Understanding the Self GEED 001 Lesson 1-5 Midterms Reviewer PDF

Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer Lesson 1: Philosophy autonomous being that is separate from others,...

Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer Lesson 1: Philosophy autonomous being that is separate from others, experienced with continuity through time and place. The experience of the self includes Introduction consciousness of one's physicality, inner character, Philosophy is a training guide for your mind, and emotional life. showing how you think in clear, analytic, and powerful ways. Philosophy of the Self Studying philosophy in a serious and reflective Philosophy is often called the mother of all way will change you as a person. Learning to think disciplines simply because all fields of study began as philosophically will inspire you to be more thoughtful, philosophical discourses. more open-minded, more attuned to the What is Philosophy? A study of acquiring complexities and subtleties of life, more willing to knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries think critically about yourself and all of life’s that involves in answering questions regarding the important issues, and less willing to accept superficial nature and existence of man and the world we live in. interpretations and simplistic answers. And will help What is Self? It is defined as “a unified being, you develop the understanding and insight you will essentially connected to consciousness, awareness need to make intelligent choices and fulfill your and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational potential as an individual. choice). This is the special power of philosophy: to Philosophers provide the conceptual tools required to craft a life A. SOCRATES - First martyr of education, knowledge, inspiring in its challenges and rich in its fulfillment. and philosophy. His philosophy underlies in the Philosophy is not intended to limit your options or importance of the notion "knowing oneself". A dictate your choices. Your responsibility as a student person's acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of is to explore, to reflect, to think critically- and then to acquisition of knowledge. But, possession of create yourself in the image you have envisioned. knowledge is a virtue; ignorance is a depravity (evil, corruption, wickedness). Knowing ourselves, lies in Understanding Self our own abilities, and wisdom. Understanding Self understanding is the awareness of and ourselves is through internal questioning or ability to understand one's own thoughts and actions. introspection (understanding our strengths and To attain insight into your attitudes, motives, weaknesses, like vs. Dislike) defences, reactions, weaknesses and strengths. His way of teaching called Socratic Method or It is a subjective sense of the self & a complex Socratic conversation (role of both the teacher and mixture of unconscious & conscious thoughts, the student is known to the world; asking and attitudes & perceptions. answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and How do we define self… to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions). The psychology of self is the study of either However, he was charged with corruption of minors the cognitive, conative or affective representation of and died as a martyr that fought against ignorance one's identity or the subject of experience. and narrow-mindedness. Conation >> the mental faculty of But for him, men's goal in life is to obtain purpose, desire, or will to perform an action; happiness. It motivates us to act towards or avoid volition (the act of making a choice). things that could have negative effects in our lives. As The self… such, by fully knowing oneself a person will be able to The totality of the individual, consisting of all achieve happiness. characteristic attributes, conscious and unconscious, B. PLATO – He is a student of Socrates that is the reason mental and physical. (APA dictionary of psychology) he followed the idea of Socrates in knowing thyself. In psychology, the notion of the self refers to He was called the Father of academy (a place where a person's experience as a single, unitary, learning and sharing of knowledge happens; Later  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer became one of the pillars and basis of what schools role in the world (the reason for this is because our and education is now in the present). He also wrote bodies are limited). several literatures that tackles politics, human nature D. RENE DESCARTES – a French philosopher known to be and established the idea of virtue and intelligence. the father of modern philosophy because of his According to Plato, a person who is a follower radical use of systematic and early scientific method of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and to aid his ideas and assumptions. He believed in will always be correct/moral/ethical. He believed in modern dualism or the existence of body and mind the division of a person's body and soul which forms and its importance to on e's existence were presented the person as a whole aside from the material things with the evidences from experiments as well as and that could be observed and associated with a philosophical reasoning. person. He believed that the soul is divided into 3 Descartes is known to be the proponent of the different parts that has different views, leading to "methodical doubt" (continuous process of different behaviors questioning) doubting, asking questions are part of 1. Appetitive soul - the part of the person that is one's existence. He defined the roles of the mind and driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself. body to the notion of one's existence and sense of This satisfaction involves physical needs, self. pleasures and desires, objects, and situations He is known for the statement "cogito ergo 2. Spirited soul - courageous part of a person. One sum" (I think therefore I am) and according to him, a who wants to do something or to right the person is comprised of mind (thinks and questions wrongs that they observe. This is very what the body has experienced) and body (perceives competitive and is very active. Competitiveness from the different senses). The body and its drives one to expect positive results and perceptions cannot fully be trusted or can easily be winning. deceived (for example: there are times that we feel 3. Rational soul - the drive of our lives. The part that a dream is real before actually waking up or that thinks and plan for the future (the having different perception of size based on an conscious mind). It decides what to do, when to objects distance from the viewer). do it and the possible results one could have Descartes believes that we should focus on depending on their actions. the mind in order to perceive as who we are or the C. ST. AUGUSTINE - A saint and a philosopher of the essence of our existence because we cannot always church. He follows the idea that God encompasses us trust our senses. He explained that the more we think all, that everything will be better if we are with God. and doubt what we perceived from our senses and He believed that God and his teachings affects various the answer that came from such thin king or doubting aspects in life (that everything is better if we devote leads to better understanding of ourselves. He also ourselves in mending our relationship with God). His emphasizes that being in constant doubt regarding idea of a man and how to understand who we are as one's existence is proof that a person exists. a person is related to our understanding of who we E. JOHN LOCKE – An English philosopher and physician. are and how we question ourselves. He also relates He is the Father of Classical Liberation. His works our existence to God being modelled in his likeness paved the way to several revolutions to fight the though being alive means that we are still far from absolute powers of monarchs and rulers of his time god and has yet to be truly with him. But he rejected that led to the development of governance, politics, the doubtfulness of the academy in which one cannot and economic system that we now know. He works or should not accept ideas from others. on the self is most represented by the concept "tabula St. Augustine emphasized that we may not be rasa" (blank slate). able to give our agreement to everything other The experiences and perceptions of a person people tell us, but we can still agree to those who we is important in the establishment of who that person are from our own perception. His believes that can become. Locke does not disregard the teaching the church and establishing our sense of self experiences of the person in the identification and with God identifies the essence of our existence and establishment of who we are as a person. He stated  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer that a person is born with