Lesson 1: Understanding People PDF

LESSON 1 Interesting Facts: There are about 7000 languages in the world. Most Languages of the world have no written form. The Holy Quran is available in more than 100 languages. 1...

LESSON 1 Interesting Facts: There are about 7000 languages in the world. Most Languages of the world have no written form. The Holy Quran is available in more than 100 languages. 1 LESSON One language dies about every fourteen days. Deaf people use sign language to communicate. 15  1 LESSON 16  A. Look at the map. Choose six countries and write their languages. Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Turkey Tajikistan Bhutan Bangladesh United Arab Emirates Myanmar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 LESSON Are you familiar with any of the above languages? If yes, circle them. 17  B. Match the signs with their meanings. There is one extra sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (a) There is a parking lot around. (b) Turn off your mobile phone. (c) Please be quiet. (d) Keep off the grass. (e) You are near a restaurant. (f     ) Do not swim here. C. Number the following activities from 1 to 6 according to how frequently you do them when you learn a foreign language. 1 Reading storybooks Watching movies LESSON Listening to the news Surf  ing the net Talking to foreigners Writing letters or emails 18  besides, mother tongue, experience, absolutely, fluently, to be honest, point Babak Saberian is a translator who works for IRIB1. Today, he is hosting Meysam in his office. Meysam is a high school student. He is interviewing Mr. Saberian for his school project. Meysam: Thank you Mr. Saberian for inviting me to your office. Mr. Saberian: You’re welcome! Meysam: I heard you know three languages. Is that right? Mr. Saberian: Well, actually four languages. Meysam: Four! Really?! What languages do you know? Mr. Saberian: Besides my mother tongue, Persian, I know English, French and Russian well. Meysam: Interesting! And when did you learn them? Mr. Saberian: I began learning English at school when I was thirteen. Then I began learning French in a language institute 1 when I was fifteen. And I learned Russian when I was LESSON a university student in Moscow. 1. Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting 19  Meysam: Can you use all of them fluently? Mr. Saberian: I know all of them well, but I use English more. Meysam: OK. Do you think language learning should start as early as possible? Mr. Saberian: My experience says interest and hard work are really more important than age. Meysam: Hmm… that’s an important point. May I know what your favorite language is ? English, French, or Russian? Mr. Saberian: To be honest, I enjoy using them all, but my favorite language is absolutely my mother tongue! Persian Russian Answer the following questions orally. 1 1. Where does Mr. Saberian work? 2. Was Mr. Saberian living in a foreign LESSON country when he was 13? 3. How many languages do you know? 20 A. Look, Read and Practice. A s i a Mazandaran is one of the best Asia is the largest continent of farming regions of Iran. the world. Does water really exist on Spanish is Diego’s native Mars? language. 1 LESSON Dictionary prices range from $5 to $15. 21  Rice is the most popular food Today, less than 40 percent of in Iran. people live in villages. Imagine you are traveling in Scientists say that by 2050, space. wind power can meet the needs of the world. 1 LESSON We are living in the twenty-first Our teacher tried to explain the new century. word by means of sign language. 22 B. Read and Practice. society: a large group of people who live together We live in an Islamic society. ability: the physical or mental power or skill to do something Human’s ability to talk makes him different from animals. vary: to be different from each other In some cities, prices vary from shop to shop. make up: to form a thing, amount or number China makes up 18‌% of the world‘s population. despite: without taking any notice of I enjoy the weekend, despite the bad weather. 1 LESSON C. Go to Part II of your Workbook and do A and B. 23  Languages of the World Language is a system of communication. It uses written and spoken forms. People use language to communicate with each other in a society. They exchange knowledge, beliefs, wishes, and feelings through it. Languages vary greatly from region to region. They are so different that a person may not understand the language of someone from another region, country or continent. It is not surprising to hear that today about 7000 languages exist in the world. There are more than 2000 languages in Africa, 1000 in the Americas, more than 2250 in Asia, about 230 in Europe, and more than 1300 in Oceania. Native speakers of these languages range in number from very large, with hundreds of millions of speakers, to very small, with fewer than 10 speakers. The most popular language in the world is Chinese. More than one billion people in the world speak Chinese. 