UTS Notes - Presocratic Philosophers

**PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS** WERE EARLY GREEK THINKERS WHO SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF REALITY AND EXISTENCE BEFORE SOCRATES. THEY LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR WESTERN PHILISOPHY BY EXPLORING COSMOLOGY, METAPHYSICS, AND THE ESSENCE OF BEING. **PRE-SOCRATIC FOCUS** EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WERE...

**PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS** WERE EARLY GREEK THINKERS WHO SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF REALITY AND EXISTENCE BEFORE SOCRATES. THEY LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR WESTERN PHILISOPHY BY EXPLORING COSMOLOGY, METAPHYSICS, AND THE ESSENCE OF BEING. **PRE-SOCRATIC FOCUS** EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WERE PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF THE WORLD, REFERRED TO AS THE ARCHE **THALES** CONSIDERED THE FIRST PHILOSOPHER, BELIEVED EVERYTHING ORIGINATED FROM WATER **HERACLITUS** FAMOUS FOR HIS ASSERTION THAT "EVERYTHING FLOWS" AND FOR THE IDEA OF CHANGE AS THE FUNDAMENTAL ESSENCE OF LIFE **PARMENIDES** ARGUED THAT CHANGE IS AN ILLUSION AND THAT REALITY IS UNCHANGIN AND SINGULAR. **SOCRATES** - WAS A CLASSICAL GREEK PHILOSPHER CREDITED AS ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY - KNOWN PRIMARILY THROUGH THE ACCOUNTS OF LATER PHILISOPHERS, ESPECIALLY PLAT - DOCUMENTED IN WORKS LIKE PLATO'S DIALOGUES (EX: APOLOGY, CRITO, PHAEDO) **SOCRATES AND HIS FOCUS ON THE SHELF** SHIFT IN FOCUS: SOCRATES MOVED THE CONVERSATION FROM THE EXTERNAL WORLD TO THE INTERNAL SELF SOCRATIC MISSION: "KNOW THYSELF" BECAME HIS LIFELONG GOAL, FOCUSING ON SELF-EXAMINATION AND VIRTUE THE EXAMINED LIFE: SOCRATES FAMOUSLY CLAIMED THAT "THE EXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING." - HIS PHILOSOPHY REVOLVED AROUND MORAL VIRTUE, SELF-AWARENESS, AND THE CARE OF THE SOUL AS THE HIGHEST PURPOSE IN LIFE. HE BELIEVED THAT BY UNDERSTANDING THE SELF, ONE COULD ACHIEVE A VIRTUOUS LIFE. **SOCRATES' DUALISM: BODY AND SOUL** **BODY VS. SOUL**: FOR SOCRATES, HUMAN BEINGS ARE COMPOSED OF **TWO ESSENTIAL PARTS**: THE **BODY** AND THE **SOUL**. **BODY**: IMPERFECT, TEMPORARY, AND MORTAL. **SOUL**: PERFECT, PERMANENT, AND IMMORTAL. - THE SOUL IS CONSIDERED THE TRUE ESSENCE OF A PERSON, AND IT IS THROUGH SELF-EXAMINATION AND CARE FOR THE SOUL THAT ONE CAN ACHIEVE TRUE WISDOM AND A MEANINGFUL LIFE. **PLATO** - STUDENT OF SOCRATES - WAS A PHILOSOPHER WHO FOUNDED THE ACADEMY IN ATHENS, ONE OF THE EARLIEST INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING IN THE WESTERN WORLD WORKS: THE REPUBLIC - EXPLORES JUSTICE, THE IDEAL STATE, AND THE THEORY OF FORMS PHAEDRUS - DISCUSSES LOVE AND SOUL ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE (FROM THE REPUBLIC) - ILLUSTRATES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORLD OF APPEARANCES AND THE WORLD OF REALITY. **PLATO'S EXTENSION OF SOCRATIC THOUGHT** **STUDENT OF SOCRATES**: PLATO ADOPTED AND EXPANDED SOCRATES\' IDEAS ON THE SELF. **PLATO\'S TRIPARTITE SOUL**: PLATO THEORIZED THAT THE SOUL HAS THREE DISTINCT COMPONENTS: - **RATIONAL SOUL**: THE PART GOVERNED BY REASON AND INTELLECT. - **SPIRITED SOUL**: RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONS AND COURAGE. - **APPETITIVE SOUL**: THE SEAT OF DESIRES AND BODILY NEEDS (E.G., FOOD, DRINK, SEX). PLATO EMPHASIZED THE NEED FOR **BALANCE AND HARMONY** AMONG THESE PARTS FOR JUSTICE TO BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL. **ST AUGUSTINE** - WAS A CHRISTIAN THEOLOGIAN AND PHILOSOPHER WHOSE WORKS SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN CHRISTIANITY AND PHILOSOPHY. WORKS: **CONFESSIONS** - A SPIRITUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY **THE CITY OF GOD** - A DEFENSE OF CHRISTIANITY **ON THE TRINITY** - EXPLORES THE NATURE OF THE TRINITY AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING OF GOD **AUGUSTINE'S VIEW OF THE SELF** INFLUENCE OF PLATO AND CHRISTIANITY: AUGUSTINE MERGED PLATONIC PHILOSOPHY WITH CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE, REFLECTING THE MEDIEVAL WORLDVIEW. BIFURCATED NATURE: HUMANS ARE COMPOSED OF TWO ASPECTS: BODY: IMPERFECT AND BOUND TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD. SOUL: YEARNS FOR UNITY WITH THE DIVINE AND CAPABLE OF ETERNAL LIFE. - FOR AUGUSTINE, THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF LIFE IS TO ATTAIN ETERNAL COMMUNION WITH GOD BY LIVING VIRTUOUSLY ON EARTH. **AUGUSTINE'S DUALISM OF BODY AND SOUL** THE BODY: TEMPORARY AND PERISHABLE, SUBJECT TO THE FLAWS OF THE MATERIAL WORLD. THE SOUL: IMMORTAL, EXISTING BEYOND DEATH IN THE REALM OF SPIRITUAL BLISS WITH GOD. - SALVATION AND VIRTUE: TO AUGUSTINE, THE HUMAN PERSON\'S ULTIMATE PURPOSE IS SALVATION, WHICH IS ACHIEVED THROUGH MORAL LIVING AND DEVOTION TO GOD **THOMAS AQUINAS** - WAS A DOMINICAN FRIAR, THEOLOGIAN, AND PHILOSOPHER, BEST KNOWN FOR INTEGRATING ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY WITH CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. WORKS: **SUMMA THEOLOGICA** -- A MONUMENTAL WORK THAT ADDRESSES VARIOUS THEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS AND IDEAS. **SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES** -- A DEFENSE OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE AGAINST NON-CHRISTIAN VIEWS. **THOMAS AQUINAS' VIEW OF THE SELF** INFLUENCE OF ARISTOTLE: AQUINAS INTEGRATED ARISTOTLE\'S PHILOSOPHY WITH CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. **MATTER AND FORM:** - MATTER (HYLE): REFERS TO THE PHYSICAL BODY, THE COMMON SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE. - FORM (MORPHE): REFERS TO THE SOUL, WHICH GIVES THE BODY ITS IDENTITY AND PURPOSE. THE SOUL, ACCORDING TO AQUINAS, IS THE ESSENCE THAT ANIMATES THE BODY AND MAKES A HUMAN, HUMAN. **THE HUMAN PERSON ACCORDING TO AQUINAS** - SHARED PHYSICALITY: THE HUMAN BODY IS MADE UP OF THE SAME MATTER AS OTHER LIVING BEINGS (ANIMALS, PLANTS). - DISTINCTIVE SOUL: HOWEVER, WHAT MAKES A PERSON TRULY HUMAN IS THE RATIONAL SOUL, WHICH DISTINGUISHES HUMANS FROM OTHER LIVING BEINGS. - THE SOUL IS NOT JUST A SPIRITUAL ENTITY BUT THE PRINCIPLE OF LIFE THAT ANIMATES THE HUMAN BODY AND ALLOWS FOR RATIONAL THOUGHT AND VIRTUE. **RENE DESCARTES** - OFTEN CALLED THE FATHER OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY, WAS A FRENCH PHILOSOPHER AND MATHEMATICIAN WHO CONTRIBUTED SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALISM. KEY WORKS: **MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY** -- EXPLORES FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS OF EXISTENCE AND REALITY. **DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD** -- PRESENTS DESCARTES\' METHOD FOR ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE. **RENE DESCARTES' VIEW OF THE SELF** - FATHER OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY: DESCARTES REVOLUTIONIZED PHILOSOPHY BY FOCUSING ON DOUBT AND THE MIND-BODY DUALISM. - THE METHOD OF DOUBT: IN MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY, DESCARTES ARGUED THAT WE SHOULD DOUBT EVERYTHING THAT IS UNCERTAIN. - ONLY BELIEFS THAT PASS THE TEST OF DOUBT SHOULD BE ACCEPTED AS TRUE. **COGITO, ERGO SUM --- \"I THINK, THEREFORE I AM\"** - INDUBITABLE SELF: DESCARTES CONCLUDED THAT THE ONE THING THAT CANNOT BE DOUBTED IS THE EXISTENCE OF THE SELF. - IF WE DOUBT, IT PROVES THAT THERE IS A SELF THAT DOUBTS. - COGITO, ERGO SUM: \"I THINK, THEREFORE, I AM\" --- THIS FAMOUS PROPOSITION