knowing nothing and that 3. Ego - police or the mediator between id and is susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of super ego. Operates within the boundaries of learning from the experiences, failures, references, reality, primary function is to maintain the and observations of the person impulses of the id to an acceptable degree. F. DAVID HUME – A Scottish philosopher. He focused his Introduced the Levels of Consciousness: work in the field of empiricism, skepticism, and 1. Conscious - where minority of our memories are naturalism. He explained that the Self is the being stored and the memories that are in the accumulation of different impressions and does not conscious is easier to be to be tapped or exceed the physical realm. For him, there is no accessed permanent self because impressions of things are 2. Pre-conscious - the middle part of the entirety based from our experiences where we can create our of our consciousness; the memories stored in ideas and knowledge. Thus, it may improve or totally this area can still be accessed but with a little be replaced difficulty G. IMMANUEL KANT – A German philosopher that is 3. Unconscious - this area is where majority of our known for his works on empiricism and rationalism. memories since childhood are deeply stored. It He established that the collection of impressions and is very difficult to tap the memories. It would different contents is what it only takes to define a need a trained professional and several special person. He believes that the awareness of different techniques in order to make some memories emotions that we have, impressions and behavior is resurface only a part of ourselves. He believed that we are a by-product of our He emphasizes that a person who fully experiences in the past and that are actions are driven understand the self has a certain level of by the idea of resisting or avoiding pain, and are consciousness or sense that uses our intuition which molded from our need for pleasure or being happy synthesizes all the experiences, impressions and I. GILBERT RYLE – He used behavioristic approach to perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define self. According to him, self is the behavior presented and know who we are really are. But he argued that by the person. The behavior that we show, emotions, the sense called "transcendental apperception" is an and actions are the reflection of our mind and as such essence of our consciousness that provides basis for is the manifestation of who we are. He does not understanding and establishing the notion of self by believe that the mind and body are two separate synthesizing one's accumulation of experiences, entities which is said to be evident in the intuition, and imagination unexplainable phenomenon or abilities of the mind H. SIGMUND FREUD – An Austrian psychologist and where the soul is considered; however, to some they physician. The Father of psychoanalysis. Freud is well can co-exist. known for his work on human nature and the He explained that the self is exemplified in his unconscious. He believed that man has different "ghost in the machine" view (man is a complex constructs of personality. He conceptualized about machine with different functioning parts, and the the different levels of consciousness that provides an intelligence, and other characteristic or behavior of idea how a person develops a sense of self: man is represented by the ghost in the said machine. Man has 3 aspects of personality His idea is saying that the things that we do, how we 1. Id - the child aspect of a person; attention is on behave and react and all other components like the satisfaction of one's needs and self- way we talk, walk and look is generally who we are as gratification. Driven by pleasure principle. a person 2. Super ego - the conscience of one's personality. J. PAUL CHURCHLAND - A Canadian philosopher whose Has the inclination to uphold justice and do focus is on the idea that people should improve our what is morally right and socially acceptable association and use of worth in identifying the self. actions. Involved in the notion of right or wrong The self is defined by the movement of our brain. A that is imparted to us by our parents or people constant movement of the brain can be the basis of that took care for us during childhood who the person is (emphasized by Churchland and his  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer wife in the statement "the brain as the self"). He 1955, and is used primarily in self-help groups and focuses on the philosophy of "eliminative corporate settings as a heuristic exercise. materialism" and understanding the different neural Heuristic - enabling someone to discover or pathways, how they work, and what implications are learn something for themselves. those movement to people is a measurable classification on one's behavior K. MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY – A French philosopher. He is known for his works on existentialism and phenomenology. He coined the idea of phenomenology of perception (unity of the function of the mind and the body) which is divided into three division. Merleau-Ponty regarded that the body and mind are not separate entities but rather those two components is one and the same. His idea Lesson 2: Sociology of perception follows the idea of Gestalt psychology (gives importance on the whole rather than the sum of its parts). The perception guides our action based from our experiences. The body perceives while our Introduction consciousness provides the meaning or interprets the How do you see yourself in the social world? various perception we have in the world and the self Do you need to just observe or are you oblige to could be established by the perceptions we have in interact with them just to get the definition of the world. One's actions, behavior and language used yourself? These are just two questions that will be could be said to be the reflection of our united answered by different proponents in sociological perception of the world. perspective of self. Read more below and check how L. THOMAS AQUINAS - The most eminent 13th century these ideas can be related to you. scholar and stalwart of the medieval philosophy, Definitions of Sociology appended something to this Christian view. He L.F. Ward defines, "Sociology is the science of explained that Man is composed of two parts: Matter society or of social phenomena". or hyle in Greek, refers to the “common stuff that Ginsberg says, "Sociology is the study of makes up everything in the universe.” and Form or human interaction and interrelation of their morphe in Greek refers to the “essence of a substance conditions and consequences". or thing”. Emile Durkheim defines, "Sociology as a In the case of human person, the body of the science of social institutions". human person is something that he shares even with Ogburn and Nimkoff defines, "Sociology as the animals. The cells in man's body are akin to the cells study of social life". of any other living, organic being in the world. Kimball Young defines, "Sociology deals with However, what makes a human person a human the behaviour of men in groups". person and not a dog, or a tiger is his soul, his essence. Sociology is an attempt to understand how To Aquinas, the soul is what animates the body; it is membership in one's social group affects what makes us humans. individual behavior. The Johari Window Study of human relationships; The Johari window is a technique that helps ○ Greek LOGUS meaning study people better understand their relationship with ○ Latin SOCIUS meaning relationship themselves and others. George Herbert Mead It was created by psychologists Joseph Luft Sociologist from University of Chicago (1916-2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916-1995) in Symbolic Interactions Perspective  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer American philosopher, sociologist, and ▪ The earliest formulation of the self in modern psychologist. psychology derived from the distinction between THEORY OF SELF the self as I, the subjective knower, and the self as ▪ Two parts of Self: Self-awareness and Self-image Me, the object that is known. ▪ Our bodies age biologically, but the self is ▪ Although the self is a product of socio-symbolic something that emerges thorough social interaction it is not merely a passive reflection of interaction the generalized other. ▪ Self is developed as we age, as we grow ▪ The individual's response to the social world is ▪ Self develops through interacting with others, active; he decides what he will do in the light of the through reflecting on that interaction, to thinking attitude of others but his conduct is not about how others are perceiving you, and that mechanically determined by such attitudinal helps you generate an image of yourself structures. ▪ Our self is mirrored in the reaction of the other ▪ It is also important to