1 LESSON 24 Interestingly, English has fewer native speakers than Chinese, but there are about one billion learners of English all around the world. They learn English as an international language. About fifty percent of the world’s languages have fewer than 5000 speakers. In the beginning of the twenty-first century, 204 languages had fewer than 10 speakers and 344 languages had between 10 and 99 speakers. The 548 languages with fewer than 99 speakers make up nearly 8 percent of the world’s languages. We call them ‘endangered languages’. As the speakers of such languages grow old and die, their languages will die, too. All languages are really valuable, despite their differences. Every language is an amazing means of communication that meets the needs of its own speakers. It is impossible to imagine the world without language. Therefore, we should respect all languages, no matter how different they are and how many speakers they have. Scanning You can scan a reading passage to look for and find specific information quickly such as a number, a name, a word, or a phrase. Follow these steps to scan: Make a clear picture in your mind of the information you are looking for. Look for that information. 11 Move your eyes quickly across the text. Don’t read every SS ON SO N word. When you find the information, stop, read the LEES sentence and mark the information. L 25  A. Scan the passage for the following numbers. Match them with the information. There is one extra number. a. 548 b. 2250 c. 8 d. 1300 e. 204 1. The number of languages with speakers fewer than 10 2. The percent of endangered languages 3. The number of languages with speakers fewer than 99 4. The number of languages in Oceania B. Scan the passage for the proper nouns. a) The language with more than one billion learners: b) The continent with one thousand languages: c) The language with the largest number of native speakers: C. Scan the passage and answer the following questions. a) How many languages are there in the world? b) What is the number of endangered languages? c) Which continent has the largest number of languages in the world? D. Read the sentences; put T for true and F for false. If a sentence is false, correct it. 1 a) Through languages, people can exchange only knowledge. T F LESSON b) When a language has no speaker, it dies out. T F c) Only a few languages can meet the needs of their own speakers. T F 26  SYNONYMS Synonyms are words with similar meanings, for example, ‘hard’ and ‘difficult’; or ‘begin’ and ‘start’ are synonyms. Learning synonyms is a good way to develop our vocabulary. A. Write the words that mean the same under the picture where they belong. small powerful quick strong fast tiny simple easy B. Two of the words in each group are synonyms. Find them. a) amazing/ probable/ wonderful b) seek/ search for/ exercise c) quit/ live/ give up d) fortunately/ luckily/ really C. Look back at the Reading to find synonyms for the words. a) In paragraph 2, find a synonym for ‘largely’: 1 LESSON b) In paragraph 4, find a synonym for ‘nearly’: c) In paragraph 5, find a synonym for ‘to form’: d) In paragraph 6, find a synonym for ‘to think of’: 27  A. Read the following texts. An endangered language is a language that has very few speakers. Nowadays, many languages are losing their native speakers. When a language dies, the knowledge and culture disappear with it. A lot of endangered languages are in Australia and South America. Some of them are in Asia and Africa. The number of live languages of the world is around 7000, and many of them may not exist in the future. Many researchers are now trying to protect endangered languages. This can save lots of information and cultural values of people all around the world. There are many uncountable words for food in English. Native speakers often use words such as ‘a bag of, ‘two slices of’, or ‘a piece of’ with uncountable nouns. This usually happens when they go shopping. They may ask for two bottles of water, a bag of sugar, a loaf of bread, or 1 two kilos of meat. In a coffee shop, they may order a cup of tea, a piece of cake, or a glass of juice. If a foreign learner uses uncountable words LESSON wrongly, English speakers may not understand them well. So when you learn English, be very careful about this important point. 