1994  Type of RAM SDRAM (Single Dynamic RAM) - 1996  Type of RAM RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM) - 1998  Type of RAM DDR SDRAM – 2000 DDR2 SDRAM – 2003 DDR3 SDRAM – 2007 DDR4 SDRAM - 2012  Type of RAM 1. 256MB DDR module, PC3200 (DDR400) 2. CL3 Latency 3. 2GB DDR2 module (from matched set), DDR2-667 (PC2- 5300) 4. CL5 Latency 5. 2GB DDR2 module (from matched set), DDR2-667 (PC2- 5300) 6. CL9 Latency 7. 8GB DDR4 module, DDR4-2133 (PC4-17000)  RAM module information 1. Memory manufacturer (Kingston, Samsung, Corsair, Apacer, Centon ) 2. Memory Type (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) 3. Memory density (256MB, 512MB, 1G, 2G, 4G, 8G, 16G) 4. Memory Speed/Frequency (133MHz or PC133, 400MHz or PC3200) 5. Latency - Latency is a measure of how long it takes to receive information from memory; the higher the number, the greater the latency. (CL1, CL2, CL3, CL4, CL5, CL6)  TYPES of ROM 1. Ultraviolet-erasable ROM (UV-ROM) - ROM whose contents can be erased using ultraviolet light, and then reprogrammed. 2. Erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) - A type of ROM that is programmed using high voltages and exposure to ultraviolet light for about 20 minutes. 3. Electrically-erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) - Often used in older computer chips and to control BIOS, EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed several times while enabling the erase and writing of only one location at a time. Flash memory is an updated version of EEPROM that allows numerous memory locations to be changed at the same time.  Examples of ROM BIOS uses flash memory, a type of ROM CD DVD Flash Drives Memory cards HDD SSD  HARD DISC DRIVE The hard drive contains a spinning platter with a thin magnetic coating. A "head" moves over the platter, writing 0's and 1's as tiny areas of magnetic North or South on the platter. To read the data back, the head goes to the same spot, notices the North and South spots flying by, and so deduces the stored 0's and 1's.  HARD DISKS Use rigid metallic platters that provide a large amount of capacity. They store data and programs by altering the electromagnetic charges on the platter’s surface. Files are organized according to: Tracks- concentric rings without visible grooves. Sectors – wedge- shaped sections Cylinders – run through each track of a stack of platters. HDD  Density refers to how tightly electromagnetic charges can be packed next to one another on the disk. A head crash occurs when the hard disks makes contact with the drive’s read/write heads. Two types of hard disks are internal and external  Internal Hard Disks are located within the system unit. Used to store programs and data files External Hard Drives – Unlike internal hard disks, external hard drives are removable. External drives use the same basic technology as internal disks.  Performance Enhancements Disk caching – provides a temporary high speed holding area between a secondary storage device and the CPU. RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) several inexpensive hard disks drives are connected together. File compression and decomposition – files compressed before storing and then decompressed before being used again.  Optical Discs Use laser technology 1s and 0s are represented by pits and lands. Optical discs drives project light and measure the reflected light. Compact disk Typical capacity of 650 mb – 1gb CD ROM memory CD-R (CD recordable) CD RW (CD Rewritable)  Digital Versatile Disc DVD ROM ( read only) DVD Players DVD+R, DVD-R ( write once) DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD RAM (rewritable) Blu-ray Discs (High Definition) Hi-def Blu-ray Discs are the next standard optical disk. BDs have a capacity of 25 GB to 100 GB. Three basic types: Read-only, write once, and rewritable.  Solid State Storage Solid state storage devices have no moving parts and are more reliable and require less power than hard disks. Solid State Drives SSD are similar to internal hard disk drives except they use solid state memory; are faster, more durable and more expensive and generally provide less capacity. Flash Memory Flash memory cards are small solid state storage devices that are widely use with notebook computers. USB Drives USB Drives (flash drives) are so small that they fit onto a key ring. These drives connect to a computer’s USB Port and are widely used to transfer data and information between computers, specialty devices and the internet. 28/11/2024  Ports and Cables Ports are connecting sockets on the outside of the system unit. Standard Ports 1. VGA (video graphics adapter) and DVI (digital video Interface) – provide connections to monitors 2. USB (universal serial bus) – widely used to connect keyboard, mouse, etc) 3. Fire Wire – almost twice as fast as USB 2.0 4. Ethernet – high speed networking port that has become a standard for today’s computer. 5. Serial Ports and Cables 6. Parallel Ports and Cables 7. Network Ports and Cables What are the Different types of computer ports? Ports and Cables Ports and Cables Ports and Cables Ports and Cables  Specialized Ports S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface) HDMI ( High Definition Multimedia Interface) It is used to transmit high-quality video and audio data. They are used in games console and TV and monitor that require high-standard output. They support 4K types of video. There are either micro-HDMI or mini-HDMI. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)  Legacy Ports Legacy ports have largely been replaced by faster, more flexible ports such as universal serial bus. These ports include serial, parallel, keyboard and mouse. Cables are used to connect external devices to the unit via ports. END