UTS Reviewer: Political Self & History of Philippines PDF

**POLITICAL SELF** is how we understand ourselves in relation to the political world, shaped by our values, beliefs, identities, and engagement in the political system. **BACKGROUND HISTORY OF PHILIPPINES** the oldest schools in the world are the **UST** and the **University of San Carlos in Cebu...

**POLITICAL SELF** is how we understand ourselves in relation to the political world, shaped by our values, beliefs, identities, and engagement in the political system. **BACKGROUND HISTORY OF PHILIPPINES** the oldest schools in the world are the **UST** and the **University of San Carlos in Cebu.** The country was the : \- first in Southeast Asia to **gain independence** and \- is notable forhoisting its flag **upside down during war.** **- Philippine eagle** is the **largest eagle** \- The reticulated **python is the world's largest snake.** \- Nearly **90%** of the **giant clam species** are found here. Filipinos have made significant global contributions: **DR. JOSE RIZAL** who inspired **patriotism through his writings**. **DR. ABELARDO AGUILAR** who discovered **erythromycin** **CARLOS P. ROMULO** the **1^st^** **Asian UN President.** \- With over **7,100 islands,** **-** the Philippines features **Camiguin,** which has m**ore volcanoes than towns,** and \- a **diverse culture** with over **170 languages and** **- 200 ethnics group** **- Celebrating the longest Christmas season** \- The country is known for its **HOSPITALITY a**nd; **- \"TEXT CAPITAL OF THE WORLD\"** **1. Developing a Filipino Identity:** **Values, Traits, Community, and Institutional Factors** Filipinos were **free i**n **PRECOLONIAL TIMES** **BALANGAY** **-** a term derived from a wooden boat used by a community of families for their living. **SANDUGUAN** **-** a **kinship** pact between **Miguel Lopez de Legazpi** and **Sikatuna,** symbolized mutual **loyalty.** **KATAPATAN** **-** The blood compact was primarily grounded to Filipino value ( true to one's promise). **EDUCATED INDIOS** **-** (Filipino natives) eventually demonstrated **katapangan** (courage) against oppression. **Dr. Jose Rizal's** literary works enlightened Filipinos about their struggles and burned in them the spirit of **pagka-makabayan** (patriotism), \- with his satirical novels- **Noli Mi Tangere** and **El Filibusterismo** **-** His last poem **Mi Ultimo Adios** The **latter** justified the need for a **bloody revolution** by the fact that there was **betrayal of the pact between brothers**. This **philosophy** honors more than just the **social contract** existing between the **colony and the colonizers**. It seeks to **uphold and advocate** the pact between **brothers** to sustain **kalayaan** (liberty) and **pakikipagkapwa-tao** (being faithful to the goodness of the other). - - 2. **Establishing a Democratic Culture in the Philippines** - - - \- In **1986,** the peaceful EDSA Revolution led to the **fall of Marcos.** This moment was crucial in restoring democracy and paved the way for the **1987 Constitution.** **THE 1987 CONSTITUTION** This Constitution **protects the rights of workers, farmers, and citizens,** emphasizing their participation in government. It aims to ensure freedom and equality for all. **DEMOCRACY** includes **empowering people, ensuring justice, and holding officials accountable.** These elements help create **strong democratic culture.** **DIGITAL SELF** - It is the **persona** you **use when you are online** - A **mask that we put** on to **engage the technological world** **ONLINE IDENTITY** \- refers to how **people present themselves online.** We are living in a **DIGITAL AGE** **ONLINE IDENTITY & SELF IN CYBERSPACE** - - **SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM** -require users to create virtual representations of themselves. **SELF REPRESNTATION** \- is shown through the information and materials shared on profiles like Facebook and Twitter. **IDENTITY** **-** is also expressed through interactions, such as instant messaging and email. **ONLINE INTERACTION** have fewer identity cues compared to face-to-face interactions. **Every piece of digital information**, \- like typing speed, nickname, and email address, can be used to infer details about a person. **Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Management** - **IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF** - **POSITIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA and ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF** - - - **NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA and ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF** - \- poor social skills \- ADHD \- narcissistic tendencies \- addictive behaviors \- depression \- anxiety and \- loneliness. - - **EXTENDED SELF IN A DIGITAL WORLD - Russel W. Belk** A glimpse on the ideas of **Russell W. Belk** on his \"**Extended Self in a Digital World\"** could give more light on the topic. Belk presents **5 changes emerging from our current digital age:** **1. DEMATERIALIZATION** \- Things are disappearing right before our eyes **2.REEMBODIMENT** -This is characterized as the \"breakout of the visual\" online, leading to new "constructions\" and definitions of the self in the virtual world where online games, blogs, web pages, photo and video-sharing sites, internet dating sites are possible **3. SHARING** -In Facebook, social media friends know more than the immediate families about our daily activities, connections, and thoughts. **Diaries** that were once private or shared only with close friends are now posted as blogs for everyone to read **4. CO- CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF** Our digital involvement is **social in nature.** Our blogs invite comments, social interaction which help in constructing our individual and joint extended sense of self as the new version of **COOLEY'S \"LOOKING GLASS SELF THEORY\"** known as the **collaborative self.** **5. DISTRIBUTED MEMORY** In a digital world, there is a new set of devices and technologies for **recording and archiving our memories**. The dilemma is seen in the **narrative of the self.** **DEMOCRACY DEFINITION** - \- Just shortly after we have gained independence fro the united states, filipino started to take shape; the japanese- sponsored philippine republic. - -this place the entire nation under the **authoritarian rule of president ferdinand marcos** \- After **13 YEARS** under martial law \- the people became fed up with so much corruption, injustice and violence that eventually led to a **EDSA revulotion** **Democracy** is a **Greek** work: **Demos**- the people **Ratos**- rule "the rule of the people" **BOUNDARIES OF THE ONLINE SELF** \- **Personal boundarie**s are the **set of guidelines , rules, or limits** that a persons creates to identify reasonable, safe and permissible ways for people towards them to behave. **PRIVATE VS PUBLIC** \- nobody can judge the statements and the images because of the **cloak of invisibility** **PERSONAL VS SOCIAL IDENTITY ONLINE** \- social identity usually **base on group of affiliation**. In the modern, identity era- identity is describe as fix - stable and unitary. **GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE:** \- Gender intensification hypothesis states that **psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls** **MANAGING AND CARING THE SELF** A. **LEARNING TO BE A BETTER PERSON** 1. \- enables **students to be more active in their learning**, - \- is the process of **\"thinking about thinking.** \- involves thinking and reflecting before, during, and after a learning task. \- starts when thinking and reflecting strategies they will uses and decide to task. **Cognitive Strategies:** - \- Reciting items to be learned from a list - -Summarizing and paraphrasing - \- Outlining - \- Problem-solving, critical thinking 1. 1. 2. \- if they perceive that they are not doing as well as you could. **Metacognitive** activities usually occur before or after a cognitive activity. 2. Strategies and learning techniques based on a meta study evaluated by Dunlosky et al. (2013). 1. Practice testing refers to any form of testing for learning which a student is able to do on his or her own. 2. Elaborative interrogation is a complex name for a simple concept asking one\'s self why something is the way it is or a particular concept or fact is true, and providing the answer. 3. This is likely to involve the reading and comprehension of text as well as the ability to identify the most important information within it and to encapsulate it briefly in one\'s own words. 4. This also **includes rereading.** Highlighting tended to work better for students who were more adept at identifying the crucial-to-be-remembered aspects of a text. **B. SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS** **1. THE IMPORTANCE OF GOAL** Ryan (1970) as cited by Locke & Latham (2002), premised that conscious goals affect action, thus, a goal is the object or aim of an action. 2\. **ALBERT ABANDURA SELF EFFICACY** \- \"people\'s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect lives.\" Four (4) **Main Sources of Efficacy Beliefs** (Bandura, 1997) 1. \- It is also known as **personal performance accomplishments**; are the most effective way to create a strong sense of efficacy. 2. \- These are done through observance of social models that also influence one\'s perception of self-efficacy. 