28 B. Read the following examples. Compare the columns. Singular countable Plural countable Uncountable a car two/ three/ four cars traffic Singular countable Plural countable Uncountable some/ a book some / many books much information lots of/ a bird lots of/ a lot of birds a lot of chicken soup a man few/ a few men little/ a little bread Questions Answers two How many cars are there three There are four cars. in the street? some many lots of How many books do you a lot of I need books. need ? a few few some How much information much She needs information. does your teacher need ? lots of 1 LESSON a lot of How much bread is there a little There is bread. in the kitchen? little 29  Hint Measure words with uncountable nouns Units Examples a bottle of two, three, … bottles of water a cup of two, three, … cups of tea, coffee a glass of two, three, … glasses of water, juice a bag of two, three, … bags of rice, sugar a piece of two, three, … pieces of cake, paper a slice of two, three, … slices of watermelon, banana a kilo of two, three, … kilos of meat, rice 1 LESSON a loaf of two, three, … loaves of bread 30 C. Tell your teacher how different ‘countable’ and ‘uncountable nouns’ are. D. Underline all ‘countable and uncountable nouns’ in Reading. E. Choose appropriate words to complete the following sentences. 1. The students need to read (many/much) books about history. 2. Please buy (a loaf of/a bottle of) bread for breakfast. 3. Children should drink (a lot of/a few) milk. 4. We did not have (much/many) visitors this week. 5. Could you please bring me (a glass of/a piece of) water? F. Pair up and ask and answer the following questions. 1. How many books did you read in summer? 2. How much milk do you drink each day? 3. How much money do you save each month? 4. How many pencils do you have in your bag? G. Go to Part III of your Workbook and do A and B. 1 LESSON 31  Numbers A. Read the examples and see how numbers are used before nouns. Numbers Nouns a/one car an/one apple two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten tables eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, chairs seventeen, eighteen, nineteen twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, …….., twenty-nine students thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, …….., thirty-nine trees forty, forty-one, forty-two, ……….., forty-nine horses fifty, fifty-one, fifty-two, …………., fifty-nine books sixty, sixty-one, sixty-two, ………., sixty-nine boxes seventy, seventy-one, seventy-two, …………., children 1 seventy-nine LESSON eighty, eighty-one, eighty-two, ………, eighty-nine bags ninety, ninety-one, ninety-two, …….., ninety-nine men 32  Numbers Nouns one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, ….. languages one thousand, two thousand, three thousand, four thousand, ….. birds one million, two million, three million, ….. cells one billion, two billion, three billion, ….. dollars B. Read the examples and see how numbers are used before adjectives + nouns. Numbers Adjectives Nouns a /one small car a /one red apple an /one interesting movie two, ………., ninety-nine beautiful trees 1 two hundred, ……., ten billion Canadian dollars LESSON 33  Speaking Strategy Shopping, asking and answering about prices and numbers A. You may use ‘how much’ to ask about prices. You may use ‘how many’ to ask about numbers. May I help you? Yes, please. I’m looking for some birthday candles. How many candles do you need? I need 12 birthday candles. You can find different types of candles over there. Um… How much are those? 20 000 Tomans. What about these? 10 000 Tomans. I think I’ll take these. Here you are. Thank you. You may use the following patterns to ask about prices and numbers. 1 How much do/does..... cost? LESSON How much is it? How much are they? How many..... are there? 34 B. Listen to the following conversations and answer the questions. Conversation 1 1. The boy wants 2. How many words does the first dictionary have? BPair up and. Listen ask following to the at least two questions about conversations andthe prices tick whatofthe things you orisyour speaker friends going have to do.in your/their bags. You may use the words in the box. pen, pencil, eraser, pencil-sharpener, ruler, notebook Conversation 2 1. How much is a ticket? 2. How many tickets does she want? 1 LESSON BPair up and. Listen askfollowing to the about theconversations numbers of things and you tick or yourthe what friends have. speaker is You may usetothedo. going words in the box. sisters, brothers, uncles, aunts, books, pens, pencils 35  A. ‘Ten numbers’ (ten, twenty, thirty,...) have strong stress on their first part. Listen and repeat. twenty sixty thirty seventy forty eighty fifty ninety B. ‘teen numbers’ have strong stress on ‘teen’. 1 LESSON She is almost thirteen. Did you say eighty or eighteen? 