note that the "I" and ▪ Self-image was developed in recognizing how "Me" are functional distinctions for Mead, not others are perceiving us, we are constantly trying metaphysical ones. to put ourselves in the shoes of another and think ▪ He refers to them as phases of the self (MSS about how they are seeing this event or situation 178, 200), although he more typically uses the or this action transpiring – this is imitation word self to refer to the "Me" (Aboulafia ▪ When you have internalized the widespread 2016). cultural norms, mores, and expectations of ▪ The 'ME' is the social self and the 'I' is the behaviors – this is generalized others response to me. ▪ By taking the role of other, we can become self- ▪ The 'I' is the response of the organism to the aware attitudes of others. ▪ Being self-aware is having a good knowledge ▪ The 'ME' is the organized set of attitudes of and understanding of yourself including being others which one assumes. aware of your own feelings and character. ▪ Mead defines the 'ME' as a conventional ▪ Practicing self-awareness is about learning to habitual individual and the 'I' as the novel better understand why you feel what you feel reply of the individual to the generalized and why you behave in a particular way. other. ▪ Having this awareness gives you the ▪ The ’ME’ is the internalization of roles that opportunity and freedom to change things derive from such symbolic processes as about yourself, enabling you to create the life linguistic interaction, playing, and gaming that you want. It's almost impossible to whereas the I is a creative response to the change and become self-accepting if you are symbolized structures of the me. unsure as to who you are. ▪ The 'I' appears as a symbolized object in our ▪ Having clarity about who you are and what consciousness of our past actions but then it you want can be empowering, giving you the has become part of me. The 'ME' is in a sense confidence to make changes. that phase of the self that represents the past. ▪ Self-awareness is often a first step to goal setting. This includes admitting when you The self has many facets that help make up don't have the answer and owning up to integral parts of it, such as self-awareness, self- mistakes. esteem, self-knowledge, and self-perception. THE “I” AND “ME” OF THE SELF Self- awareness focuses attention on the self. This ▪ “I” – what is out there, acting, being spontaneous, inward focus encourages analytical thinking about doing things in the world people's needs and environments, which contributes ▪ ”me” – an object, the aggregate combined image to a variety of self-knowledge. Self-knowledge leads of yourself that has been given to you from to the construction of self- concepts that guide our interacting with society  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer behaviors and beliefs. Self-perception is the He insisted on the necessity of new and foundation of self-knowledge. positive reorganization of society All parts of the self enable people to alter, change, Men who are successfully able to organize add, and modify aspects of themselves in order to society for productive labor are entitled to gain social acceptance in society. (Wikipedia) govern it. The social aim was to produce things SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM useful to life ▪ Humans interact with things based on meanings Call for a "society of science" influenced his ascribed to those things disciple Auguste Comte ▪ the ascribed meaning of things comes from our Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy states interactions with others and society that metaphysics and theology should be ▪ the meanings of things are interpreted by a person replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from when dealing with things in specific circumstances mathematics at the base to sociology at the top Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that Historic founder of French Socialism examines the fundamental nature of reality, Origin of many ideas elaborated into Comtism including the relationship between mind and His idea of the reconstruction of society were matter, between substance and attribute, and conditioned by the French Revolution and by between potentiality and actuality. feudal and military system He insisted on the necessity of new and positive Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) reorganization of society He was an English philosopher, biologist, Industrial chiefs should control society anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his In medieval church, spiritual direction of society theory of social Darwinism whereby superior should fall to the men of science physical of force social shapes history. Spencer originated the expression “survival of the Industrial state directed by modern science, in fittest”. which universal association should suppress war He believed that the process of natural selection acting on variations in the Men who are successfully able to organize population would result in the survival of the society for productive labor are entitled to best competitors and in continuing govern it improvement in the population. Societies The social aim was to produce things useful to were viewed as organisms that evolve in this life manner. Call for “society of science” – influenced his Spencer was initially best known for disciple Auguste Comte developing and applying evolutionary theory Positivism is a philosophical theory that states to philosophy, psychology, and the study of that "genuine" knowledge (knowledge of society - what he called his "synthetic anything which is not true by definition) is philosophy". exclusively derived from experience of natural Evolution, theory in biology postulates that phenomena and their properties and the various types of plants, animals, and other relations. living things on Earth have their origin in other Positivists consider that knowledge can only preexisting types and that the distinguishable be based on what can be objectively observed differences are due to modifications in and experienced (empiricism). They see the successive generations. world as a collection of observable events and Synthetic philosophy is a style of philosophy facts that can be measured, hence the that brings together insights, knowledge, and emphasis on quantitative data in this arguments from the special sciences with the paradigm. aim to offer a coherent account of complex  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer systems and connecting these to a wider Instead of leading to conflict, self- interested culture or other philosophical projects (or competition produced harmony. both). Why? Because if in the economic realm buyers SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY and sellers are left alone, they will in the long ▪ Encompasses realms of physical, psychological, run produce and consume what they need and biological, sociological, and ethical want. ▪ Social statistics is the use of statistical Men and women, after all, are the best judges measurement systems to study human behavior in of their desires. In a leap of faith, proponents a social environment. of laissez- faire also argued that the ▪ This can be accomplished through polling a group community good is simply the sum of of people, evaluating a subset of data obtained individual preferences. about a group of people, or by observation and Therefore, whether enlightened or not, the statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to impulse to maximize one's pleasures and people and their behaviors. profits adds to society's total welfare. Social Statistics or the Condition MORAL PHILOSOPHY Human happiness can be achieved only when Essential to Human Happiness (Book – individuals can satisfy their needs and desires 1851) without infringing on the right of others to do Spencer's first major work of political the same. philosophy in which he attempts to lay the In obtaining full satisfaction, one must derive basis for a limited state on a rigorous pleasure from seeing pleasure in others. development of a doctrine of natural rights. ▪ Social Statistics He begins with a defense of his "first principle" o Human happiness can be achieved only when that every man may claim the fullest liberty to individuals can satisfy their needs and desires exercise his faculties compatible with the without infringing on the right of others to do possession of like liberty by every other man. the same From that, he argues, follows all other rights o In obtaining full satisfaction, one must derive of man. pleasure from seeing pleasure in others Findings ▪ Principles of Ethics – basic law of ethics and Moral laws and laws of laissez-faire capitalism morality converge o Extension of laws in the natural world, and The union of many men into one community - much of his scientific justification for his moral the law of individuation position While decrying war as destructive, it allows o Moral dictum: Once physical and biological more organized "races" to conquer the "less realms are discovered, humans should obey organized and inferior races," increasing them and cease trying to construct, through thereby, the level and complexity of social political legislation, social forms that violate organization these laws ▪ basic law of ethics and morality laissez-faire (French) ▪ Extension of laws in the natural world An economic theory or plan in which a ▪ Scientific position: The laws of social government does not have many laws or rules organization can no more be violated to control the buying and selling of goods and than can those of the physical universe, services. and to seek to do so will create, in the A moral code as well as a theory of economics long run, more severe problems. and government, laissez-faire taught that all ▪ Humans should be as free from external of society benefits if members are free to regulation as possible. pursue their separate self- interests.  