ASSERTS THAT THE ACT OF THINKING PROVES THE EXISTENCE OF THE SELF. - THE SELF IS A THINKING THING; IT IS THROUGH OUR ABILITY TO THINK THAT WE AFFIRM OUR EXISTENCE. **DESCARTES' DUALISM: MIND AND BODY** - MIND-BODY DUALISM: FOR DESCARTES, THE SELF IS COMPOSED OF TWO SEPARATE ENTITIES: - COGITO (MIND): THE THINKING, CONSCIOUS ASPECT. - EXTENZA (BODY): THE PHYSICAL EXTENSION OF THE MIND. - THE MIND DEFINES OUR ESSENCE, WHILE THE BODY IS JUST A MACHINE CONTROLLED BY THE MIND. **DESCARTES' DEFINITION OF A THINKING THING** DESCARTES DESCRIBES THE MIND (OR SELF) AS A THING THAT: - **DOUBTS** - **UNDERSTANDS** - **AFFIRMS** - **DENIES** - **WILLS** - **REFUSES** - **IMAGINES** - **PERCEIVES** ***THE MIND** ENGAGES IN MENTAL ACTIVITIES THAT AFFIRM HUMAN EXISTENCE, DISTINCT FROM THE BODY\'S MERE PHYSICALITY.* **DAVID HUME** - WAS A SCOTTISH PHILOSOPHER AND EMPIRICIST WHO EMPHASIZED EXPERIENCE AS THE FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE. KEY WORKS: **A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE** -- EXPLORES THE NATURE OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. **AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING** -- CLARIFIES HIS VIEWS ON EMPIRICISM AND SKEPTICISM. **DAVID HUME'S EMPIRICIST VIEW OF THE SELF** - HUME BELIEVED THAT KNOWLEDGE COMES ONLY FROM SENSORY EXPERIENCES. - REJECTION OF A FIXED SELF: UNLIKE EARLIER PHILOSOPHERS, HUME DENIED THE EXISTENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT SELF BEYOND OUR PHYSICAL EXISTENCE. THE SELF IS NOT A SOUL OR A UNIFIED ENTITY; IT IS SIMPLY A PRODUCT OF OUR SENSORY EXPERIENCES. **IMPRESSIONS VS. IDEAS** IMPRESSIONS: THE DIRECT, VIVID EXPERIENCES WE GET THROUGH OUR SENSES. - EXAMPLE: THE COLD SENSATION FROM TOUCHING AN ICE CUBE. IDEAS: FAINT COPIES OF IMPRESSIONS; LESS VIVID BECAUSE THEY ARE BASED ON MEMORIES OR IMAGINATIONS. - EXAMPLE: IMAGINING THE FEELING OF BEING IN LOVE IS AN IDEA. IMPRESSIONS ARE STRONGER AND CLEARER, WHILE IDEAS ARE COPIES OF THOSE IMPRESSIONS. **THE SELF AS A \"BUNDLE OF IMPRESSIONS\"** - HUME\'S VIEW OF THE SELF: THE SELF IS NOTHING BUT A COLLECTION OF CHANGING PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES. - \"A BUNDLE OR COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS\...IN PERPETUAL FLUX AND MOVEMENT." - WE MISTAKE THIS CONSTANTLY CHANGING FLOW OF EXPERIENCES FOR A UNIFIED, COHERENT SELF. - THERE IS NO STABLE, FIXED SELF --- ONLY A SUCCESSION OF EXPERIENCES. **THE ILLUSION OF A UNIFIED SELF** NO SOUL, NO MIND: HUME ARGUED THAT PEOPLE BELIEVE IN THE EXISTENCE OF A UNIFIED SELF OR SOUL BECAUSE THEY WANT TO, NOT BECAUSE IT TRULY EXISTS. - THE SELF IS MERELY A COLLECTION OF IMPRESSIONS AND IDEAS LINKED TOGETHER BY OUR EXPERIENCES. HUME CHALLENGES THE TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE SELF AS SOMETHING PERMANENT AND CONSTANT, SHOWING THAT THE SELF IS ACTUALLY IN A STATE OF CONTINUOUS CHANGE. **IMMANUEL KANT** - GERMAN PHILOSOPHER - REVOLUTIONIZED WESTERN PHILOSOPHY WITH HIS WORK ON EPISTEMOLOGY AND ETHICS KEY WORKS: **CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON** - EXAMINES THE LIMITS AND STRUCTURE OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE **GROUNDWORK OF THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS** - INTRODUCES KANT'S MORAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE CONCEPT OF THE CATERGORICAL IMPERATIVE **IMMANUEL KANT AND THE ACTIVE SELF** - KANT\'S CRITIQUE OF HUME: HUME'S IDEA THAT THE SELF IS MERELY A BUNDLE OF IMPRESSIONS IS PROBLEMATIC. KANT AGREED THAT KNOWLEDGE STARTS WITH SENSORY IMPRESSIONS, BUT THIS ALONE CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR THE COHERENCE OF OUR EXPERIENCES. THERE MUST BE AN ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE THAT SYNTHESIZES THESE