36  Simple Sentences In English, every simple sentence must have at least a subject and a verb. Such a sentence is called a ‘simple sentence’. Who or what the sentence speaks about is called the subject. What the sentence says about the subject is called the verb. In the following sentences, the subject is underlined once and the verb twice. Mahan is sleeping. 1 LESSON 37  The bird does not sing. The apple fell down. The teacher is hard-working. 1 LESSON 38 1) To find a subject, ask who or what the sentence is about. Your answer is the subject. Who is the first sentence about? Mahan What is the second sentence about? The bird What is the third sentence about? The apple Who is the fourth sentence about? The teacher Hint Remember that the ‘subject’ of a sentence is a ‘noun’ (any person, place, or thing) or a pronoun. A pronoun is simply a word like I, we, he, she, it, you, or they used in place of a noun. 2) To find a verb, ask what the sentence says about the subject. What does the first sentence say about Mahan? Mahan is sleeping. What does the second sentence say about the bird? The bird does not sing. What does the third sentence say about the apple? The apple   fell down. What does the fourth sentence say about the teacher? The teacher is hard-working. 1 Hint LESSON As you see, a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. 39  A. Read each group of words. Do these words make a sentence? If yes, write them again with a capital letter and a period. studying in the library she laughed suitable for both boys and girls the lion died the tree will fall down the baby with her small hands it is very good for children a beautiful lake in the forest 1 LESSON 40 B. Write an appropriate word in the following blanks. The answer will be the subject of the sentence. is one of my best teachers. A runs faster than a mouse. Every night, exercise for 30 minutes. Many live in this forest. C. Write an appropriate word in the following blanks. Each answer will be the verb of the sentence. The child loudly. Shayan always kind to his sister. We for hours. The museum at 8 a.m. 1 LESSON 41  A simple sentence can also have an object. An object is a noun that receives an action. The students are drinking milk. The students learn English. Mahdi visited his doctor. 1 LESSON 42  Hint You can find an object by asking yourself ‘who’ or ‘what’ is receiving the action in a sentence. D. Read the following sentences. Circle the objects. 1. The boy runs fast. 2. Mina speaks English. 3. We must respect our neighbors. 4. Shadi is working at home. 5. Ali is a smart student. E. Write an appropriate word in the following blanks. Each answer will be an object. 1. They will meet. 2. Ali and I bought. 3. We are going to learn. 4. Children should not eat. 1 LESSON 43  F. Rearrange the words to create correct sentences. 1. borrowed / I / that book 2. is going / she / the TV / to turn on 3. can / learn / we / a new language 4. sang / a song / my grandfather A simple sentence can also have additional information mostly in the forms of ‘adverbs of place, time and manner’. - Ali will have an exam next week. - Zahra studies English at school. - Yesterday, I saw my teacher in the street. - We usually visit our grandmother on Fridays. - My brother can speak French fluently. 1 LESSON 44 G. Read the following sentences. Find the subject(S), verb(V), object(O) and additional information(AI). Example: She studies English at school every week. S V O AI (Place) AI (Time) 1. On weekends, I read storybooks. 2. I usually get good grades. 3. Last night, my mother made cookies. 4. My friends take photographs of animals. 5. I have a math class on Wednesdays. H. Using past, present and future tenses, write five simple sentences about yourself. 1. 2. 3. 1 LESSON 4. 5. 45  1 LESSON 46 A. Listen to the first part of a story. 1. Fill in the blanks based on what you’ve just heard. I went to a I needed some cheese 2. Listen again and list all uncountable nouns. B. Now read the second part of the report. The only thing I was still looking for was a bag of sugar. There were four types of sugar. I picked the bags and read the explanations. Honestly, I didn’t understand their differences. A young man came to me and asked what I wanted. I told him I needed some sugar for breakfast. He gave me some information. Again, I didn’t understand the differences. I took pictures of the explanations, sat somewhere, and checked the explanations in my mobile dictionary. At last, I understood what type of sugar I needed to buy! 3. Scan the text for the nouns. C. Work in pairs. Ask and answer. How many bags of sugar did the woman want? 11 Did the woman buy ONN any tea? LE L SS ES SO How did she understand the explanations? 47