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer o Scientific position: The laws of social ▪ Language – a social product that structures and organization can no more be violated than can shapes our experience of reality those of the physical universe, and to seek to do ▪ To Durkheim, collective representations were so will create, in the long run, more severe symbols that provided some solidarity in a society. problems ▪ Certain aspects of logical thought common to all o Humans should be as free from external humans did exist, but they were products of regulation as possible – “implicitly obey them!” collective life and they were not universal a priori David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) since the content of categories differed from society to society French sociologist, cited as the principal ▪ Collective representations help to order and make architect of modern social sciences sense of the world, but they also express, Established academic discipline with Marx and symbolize, and interpret social relationships. Weber How societies could maintain their integrity and Albert Bandura (1925) coherence in modernity, an era in which a SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY traditional social and religious tie are no longer ▪ Theory that attempts to explain socialization and assumed, and in which new social institutions its effect on the development of the self have come into being ▪ It looks at the individual learning process, the Acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science formation of self, and influence of society in SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE socializing individual ▪ How concepts and categories of logical thought ▪ Formation of one’s identity is a learned response could arise out of social life to social stimuli ▪ Certain aspects of logical thought common to all ▪ An individual’s identity is not the product of the human did exist, but they were products of unconscious, but instead is the result of modeling collective life and that they were not universal a oneself in response to the expectations of others priori since the content of categories differed from ▪ Behaviors and attitudes develop in response to society to society reinforcement and encouragement from people ▪ The sociology of knowledge is the study of the around us relationship between human thought and the In social learning theory, Albert Bandura social context within which it arises, and of the (1977) agrees with the behaviorist learning effects that prevailing ideas have on societies. theories of classical conditioning and operant ▪ He coined the term Collective Representations as conditioning. an important detail of his theory. However, he adds two important ideas: COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS 1. Mediating processes occur ▪ The symbols and images that come to represent between stimuli & responses. the ideas, beliefs, and values elaborated by a 2. Behavior is learned from the collectivity and are not reducible to individual environment through the process constituents of observational learning. ▪ Created through intense social interaction and are LEARNING THROUGH OBSERVATION products of collective activity First, the child is more likely to attend to and ▪ Controlled by society (as a whole) yet imitate those people it perceives as similar to simultaneously by virtue of that individual’s itself. Consequently, it is more likely to imitate participation within the society behavior modeled by people of the same ▪ A language product of collective action, language gender. contains within it a history accumulated Second, the people around the child will knowledge and experience that no individual respond to the behavior it imitates with either would be capable of creating on their own reinforcement or punishment. If a child imitates a model's behavior and the  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer consequences are rewarding, the child is likely ▪ They attribute failure to insufficient effort or to continue performing the behavior. deficient knowledge and skills which are Third, the child will also take into account of acquirable what happens to other people when deciding o Not on their personal deficiencies, on the whether or not to copy someone's actions. A obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of person learns by observing the consequences adverse outcomes of another person's (i.e., models) behavior, ▪ They approach threatening situations with e.g., a younger sister observing an older sister assurance that they can exercise control over them being rewarded for a particular behavior is ▪ The term 'self-efficacy" was first coined by more likely to repeat that behavior herself. psychologist Albert Bandura (1977) a Canadian- This is known as vicarious reinforcement. American psychologist and a professor at Stanford BANDURA'S BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT ON SOCIAL University. LEARNING ▪ He originally proposed the concept, in his own During the 1960s, Albert Bandura conducted a words, as a personal judgment of "how well one series of experiments on observational learning, can execute courses of action required to deal with collectively known as the Bobo doll experiments. Two prospective situations" (1977). of the experiments are described below: FOUR MAIN SOURCES OF SELF-EFFICACY AIM 1. Mastery Experience ○ Bandura (1961) conducted a ▪ Successes build a robust belief in one’s controlled experiment study to personal efficacy investigate if social behaviors (i.e., ▪ A resilient sense of efficacy requires aggression) can be acquired by experience in overcoming obstacles through observation and imitation. perseverant effort METHOD 2. Vicarious Experience ○ A lab experiment was used, in which ▪ Provided by social models the independent variable (the type of ▪ Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by model) was manipulated in three sustained effort raises observers’ beliefs that conditions: they too, possess the capabilities to master Aggressive model is shown to comparable activities required to succeed 24 children ▪ People seek proficient models who possess Non-aggressive model is shown the competencies to which they aspire to 24 children 3. Social Persuasion No model is shown (control ▪ People who are persuaded verbally that they condition) - 24 children possess the capabilities to master given SELF-EFFICACY activities are likely to mobilize greater effort ▪ People’s belief about their capabilities to produce and sustain it than if they harbor self-doubts designated levels of performance that exercise and dwell on personal deficiencies when influence over events that affect their lives problem arises ▪ This belief determines how people feel, think, ▪ People who have persuaded that they lack motivate themselves, and behave capabilities tend to avoid challenging ▪ People with high assurance in their capabilities activities that cultivate potentials and give approach difficult tasks as challenges to be up in the face of difficulty mastered rather than as threats to be avoided 4. Psychological Responses ▪ They set themselves challenging goals and ▪ People rely partly on their somatic and maintain strong commitment to them despite emotional states in judging their capabilities series of failures ▪ They interpret their stress reactions and tensions as signs of vulnerability to poor performance  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer Karl Marx (1818 – 1881) A lawyer in upstate New York, Morgan THEORY OF SELF-ESTRANGEMENT OR SELF- became interested in the local Iroquois ALIENATION Indians and defended their reservation in a ▪ “the alienation of man’s essence, man’s loss of land grant case. objectivity and his loss of realness as self- In gratitude, the Iroquois adopted Morgan, discovery, manifestation of his nature, who regarded them as "noble savages." In his objectification and realization” best-known