IMPRESSIONS. **THE ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE OF THE MIND** - Mind as the Organizer: Kant proposed THAT THE MIND ACTIVELY ORGANIZES THE SENSORY DATA WE RECEIVE. IMPRESSIONS ARE NOT PASSIVELY RECEIVED --- THEY ARE STRUCTURED BY THE MIND. CONCEPTS LIKE TIME AND SPACE ARE NOT EXTERNAL REALITIES, BUT BUILT-IN APPARATUSES OF THE MIND THAT HELP US ORGANIZE EXPERIENCES. **THE SELF AS AN ACTIVE INTELLIGENCE** - THE SELF IN KANT\'S PHILOSOPHY: THE SELF IS NOT JUST THE SOURCE OF OUR PERSONALITY. IT ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SYNTHESIZING KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE. - ACTIVE SELF: THE SELF IS NOT A PASSIVE RECEIVER BUT AN ACTIVE AGENT THAT IMPOSES ORDER ON CHAOTIC SENSORY IMPRESSIONS. **THE ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE OF THE MIND** - MIND AS THE ORGANIZER: KANT PROPOSED THAT THE MIND ACTIVELY ORGANIZES THE SENSORY DATA WE RECEIVE. IMPRESSIONS ARE NOT PASSIVELY RECEIVED --- THEY ARE STRUCTURED BY THE MIND. - CONCEPTS LIKE TIME AND SPACE ARE NOT EXTERNAL REALITIES, BUT BUILT-IN APPARATUSES OF THE MIND THAT HELP US ORGANIZE EXPERIENCES. **THE SELF AS AN ACTIVE INTELLIGENCE** - THE SELF IN KANT\'S PHILOSOPHY: THE SELF IS NOT JUST THE SOURCE OF OUR PERSONALITY. IT ALSO PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SYNTHESIZING KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE. - THE SELF IS THE SEAT OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION: IT ACTIVELY ENGAGES WITH THE WORLD TO CREATE A COHERENT UNDERSTANDING OF OUR EXPERIENCES. - ACTIVE SELF: THE SELF IS NOT A PASSIVE RECEIVER BUT AN ACTIVE AGENT THAT IMPOSES ORDER ON CHAOTIC SENSORY IMPRESSIONS. **GILBERT RYLE** - OXFORD PHILOSOPHER - KNOWN FOR HIS CRITIQUE OF CARTESIAN DUALISM KEY WORKS: THE CONCEPT OF MIND - WHERE HE FAMOUSLY CRITIQUES THE "GHOST IN THE MACHINE" VIEW OF THE MIND **REJECTION OF THE INTERNAL SELF** - RYLE\'S CRITIQUE OF THE MIND-BODY DICHOTOMY: FOR CENTURIES, PHILOSOPHERS GRAPPLED WITH THE DIVISION BETWEEN MIND AND BODY. GILBERT RYLE REJECTED THIS BY DENYING THE EXISTENCE OF A SEPARATE, NON-PHYSICAL SELF. - HE DISMISSED THE IDEA OF A HIDDEN, INTERNAL SELF DISTINCT FROM THE BODY. **THE SELF AS BEHAVIOR** - RYLE'S ANALOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY: LOOKING FOR THE SELF IS LIKE SEARCHING FOR A UNIVERSITY BY INSPECTING ITS BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. YOU CAN\'T POINT TO ONE THING AND SAY, "THIS IS THE UNIVERSITY." - SIMILARLY, THE SELF IS NOT A DISTINCT ENTITY. IT IS THE SUM OF BEHAVIORS WE OBSERVE IN DAILY LIFE. **CATEGORY MISTAKE** - RYLE'S CATEGORY MISTAKE: HE ARGUED THAT SEPARATING MIND AND BODY CREATES A CATEGORY MISTAKE---A MISUNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE SELF WORKS. - THE SELF IS NOT HIDDEN INSIDE US BUT EXPRESSED THROUGH ACTIONS, HABITS, AND BEHAVIORS. **MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY** - FRENCH PHENOMENOLOGUST - KNOWN FOR HIS WORK ON PERCEPTION AND EMBODIMENT KEY WORK: PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION - EXPLORES THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE BODY IN SHAPING EXPERIENCE THE STRUCTURE OF BEHAVIOR - ADDRESSES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEHAVIOR, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND THE WORLD **MERLEAU'S PHENOMENOLOGY** - REJECTION OF MIND-BODY SEPARATION: UNLIKE MANY BEFORE HIM, MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY REJECTED THE IDEA OF SPLITTING THE MIND AND BODY, VIEWING IT AS A FALSE PROBLEM. - THE MIND AND BODY ARE INTERTWINED, INSEPARABLE IN HUMAN EXPERIENCE. **EMBODIED EXPERIENCE** - THE BODY AS OUR GATEWAY TO THE WORLD: MERLEAU-PONTY ARGUED THAT ALL EXPERIENCE IS EMBODIED---OUR BODIES ARE HOW WE ENGAGE WITH AND UNDERSTAND THE WORLD. - EVERY THOUGHT, FEELING, OR SENSATION IS SHAPED BY OUR PHYSICAL BEING. **CRITIQUE OF CARTESIAN DUALISM** - REJECTION OF CARTESIAN DUALISM: MERLEAU-PONTY DISMISSED DESCARTES' VIEW OF A SEPARATE MIND AND BODY AS A MISUNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE. - TO HIM, OUR BODIES, THOUGHTS, AND EMOTIONS ARE ONE UNIFIED WHOLE---THERE IS NO DIVISION........................................................................... **WHAT IS THE SELF?** DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS **A. SEPARATE** - SELF IS DISTINCT FROM OTHER SELVES. ALWAYS UNIQUE AND HAS ITS OWN IDENTITY. - ONE CANNOT BE ANOTHER PERSON B. **SELF-CONTAINED & INDEPENDENT** - BECAUSE IN ITSELF IT CAN EXIST - ITS DISTINCTNES ALLOWS IT TO BE SELF-CONTAINED WITH ITS OWN THOUGHTS, CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLITION. C. **CONSISTENCY** - ALLOWS IT TO BE STUDIED, DESCRIBED AND MEASURED - ALSO MEANS THAT A PARTICULAR SELF'S TRAITS, CHARACTERISTICS, TENDENCIES AND POTENTIALITIES ARE MORE OR LESS THE SAME D. UNITARY - CENTER OF ALL EXPERIENCES AND THOUGHTS THAT RUN THROUGH A CERTAIN PERSON - WHERE ALL PROCESSES, EMOTIONS AND THOUGHTS CONVERGE E. **PRIVATE** - EACH PERSON SORTS OUT INFORMATION, FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS AND THOUGHT PROCESSES WITHIN SELF - NEVER ACCESSIBLE TO ANYONE BUT THE SELF THE LAST CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF BEING PRIVATE SUGGESTS THAT THE SELF IS ISOLATED FROM THE EXTERNAL WORLD. IT LIVES WITHIN ITS OWN WORLD. HOWEVER, WE ALSO SEE THAT THIS POTENTIAL CLASH BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE EXTERNAL REALITY IS THE REASON FOR THE SELF TO HAVE A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IT MIGHT BE, WHAT CAN BE, AND WHAT IT WILL BE. FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE THEN, ONE CAN SEE THAT THE SELF IS ALWAYS AT THE MERCY OF EXTERNAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAT BUMP AND COLLIDE WITH IT. **SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE** - MERGED VIEW OF THE PERSON AND THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT WHERE THE BOUNDARIES OF ONE CANNOT EASILY BE SEPERATED FROM THE BOUNDARIES OF THE OTHER THE SELF SHOULD NOT BE SEEN AS A STATIC ENTITY THAT STAYS CONSTANT THROUGH AND THROUGH. RATHER THE SELF HAS TO BE SEEN AS SOMETHING THAT IS IN UNCEASING FLUX. SELF IS ALWAYS IN PARTICIPATION WITH SOCIAL LIFE AND ITS IDENTITY SUBJECTED TO INFLUENCES HERE AND THERE. SELF IS TRULY MULTIFACETED **THE SELF AND CULTURE** ACCORDING TO MARCEL MAUSS, EVERY SELF HAS TWO FACES: - MOI - PERSONNE **MOI** - REFERS TO A PERSON'S SENSE OF WHO HE IS, HIS BODY, AND HIS BASIC IDENTITY, HIS BIOLOGICAL GIVENNESS Ex: TALL, SLIM STOUT, BROWN SKIN **PERSONNE** - COMPOSED OF THE SOCIAL CONCEPTS OF WHAT IS MEANS TO BE WHO HE IS EX: RICH, TALENTED, INTELLIGENT, SKILLFUL, AND KNOWLEDGEABLE. - WHAT IT MEANS TO LIVE IN A PARTICULAR INSTITUTION (FAMILY, RELIGION, NATIONALITY, HOW TO BEHAVE IN A GIVEN EXPECTATIONS, AND INFLUENCES FROM OTHERS **LANGUAGE** - ANOTHER INTERESTING ASPECT OF THIS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM - SALIENT PART OF CULTURE AND ULTIMATELY, HAS TREMENDOUS EFFECT IN OUR CRAFTING OF THE SELF - GENDER-NEUTRAL IF A SELF IS BORN INTO A PARTICUALR SOCIETY OR CULTURE, THE SELF WILL HAVE TO ADJUST ACCORDING TO ITS EXPOSURE THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORLD **GENDER AND THE SELF** - GENDER IS ONE OF THOSE LOCI OF THE SELF THAT IS SUBJECT TO ALTERATION, CHANGE, AND DEVELOPMENT - THE SENSE OF SELF THAT IS BEING TAUGHT MAKES SURE THAT AN INDIVIDUAL FIRST IN A PARTCULAR ENVIRONMENT, IS DANGEROUS AND DETRIMENTAL IN THE GOAL OF TRULY FINDING ONE'S SELF, SELF DETERMINATION AND GROWTH OF THE SELF - GENDER HAS TOBE PERSONALLY DISCOVERED AND ASSERTED AND NOT DICTATED BY CULTURE AND THE SOCIETY **SYMBOLIC ENTERACTION THEORY** - UNDER THIS THEORY, MEAD ARGUED THAT THE SELF IS CREATED AND DEVELOPED THROUGH HUMAN INTERACTION. THERE ARE THREE REASONS WHY SELF AND IDENTITY ARE SOCIAL PRODUCTS: 1. WE DO NOT CREATE OURSELVES OUT OF NOTHING 2. WHETHER WE LIKE TO ADMIT IT OR NOT, WE ACTUALLY NEED OTHER TO AFFIRM AND REINFORCE WHO WE THINK WE ARE 3. WHAT WE THINK AS IMPORTANT TO US MAY ALSO HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN OUR SOCIAL OR HISTORICAL CONTEXT **SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT** SELF - HOBBIES, FAMILY, NATIONALITY, RELIGION **PERSON SCHEMAS** - APPEARANCE - PERSONALITY - PREFERENCES - BEHAVIOR **SOCIAL SCHEMAS** - BE RESPECTFUL - PAY FOR MOVIE TICKETS - DON'T EAT GARLIC **SELF-SCHEMAS** - FUTURE DOCTOR - SMART - HATES BROCCOLI **EVENT SCHEMAS** - PROFESSIONALISM - PORTFOLIO - HANDSHAKE **MENTAL CONSTRUCTS** - RESEARCHERS POINT OUT TO THE FRONTAL LOBE OF THE BRAIN AS THE SPECIFIC AREA IN THE BRAIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROCESS CONCERNING THE SELF - SIGMUND FREUD SAW THE SELF ITS MENTAL PROCESSES AND ONE'S BEHAVIOR AS THE RESULTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ID, EGO AND THE SUPEREGO **WILLIAM JAMES** - ONE OF THE EARLIEST PSYCHOLOGIST TO STUDY THE SELF, HE CONCEPTUALIZED THE SELF AS HAVING TWO ASPECT: THE "I" AND "ME" - "I" IS THE THINKING, ACTING, AND FEELING SELF. Ex. What people see or peceive themselves doing in the physical world - "ME" IS THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS WELL AS PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES THAT MAKE WHO YOU ARE. Ex. Referring to individuals reflections about themselves CENTRAL TO ROGERS; PERSONALITY THEORY IS THE NOTION OF SELF OR SELF-CONCEPT. THIS IS DEFINED AS "THE ORGANIZED, CONSISTENT SET OF PERCEPTIONS AND BELIEFS ABOUT ONESELF." **CARL ROGERS** USED THE SAME TERMS: "I" AS THE ONE WHO ACTS AND DECIDES "ME" IS WHAT YOU THINK OR FEEL ABOUT YOURSELF AS AN OBJECT **IDENTITY** - COMPOSED OF ONE'S PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, SOCIAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES **SELF-CONCEPT** - BASICALLY WHAT COME TO YOUR MIND WHEN YOU ARE ASKED ABOUT WHO YOU ARE **NARCISSIM** - TO MAINTAIN OR INCREASE SELF-ESTEEM A PERSON MAY RESORT TO THIS - IT IS A TRAIT CHARACTERIZED BY OVERLY HIGH SELF-ESTEEM, SELF ADMIRATION, AND SELF CENTEREDNESS **SELF-AWARENESS** - ALSO PRESENT US WITH AT LEAST THREE OTHER SELF-SCHEMA: - **ACTUAL SELF** - WHO YOU ARE AT THE MOMENT - **IDEAL SELF** - WHO YOU LIKE TO BE - **OUGHT SELF** - WHO WE THINK WE SHOULD BE **SOCIAL COMPARISON** - OUR GROUP IDENTITY AND SELF-AWARENESS ALSO HAS GREAT IMPACT ON OUR SELF-ESTEEM **SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY** - WE LEARN OURSELVES, THE APPROPRIATENESS OF OUR BEHAVIOR, AS WELL AS OUR STATUS BY COMPARING ASPECTS OF OURSELVES WITH OTHER PEOPLE **SELF ESTEEM** - OUR OWN POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE PERCEPTION OR EVALUATION NOF OURSELVES. LOW SELF ESTEEM: LACK OF SELF TRUST, CONSTANTLY COMPARING, ENGAGE IN PEOPLE PLEASING BEHAVIOR, YOU FEEL LITTLE CONTROL OVER YOUR LIFE, DON'T REINFORCE BOUNDARIES ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH OUR SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AFFECTS OUR SELF-ESTEEM IS THROUGH SOCIAL COMPARISON 1. **DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON** \- COMPARING OURSELVES WITH THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE WORSE OFF THAN US 2. **UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON** \- COMPARING OURSELVES WITH THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE BETTER OFF THAN US **CARVER AND