3. \- it is a \"way of strengthening people\'s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed.\" 4. \- the state a person is in will influence how he or she judges self-efficacy. **3. CAROL DWEEK'S MINDSET** **Mindsets** are beliefs, beliefs about one\'s self and one\'s most basic qualities. - - Four (4) Simple Steps to Begin Changing Mindset **1. Learn to hear your fixed mindset \"voice.\"** **2. Recognize that you have a choice.** **3. Talk back to it with a growth mindset voice.** **4. Take the growth mindset action.** **4. GOAL SETTING THEORY** Goal-setting is something most people recognize as necessary for their success. **5 PRINCIPLES OF GOAL SETTING** 1..- Clear goals are measurable and unambiguous. 2. **-** One of the most important characteristics of goals is the level of challenge. 3. \- Goals must be understood and agreed upon if they are to be effective. 4. \- This provides opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust goal, difficulty, and gain recognition. 5. \- For goals or assignments that are highly complex, take special care to ensure that the work doesn\'t become too overwhelming. **C. TAKING CARE OF ONE\'S HEALTH** 1. in fulfilling one\'s goals, obstacles get in the way and the surrounding conditions become unfavorable, then stress is very much of an invitation. 2 broad categories of stressors, according to the Center for Studies on Human Stress (2017): - \- are those that put strain on the body (i.e., very cold/hot temperatures, injury, chronic illness, or pain). - \- are events, situations, individuals, comments, or anything we interpret as negative or threatening Scientists are now proposing that **stressors can be further divided** into: - \- those to which everyone exposed would interpret as being stressful. - \- are those to which only some persons exposed would interpret as being stressful. 2. **coping -** is the process of attempting to manage the demands created by stressful events that are appraised as taxing or exceeding a person\'s resources. **OPTIMISM** \- refers to the outcome expectancies that good things rather than bad things will happen to the self **PERSONAL CONTROL** \- or mastery refers to whether a person feels able to control or influence outcomes **SELF- ESTEEM** \- that is positive and high, is also protective against adverse mental and physical health outcomes, thereby contributing to better psychological well-being. **SOCIAL SUPPORT** \- is defined as the perception or experience that one is loved and cared for by others, esteemed and valued, and part of a social network of mutual assistance and obligations 3. Tan\'s (2006) article entitled, **\'Stress and the Filipino\'.** **Stress is mediated through culture:** \- from the very nature of the stressors, to the ways we respond to the stress. we deal with stress by trying to be **\"happy\"** - masaya, which is really more of an externalized merriment. **\"Pagsasaya\"** is social camaraderie, it\'s making cheer and quite often we do it précisely because there have been unhappy events, stressful events. **Filipino women** are actually more prone to dealing with stressful situations through **\'Tiis\'** (endurance) and **\'kimkim** (repression). there\'s the intriguing **bangungot**, those sudden deaths, usually at night, associated with nightmares. The term itself is derived from **bangon, (to rise)**, and **ungol, ( to moan**. ) **namamahay (**missing home), to describe a range of symptoms, from insomnia to constipation that plagues us when we are away from home. The **manghihilot** can be **\"reinvented\"** so his or her skills with therapeutic massage can be applied not just for sprains, but also for broken hearts and weary spirits. **4. Taking Care of the Self: The Need for Self Care and Compassion** **SELF CARE** \- is engaging in activities and behaviors that have a positive effect on one\'s mental and physical health (Greene, 2017). **Reasons why self-care is necessary:** - - - **Ways to engage in self-care:** - - - - - - **COMPASSION** \- Compassion is **wishing for that person to be free from suffering** \"to suffer together.\" Forms of compassion and why they are so important. Paul Ekman (2010) enumerates: **Familial Compassion** is the seed of compassion, planted through the caregiver-offspring bond. **Global Compassion** People around the world extended assistance to the strangers, or different races and skin colors. **Forms of compassion** and why they are so important. Paul Ekman (2010) enumerates: - - **- Immediate Heroic Compassion** is when, without thought, one jumps onto the MRT tracks to rescue someone. It is impulsive. **- Considered Heroic Compassion** isn\'t done impulsively; it is done with thought, and it can be maintained for many years.