work, Ancient Society, Morgan ▪ When a person feels alienated from others and divided the evolution of human culture into society as a whole the same three basic stages Tylor had ▪ A person may feel alienated by his work by not suggested (savagery, barbarism, and feeling like he has meaning to his work, therefore civilization). losing their sense of self at the workplace But he also subdivided savagery and ▪ Karl Marx's theory of alienation describes the barbarism into upper, middle, and lower social alienation of people from aspects of their segments (Morgan 1877: 5- 6), providing human nature is a consequence of living in a contemporary examples of each of these society of stratified social classes. three stages. ▪ The alienation from the self is a consequence of Morgan began his anthropological career by being a mechanistic part of a social class, the studying the Iroquois (ee-ruh-kwaa), writing condition of which estranges a person from their one of the earliest modern ethnographies. humanity. He was a strong advocate for the tribe, into ▪ The structure and basis of a social class may be which he was formally adopted. defined in objective terms, as groups with a Initially, he argued for the essential unity of common position with respect to property or the mankind, but after several years of cross- means of production. cultural research, he changed his views and Max Weber (1864 – 1920) created a new theory of social evolution. Each stage was distinguished by a German sociologist and political economist technological development and had a Capitalism developed out of a Protestant ethic, correlate in patterns of subsistence, marriage, a religious calling family, and political organization. “iron cage” – as the religion became peripheral, In Ancient Society, Morgan commented, "As it capitalism decoupled from its roots and is undeniable that portions of the human established itself as the dominant force in family have existed in a state of savagery, society other portions in a state of barbarism, and still EXERCISE SELF-HELP IMAGINATION others in a state of civilization, it seems ▪ “Personality” makes little sense in its modern equally so that these three distinct conditions usage are connected in a natural as well as necessary ▪ “an inner devotion to the subject and only to the sequence of progress". subject” Morgan distinguished these stages of ▪ which raises one “to the height and dignity of the development in terms of technological subject” achievement, and thus each had its identifying ▪ You gain personality within a field only by stepping benchmarks. out of your own self Middle savagery was marked by the ▪ Teach the subject, not your interpretation of the acquisition of a fish diet and the discovery of subject fire; upper savagery by the bow and arrow; ▪ Make your students interested in the subject itself, lower barbarism by pottery; middle barbarism rather than in the person teaching it by animal domestication and irrigated Lewis Morgan  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer agriculture; upper barbarism by the the big question that has informed its research ever manufacture of iron; since: ‘What does it mean to be human? and civilization by the phonetic alphabet. For Anthropology does express a unique view on Morgan, the cultural features distinguishing the issue of selfhood: the anthropological approach these various stages arose from a "few both starts and finishes with the group. The self needs primary germs of thought"- germs that had to be seen as a socially defined phenomenon, created emerged while humans were still savages and by both the impression of the group upon the that later developed into the "principle individual and the expression of the individual upon institutions of mankind." the group. Humans have a unique relationship with In Ancient Society, Morgan subdivided other members of their species, both human cultures into three broad categories communicatively and socially. Our capacity for group Savagery (hunters/gathering wild plants) living and group institutions exceeds that of every Barbarism (village farmers and herders) other animal on the planet. Anthropology therefore Civilization (cities and states) has an important voice in the discussion of selfhood. The Leasguge of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Anthropology is the systematic study of Iroquois (1851) humanity, with the goal of understanding our This presented the complexity of Iroquois evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, society in a path-breaking ethnography that and the great diversity in our forms of social existence was a model for future anthropologists across the world and through time. He wanted to provide evidence for Humans have a unique relationship with other monogenesis, the theory that all human beings members of their species, both communicatively and descended from a common source socially. The structure of the family and social Our capacity for group living and group institutions develops and change according to a institutions exceeds that of every other animal on the specific sequence planet. THEORY OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION Anthropology therefore has an important ▪ Kinship relations as a basic part of society voice in the discussion of selfhood. ▪ Critical link between social progress and Marcel Mauss technological progress Remaining the same person and turning ▪ Interplay between the evolution of technology, of chameleon by adapting to one’s context seems family relations, of property relations, of the larger paradoxical. However, French anthropologist Marcel social structure, and systems of governance, and Mauss has an explanation for this phenomenon. intellectual development. According to Mauss, every self has two faces: Lesson 3: Anthropology personne and moi. Moi refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness. Moi is a person’s basic identity. Introduction Personne, on the other hand, is composed of the Anthropology is a relative newcomer to the social concepts of what it means to be who he is. debate on selfhood. It emerged as a subject from the Personne has much to do with what it means to live imperial ambitions of European states during the in a particular institution, a particular family, a eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and was initially particular religion, a particular nationality, and how to an effort to identify the weaknesses and failings of behave given expectations and influences from other cultures so that they could be exploited and others. subjugated. It was only in the late-nineteenth and He studied non-Western societies all over the early-twentieth centuries that anthropology threw off world and proposed the “Total Social Phenomenon”, its intimate links with the national and religious which tackles that every sector in a community or organisations it had been serving, and began to ask  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer society should cooperate to have a well-balanced In 1901, Mauss began drawing more on living. ethnography (the study of people in their Language environment) and his work began to develop Has something to do with culture. It is a salient characteristics now associated with formal part of culture and ultimately, has a tremendous anthropology. effect in our crafting of the self. This might also be one Marcel Mauss's studies under his uncle of the reasons why cultural divide spells out Durkheim led to their doing work together on differences in how one regards oneself. If a self is born the book Primitive Classification. into a particular society or culture, the self will have In this work, Mauss and Durkheim attempted to adjust according to its exposure. to create a French version of the sociology of Language and culture are intertwined. A knowledge, illustrating the various paths particular language usually points out to a specific (categories) of human thought taken by group of people. when you interact with another different cultures. language, it means that you are also interacting with They particularly show how space and time the culture that speaks the language. you cannot are connected back to societal patterns. In understand one’s culture without accessing its other words, society is the source of these language directly. When you learn a new language, it categorized human thoughts. To achieve not only involves learning its alphabet, the word depth, they focused their study on tribal arrangement and the rules of grammar, but also societies. learning about the specific society’s customs and Durkheim and Mauss concerned themselves behavior. when learning or teaching a language, it is with symbolic classifications of a moral or important that the culture where the language religious nature. They wanted to understand belongs be referenced, because language is very how religious practices differ across cultures. much ingrained in the culture. Some examples of anthropological concepts in Clifford Geertz religion include rituals, religious social hierarchies, myths, prayers, and sacred texts. An American cultural anthropologist who In addition, Mauss and Durkheim believed defined culture as “a system of inherited conceptions that the human mind lacks the innate capacity expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men to construct complex classification systems. communicate, perpetuate, and develop their They therefore ask what could have served as the knowledge about and attitudes towards life. model for such arrangements of ideas.... Basic premises of his work, "The Impact of the They answer that the model is society itself. Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man," The The first logical categories were social Interpretation of Cultures. (1966), include the categories. following: ▪ Look for what makes people/cultures different, The first classes of things were classes of men. not the same; it is more effective to analyze It is not just the external form of classes but human nature by noting the differences also the relations uniting them to each other, between cultures that arise over time and space are of social origin than to try to form vague notions of universals The totality of things is conceived as a single ▪ Culture reveals the link between what man is system. capable of and how he actually behaves, which Marcel Mauss explained the morphing in turn helps define human nature. phenomenon. Every person has two faces: ▪ Culture is the "accumulated totality" of personne and moi. symbolic patterns that appear in different ○ MOI refers to a person's sense of who societies. he is, his - body, & his basic identity. Marcel Mauss and Emile Durkheim  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer ○ PERSONNE comprises the social of a wax or clay image of a person the concepts of what it means to be who magician wishes to influence. he is. James George Frazer MARCEL MAUSS ON MAGIC, SACRIFICE, AND GIFT James George Frazer (social anthropologist EXCHANGE and folklorist) described two principles of Today, Marcel Mauss is perhaps better sympathetic magic: homeopathy and recognized for his influence on the discipline contagion. of Sociology, particularly for his analyses of ○ Homeopathy is founded on the notion topics such as magic, sacrifice, and gift that "like produces like". exchange in different cultures around the ○ Contagion holds that there is a lasting world. connection between things that were Magic is best understood as beliefs and once in contact. behavior involving at least some of six basic Sympathetic magic is based on the principle principles: that "like produces like." ○ power, natural forces, symbols, cosmic For instance, whatever happens to an image interconnections, and Frazer's two of someone will also happen to them. This is principles of sympathetic magic the basis for the use of Voodoo dolls in the folk (similarity and contact). tradition of Haiti. Mauss approached magic as a social If someone sticks a pin into the stomach of the phenomenon and held that there are, in every doll, the person to whom it is a likeness will be age and every kind of society, collective ideas expected to experience simultaneous pain in that endow specialized agents and their his or her stomach. Sympathetic magic is also symbolic actions with a special kind of power referred to as imitative magic. and efficacy to transform, whether for good or Contagious magic is based on the principle evil. that things or persons once in contact can The key proposition is that the powers of afterward influence each other. magicians and the social efficacy of their In other words, it is believed that there is a symbolic acts are derived from collective permanent relationship between an individual beliefs. and any part of his or her body. What Mauss was suggesting, although not As a consequence, believers must take special systematically developing, is that magic is precautions with their hair, fingernails, teeth, socially constructed and as such is real in its clothes, and feces. If anyone obtained these effects. objects, magic could be performed on them Mauss's theoretical orientation signified a which would cause the person they came from clear break with how magic was to be affected. predominantly understood at the time, For instance, someone could use your namely as a 'primitive' belief in the fingernail clippings in a magical ritual that supernatural, and often coined as would cause you to love them or to fall ill and superstition, illusion, and trickery (Davies, die. 2012). In magic, we have officers, actions, and SYMPATHETIC MAGIC representations: we call a person who Sympathetic magic is a form of magic based on accomplishes magical actions a magician, the idea that someone can be magically even if he is not professional. affected by an object or action that represents Magical representations are those ideas and or is connected with them. beliefs that correspond to magical actions. One of the key elements of voodoo and As for these actions, they are called magical sympathetic magic involves the manufacture rites.  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer SACRIFICE Over time the primary motive for offering Sir James George Frazer, a British sacrificial gifts developed into anthropologist and folklorist, author of The homage(tribute), in which the sacrificer no Golden Bough, saw sacrifice as originating longer expressed any hope for a return, and from magical practices in which the ritual from homage into abnegation (surrender) and slaying of a god was performed as a means of renunciation (surrender), in which the rejuvenating the god. sacrificer more fully offer himself. The king or chief of a tribe was held to be Even though Tylor's gift theory entered into sacred because he possessed MANA (sacred later interpretations of sacrifice, it left power) which assured the tribe's well- being. unexplained phenomena such as sacrificial When he became old and weak, his mana offerings wholly or partly eaten by weakened, and the tribe was in danger of worshippers. decline. The king was thus slain and replaced Another study by Mauss helped to broaden with a vigorous successor. the notion of sacrifice as a gift. It was an old In this way, the god was slain to save him from idea that man makes a gift to a god but decay and to facilitate his rejuvenation. The expects a gift in return. old god appeared to carry away with him The Latin formula do ut des (do oot das) ("I various weaknesses and fulfilled the role of an give that you may give") was formulated in expiatory (offered as a way of showing that Classical times. you are sorry for bad behavior) victim and In the Vedic religion, the oldest stratum of scapegoat (taking the blame for others). religion known to have existed in India, one of William Robertson Smith, a Scottish Semitic the Brahmanas (commentaries on the Vedas, scholar, and encyclopaedist stated in his or sacred hymns, that were used in ritual theory that the original motive of sacrifice was sacrifices) expressed the same principle: an effort toward communion among the "Here is the butter; where are your gifts?" members of a group, on the one hand, and But, according to Mauss, in giving it is not between them and their god, on the other. merely an object that is passed on but a part Communion was brought about through a of the giver, so that a firm bond is forged. sacrificial meal. Smith began with totemism, The owner's mana is conveyed to the object, according to which an animal or plant is and, when the object is given away, the new intimately associated in a "blood relationship" owner shares in this mana and is in the power with a social group or clan as its sacred ally. of the giver. In general, the totem animal is taboo for the The gift thus creates a bond. Even more, members of its clan, but on certain sacred however, it makes power flow both ways. occasions, the animal is eaten in a sacramental In his classic work The Gift, Mauss argued that meal that ensures the unity of the clan and gifts are never truly free, rather, human totem. Thus, the well-being of the clan. history is full of examples of gifts bringing ○ Totemism - a system of belief in which about reciprocal exchange. humans are said to have kinship or a The famous question that drove his inquiry mystical relationship with a spirit into the anthropology of the gift was: "What being, such as an animal or plant. power resides in the object given that causes In 1871, Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, a British its recipient to pay it back?". anthropologist, proposed his theory that The answer is simple: the gift is a "total sacrifice was originally a gift to the gods to prestation" (a payment in money or services), secure their favor or to minimize their imbued with "spiritual mechanisms", hostility. engaging the honor of both giver and receiver.  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer Such transactions transcend the divisions the philosophy of mind, and the between the spiritual and the material in a philosophy of language. way that, according to Mauss, is almost "The Impact of the Concept of Culture "magical". The giver does not merely give an on the Concept of Man," The object but also part of himself, for the object is indissolubly tied to the giver. Interpretation of Cultures. (1966), Because of this bond between the giver and include the following: the gift, the act of giving creates a social bond Look for what makes people/cultures with an obligation to reciprocate on the part different, not the same; it is more effective to of the recipient. Not to reciprocate means to analyze human nature by noting the lose honor and status, but the spiritual differences between cultures that arise over implications can be even worse. time and space than to try to form vague At the University of Chicago, Geertz became a notions of universals champion of symbolic anthropology, a Culture reveals the link between what man is framework that gives prime attention to the capable of and how he behaves, which in turn role of symbols in constructing public helps define human nature. meaning. Culture is the "accumulated totality" of Symbolic anthropology or, more broadly, symbolic patterns that appear in different symbolic and interpretive anthropology, is the societies. study of cultural symbols and how those symbols can be used to gain a better Lesson 4: Psychology understanding of a particular society. Geertz asserted that society is basically Introduction semiotic in nature. The next perspective to be tackled is the ○ Semiotics is the study of the use of Psychological View of the Self. The following ideas symbolic communication. and principles are derived from the theories of Geertz argues that to interpret a culture's web different psychologists who theorized about the of symbols, scholars must first isolate its concept of Self. Let us see how you will be able elements, specifying the internal relationships interpret your own experiences through Psychology. among those elements and characterize the Psychology delves in the Physiological having whole system in some general way according to with an organism’s physical processes and the to the core symbols. Cognitive having to do with an organism’s thinking. It was his view that culture is public, because Learning psychology can help you gain better "meaning is," and systems of meanings are understanding of your own behavior and give useful what produce culture because they are the insight thereof said behaviors. collective property of a particular people. It is derived from two Greek words, psyche We cannot discover the culture's import or meaning soul/mind; and logos meaning study”. understand its systems of meaning, when, as Literally, psychology means the study of souls but Wittgenstein noted, "we cannot find our feet now it is study of mind. Psychology primarily studies with them." WHO and WHAT we are, WHY we act and think in a Geertz wants society to appreciate that social particular manner and what is our potential as an actions are larger than themselves. individual. Study of psychology is concerned with ○ Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (wit- specific study of behavior and mental process. guhn stine) was an Austrian Psychology focus on the individual, cognitive philosopher who worked primarily in functions and other possible factors that affect the logic, the philosophy of mathematics, individual. ▪ Who am I?  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer o A lot of people say, “I am who I am”, yet physical characteristics as well psychological this statement still begs the question “if capabilities that makes who you are. you are who you are, then who are you James’s further assumptions on the self: that makes who you are?” “I” (THE SELF IN ACTION) ▪ “SELF” is the “sense of personal identity and of ▪ Self in process, in the moment who we are as individuals (Jhangiani and Tarry ▪ The impulsive, spontaneous, and indeterminate 2014).” part of the self ▪ Identity - concept of an individual about himself ▪ Non-reflective and often referred to as “self-identity” ▪ Part of the self that produces individuality ▪ “Self-identity” - is the belief of what the “ME” (THE SELF AS AN OBJECT IN THE WORLD) individuals thinks and feels about him. And can ▪ The structured and determinate part of the self also be influenced by how others perceive an ▪ A product of interaction and conscious reflection individual ▪ We know the “I” only through the “me” ▪ Self-development is a continuous process ATTITUDINAL CHANGE throughout the lifespan; one’s sense of self may ▪ Quoting William James himself “The greatest change, at least somewhat, throughout one’s discovery of my generation is that human beings life. can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of the ▪ Self-representation has important implications mind”. He meant that with just the simple change for socio-emotional functioning throughout the of attitude anyone even you can change your life lifespan. for better or for worse. Define by American Psychological Association ▪ It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task Dictionary: which, more than anything else, will affect its 1. the study of the mind and behavior. successful outcome. 2. the supposed collection of behaviors, James-Lange Theory of Emotion traits, attitudes, and so forth that Emotions are often assumed to be judgments characterize an individual or a group about a situation that cause feelings and Willian James (1890) physiological changes. William James was one of the earliest In 1884, psychologist and philosopher psychologists to study the self and conceptualized the WILLIAM JAMES proposed that physiological self as having 2 aspects – the “I” and the “me”. Both changes actually precede emotions, which are “me” and “I” are 1st person singular pronouns, which equivalent to our subjective experience of means that they are used by one person to refer to physiological changes and are experienced as himself or herself. Difference is:... While “me” is the feelings. object pronoun, which means that it is used as the Danish Physiologist Carl Lange developed object of the verb. similar ideas independently in 1885. The "Me" is the social self and the "I" is the The specific pathway involved in the response to the "Me." In other words, the "I" is the experience of emotion was also described by response of an individual to the attitudes of others, James. He stated that an object has an effect while the "me" is the organized set of attitudes of on a sense organ, which relays the information others which an individual assumes. Mead develops it is receiving to the cortex. The brain then William James' distinction between the "I" and the sends this information to the muscles and "me.” viscera, which causes them to respond. E.g. “Don’t wait for ME, I will be gone for long Finally, impulses from the muscles and viscera time. are sent back to the cortex, transforming the Furthermore, according to James, the “I” is the object from an "object-simply apprehended" thinking, acting, feeling self. While the “me” is the to an "object-emotionally felt.  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer James argues that the sequence of events in Example: experiencing emotion is: a. When someone states your first name even if ○ Emotion stimulus they are not talking about you, your attention ○ Physiological Response Pattern is drawn to them. ○ Affective Experience b. If you have provincial language and you hear According to James, when an individual is someone using it, it catches your attention. aware of their body's physiological arousal c. If you consider yourself a book-lover, a and emotional behavior their emotions are bookstore may always entice you out of all shown. other stores in a mall. William James and physician Carl Lange both UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD agreed that if physiological sensations could ▪ Unconditional positive regard, sometimes referred be removed, there would be no emotional to as “UPR”, is a term attributed to Carl Rogers, the experience. In other words, physiological creator of person-centered counseling and one of arousal causes emotion. the founders of humanistic therapy. UPR refers to Although James did talk about the physiology accepting and supporting another exactly as they associated with an emotion, Lange was more are, without evaluating or judging them. focused on conscious emotion and the IDENTITY AND SELF-CONCEPT OVERVIEW conscious experience of emotion. For ▪ Identity is composed of personal characteristics, example, a person who is crying reasons that social roles and responsibilities, as well as he must be sad. affiliations that define who one is. According to this theory, people feel sad ▪ Self-concept - how someone thinks about or because they cry, and likewise they feel happy perceives themselves. “the individual’s belief because they smile. about himself or herself, including the person’s attributes and who and what the self is." Carl Rogers Identity - concept of an individual about himself and “When I look at the world I'm pessimistic, but when I often referred to as “self-identity” or the self belief of look at people I am optimistic.” - Carl Rogers what the individuals thinks and feels about himself. Carl Rogers’s theory of personality also used And can also be influenced by how others perceive an the same terms like William James. According to his individual theory, the “I” as the one who acts and decides while Roles - are also part of his identity. (E.g. birth order in the “me” is what you think or feel about yourself as the family, nature of work, occupation or title, an object. academic and social standing) The I Self reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world (e.g., SELF, IDENTITY, and SELF-CONCEPT are NOT FIXED in recognizing that one is walking, eating, writing), in one-time frame. For example, when you are asked other words, the one who acts and decides. about who you are, you can say, Meanwhile, the Me Self is a more subjective o “I was a varsity player in 5th grade” which and psychological phenomenon, referring to pertains to the past, individuals’ reflections about themselves (e.g. o “a college student” which may be the present, characterizing oneself as athletic, smart, and cooperative). Therefore, it is what you think or feel o “a future politician” which is the future. about yourself. They are not also fixed for life nor are they SELF-SCHEMA ever-changing at every moment. Think of a malleable ▪ Is our organized system or collection of knowledge metal, strong and hard but can be bent and molded in about who we are. It may also include our other shapes. interests, work, course, age, name, and physical Think about water. It can take any shape of the characteristics. As you grow and adapt to the container, but at its core, it is still the same element. changes around you, self-schema also changes. EXPERIENCES OF THE SELF  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer The Self-concept includes two different experiences needs, which was developed by psychologist of the self: Abraham Maslow. Once you are self-actualized, ▪ The existential self - The concept that you are you've met your full potential as an individual. unique/different from others (Persian poet RUMI Self-Esteem and Self-Worth refers to the pondered, “Who am I in the midst of all this extent to which we like, accept, or approve of thought traffic?”), Subjective (I). ourselves; or how much we value ourselves. Self- ▪ The Categorical self - concept (and the concept of esteem always involves a degree of evaluation, and others) tends to focus on his or her own visible we may have either a positive or a negative view of characteristics, Objective (ME). ourselves SELF-CONCEPT SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY The real self is WHO WE ACTUALLY ARE. It is HOW One of the ways in which our social relationship WE THINK, HOW WE FEEL, LOOK, AND ACT. The real affects our self-esteem is through social comparison. self can be seen by others, but because we have no According to the Social Comparison Theory, we learn way of truly knowing how others view us, the real about ourselves, the appropriateness of our self is our self-image. behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing Self-Concept/Self-Schema Composed of 3 Things: aspects of ourselves with other people. There are 1. Self-Image (Real Self) – who you are at the types of social comparison: moment (e.g. – as a student you are interested in 1. Downward Social Comparison - is the more basketball but academically challenge in most of common type of comparing ourselves with your subjects), Self image includes: Physical others. We create a positive self-concept by description, Social Roles, Personal traits, comparing ourselves with those who are worse existential statements off than us. By having the advantage, we can raise 2. Ideal Self – who you like to be (e.g.- to practice our self-esteem. more and play with the varsity team) is how we 2. Upward Social Comparison - comparing want to be. It is an idealized image that we have ourselves with those who are better off than us. developed over time, based on what we have While it can be a form of motivation for some, a learned and experienced. Could include lot of those who do this actually felt lower self- components of what our parents have taught us, esteem as they highlight more of their weakness what we admire in others, what our society or inequities. promotes, and what we think is in our best SOCIAL COMPARISON also entails what is called Self- interest. Evaluation Maintenance Theory. In this theory, we 3. Ought Self (Self-Esteem/Self-worth) – who you can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, think you should be (e.g. – to pass your subjects as especially when that person is close to us (i.e, a family a responsible student) Our group identity and self- or a friend). In this case, we usually react in 3 ways: awareness also has a great impact on our SELF- o We distance ourselves from that person or ESTEEM, one of the common concepts associated redefine our relationship with them. Some will with the “self. It is defined as our own positive and resort to the silent treatment, change of negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. friends, while some may also redefine by being A person’s ideal self may not be consistent closer to that person, hoping that some with their actual experience (real self), or what is even association may give him some kind of possible. This is called incongruence. One has to find acknowledgment also. solution to such discrepancies to avoid agitation, o Reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill dejection, or other negative emotions. In some in which you were outperformed. If you got instances, however, all 3 may be in line with one beaten in a drawing competition, you might another. think drawing is not really for you and you will Self-actualization refers to the need for find a hobby where you could excel, thus, personal growth and development throughout one's preserving self-esteem. life. It is the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of  Understanding the Self GEED 001 | Lesson 1 - 5 | Midterms Reviewer o Strengthen or resolve to improve that certain Sigmund Freud, the influential German aspect of ourselves. Instead of quitting drawing, psychologist of the early 20th century, provided not you might join seminars, practice more often, only a revolutionary way of understanding human read books about it, and add some elements in personality but also how society affects our your drawings that makes it unique, among psychology. Freud's theory of human personality others. Achieving your goal through hardwork revealed another facet of society. Based on Freud's may increase your self-esteem, too. formulation, the individual human mind—the source Carver and Scheier (1981) of our subjectivity—is created by social and cultural Carver and Scheier have identified 2 types of forces that operate beneath the level of the self that we can be aware of: unconscious self. It is like saying that even in our 1. The Private self – your internal standards and minds, there are facets of ourselves. private thoughts and feelings In Freudian perspective, “socialization”, the 2. The Public self – public image commonly geared lifelong process of learning the ways and behaviors toward having a good presentation of yourself to appropriate to particular society, is not only an others. external or structural process but also an internal, One must find solution to such discrepancies mental process. There, in the inner psyche the to avoid agitation, dejection, or other negative individual—the unconscious and conscious self— emotions. In some instances, however, all 3 may be in societal presence is constantly being engaged with by line with one another. the person. This is what makes up the totality of the SELF-COSCIOUSNESS person; and society is very much part of it. Self-consciousness is when self – awareness Freud further concluded that mental disorder can be too much that we are concerned about being might be caused purely by psychological factor rather observed and criticized by others. At other times, than organic factors. He also proposed that dreams especially with large crowds, we may experience are the disguised expressions of unconscious wishes deindividuation or the “loss of individual self- and emphasized libidinal (sex) urges of a person. awareness and individual accountability in groups” FREUD’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE when we attuned ourselves with the emotions of our Freud’s view of human nature is that human group and because the large crowd also provides beings are