SCHEIER** - IDENTIFIED TWO TYPES OF SELF THAT WE CAN BE AWARE **THE PRIVATE SELF** - YOUR INTERNAL STANDARDS AND PRIVATE THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS **PUBLIC SELF** - YOUR PUBLIC IMAGE COMMONLY GEARED TOWARD HAVING A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF YOURSELF TO OTHERS **SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY** - SOCIAL COMPARISON ENTAIL - STATES THAT WE CAN FEEL THREATENED WHEN SOMEONE OUTPERFORMS US IN THIS CASE, WE REACT IN THREE WAYS: - WE DISTANCE OURSELVES FROM THE PERSON OR REDEFINE OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM - WE MAY RECONSIDER THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ASPECT OR SKILL IN WHICH YOU WERE OUT-PERFORMED - WE MAY ASLO STRENGTHEN OR RESOLVE TO IMPROVE THAT CERTAIN ASPECT OF OURSELVES **DEINDIVIDUATION** - THE LOSS OF INDIVIDUAL SELF-AWARENESS AND INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN GROUPS. - REFERS TO PEOPLES TENDENCY TO LOSE THEIR AWARENESS AND RESTRAIN WHEN IN GROUPS \- **THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHTS** A. **CONFUCIANISM** - CAN BE SEEN AS A CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT, OF HOW ONE SHOULD PROPERLY ACT ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PEOPLE - FOCUSED ON HAVING A HARMONIOUS SOCIAL LIFE BELIEVES IN ANCESTOR WORSHIP AND HUMAN-CENTERED VIRTUES FOR LIVING A PEACEFUL LIFE. THE GOLDEN RULE OF CONFUCIANISM IS "DO NOT DO UNTO OTHER WHAT YOU WOULD NOT WANT OTHERS TO DO UNTO YOU" THERE IS DEBATE OVER IF CONFUCIANISM IS A RELIGION **CONFUCIUS** - WAS A PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER WHO LIVED FROM 551 TO 479 BCE - HIS THOUGHTS ON ETHICS, GOOD BEHAVIOR, AND MORAL CHARACTER WERE WRITTEN DOWN BY HIS DISCIPLES IN SEVERAL BOOKS - THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING THE LUNYU - BELIEVES IN ANCESTOR WORSHIP AND HUMAN CENTERED VIRTUES FOR LIVING A PEACEFUL LIFE **MAIN TEACHINGS OF CONFUCIANISM** - IT WAS DEVELOPED IN THE SPRING AND AUTUMN PERIOD DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY - THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF THIS PHILOSOPHY INLCUDE ren (HUMANENESS), yi (RIGHTEOUSNESS), li (PROPRIETY/ETIQUETTE), zhong (LOYALTY), and xiao (FILLIAL PEITY), ALONG WITH STRICT ADHERENCE TO SOCIAL ROLES **SELF-CULTIVATION** - IS SEEN AS THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF LIFE - IN CONFUCIANISM, IS WHAT SOME SCHOLARS CALL A "SUBDUED SELF" WHEREIN PERSONAL NEEDS ARE REPRESSED FOR THE GOOD OF MANY, MAKING CONFUCIAN SOCIETY ALSO HIERARCHAL FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING ORDER AND BALANCE IN SOCIETY **CHUN-TZU -** A MAN OF VIRTUE OR NOBLE CHARACTER B. **TAOISM** - IS LIVING IN THE WAY OF THE TAO OR THE UNIVERSE. - REJECTS HAVING ONE DEFINITION OF THE TAO IS, AND ONE CAN ONLY STATE CLUES OF WHAT IT IS AS THEY ADOPT A FREE-FLOWING, RELATIVE, UNITARY, AS WELL AS PARADOXICAL VIEW ALMOST EVERYTHING. - REJECTS THE HIERARCHY AND STRICTNESS BROUGHT BY CONFUCIANISM AND WOULD PREFER A SIMPLE LIFESTYLE AND ITS TEACHING THUS AIM TO DESCRIBE HOW TO ATTAIN THAT LIFE C. BUDDHISM - VARIOUS GROUPS WHO HAVE ADOPTED BUDDHISM - THE SELF IS SEEN AS AN ILLUSION, BORN OUT OF IGNORANCE, OF TRYING TO HOLD AND CONTROL THINGS, OR HUMAN-CENTERED NEEDS - THE SELF IS ALSO THE SOURCE OF ALL THESE SUFFERINGS - IT IS THEREFORE, OUR QUEST TO FORGET ABOUT THE , FORGET THE CRAVINGS OF THE SELF, BREAK THE ATTACHMENTS YOU HAVE WITH THE WORLD, AND RENOUNCE THE SELF WHICH IS THE CAUSE OF ALL SUFFERING AND IN DOING SO, ATTAIN THE STATE OF NIRVANA THE WESTERN CULTURE IS WHAT WE COULD CALL AN **INDIVIDUALISTIC** CULTURE SINCE THEIR FOCUS IS ON THE PERSON ASIAN CULTURE, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS CALLED A **COLLECTIVISTIC** CULTURE AS THE GROUP AND SOCIAL RELATIONS THAT IS GIVEN MORE IMPORTANCE THAN INDIVIDUAL NEEDS AND WANTS. TRAITS OF INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES - UNIQUENESS - SELF - SUFFICIENCY - INDEPENDENCE TRAITS OF COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE - SOCIAL ROLES FOCUS ON PROMOTING SELFLESSNESS - WORKING AS A GROUP - DOING WHATS BEST FOR SOCIETU - FAMILIES AND COMMODITIES HOME A CENTRAL ROLE EASTERN OR ORIENTAL PERSONS LOOK AFTER THE WELFARE OF THEIR GROUPS AND VALUES COOPERATION. THEY WOULD ALSO BE MORE COMPROMISING AND THEY TEND TO GO AROUNF THE BUSH IN EXPLAINING THINGS, HOPING THAT THE OTHER PERSON WOULD "FEEL" WHAT THEY WANT TO SAY WESTERNS ALSO EMPHASIZE MORE ON THE VALUE OF EQUALITY EVEN IF THEY SEE THAT THE INDIVIDUAL CAN RISE ABOVE EVERYTHING ELSE. BECAUSE EVERYONE IS ON THEIR OWN IN THE COMPETITION, ONE CAN SAY THAT THEY ALSO PROMOTE IDEALS THAT CREATE "FAIR" COMPETITION AND PROTECT THE INDIVIDUAL ASIAN'S WITH THEIR COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE, PUT MORE EMPHASIS ON HIERARCHY AS THE CULTURE WANTS TO KEEP THINGS IN HARMONY AND ORDER FOR EXAMPLE, WESTERNS WOULD MOST LIKELY CALL THEIR BOSSES, PARENTS OR OTHER SENIORS BY THEIR FIRST NAME. THE BOSS CAN ALSO BE APPROACHED HEAD-ON WHEN CONFLICTS OR PROBLEMS ABOUT HIM ARISES FOR ASIAN'S WE HAVE RESPECTFUL TERMS FOR OUR SENIOR AND A LOT OF WORKERS WOULD NOT DARE GO AGAINST THE HIGH-RANKING OFFICIALS **SEXUAL SELF: THE BIOLOGICAL OF SEX** **SEX** - IS A BIOLOGICAL FEATURE THAT DISTINGUISHES MALES FROM FEMALES - SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTTICS ARE OBSERVABLE CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY THAT BEGIN DURING PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE **MALE** - OUTGROWTH OF FACIAL AND BODILY HAIR - EMERGING ADAM'S APPLE - DEEPENING OF THE VOICE - MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT **FEMALE** - ONSET OF MENARCHS - NOTICEABLE CHANGES IN THE HIS, BREAST AND THE SKIN - ASIDE FROM THESE OBSERVABLE CHANGES IN MALES AND FEMALES, RELEASE OF HORMONES TRIGGERS PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM EMBRYONIC TESTES RELEASES TESTOSTERONE FEMALE EMBRYOS THAT FORM OVARIES, WILL CAUSE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEMALE DUCTS AND EXTERNAL GENITALIA **PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES** - ARE FORMED WHO ARE INDIVIDUALS HAVING ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES THAT DO NOT "MATCH" THEIR GONADS **HERMAPHRODITES** - INDIVIDUALS WHO POSSESS BOTH OVARIAN AND TESTICULAR TISSUES BUT THIS CONDITION IS RARE IN NATURE WHEN PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ARE TRIGGERED WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL'S REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: - EXPERIENCE SEXUAL URGES - BECOME MORE SENSITIVE TO SEXUAL STIMULI - FEEL SEXUAL AROUSAL - MEN EXPERIENCE ERECTION DURING AROUSING MOMENT, FOR WOMEN VAGINAL LUBRICATION - IF SEXUAL AROUSAL IS SATISFIED THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, MEN WOULD EXPERIENCE EJACULATION WHILE WOMEN WOULD REACH ORGASM - REFRACTORY PERIOD: PERIOD OF REST AFTER EJACULATION - MEN EXPERIENCE A LONGER REFRACTORY PERIOD THAN WOMEN - THESE BODILY SENSATIONS ARE NORMAL AND TYPICAL IN ANY SEXUAL ACTIVITY SINCE HORMONES PRODUCED WITHIN THE BODY TRIGGER THESE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES **PUBERTY** - IS THE PERIOD OF LIFE - AGES 10-15 YEARS OLD - REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS GROW TO THEIR ADULT SIZE AND BECOME FUNCTIONAL UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RISING LEVELS OF GONADAL HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE=MALES, ESTROGEN=FEMALES) **IN FEMALES** MENARCHE - THE FIRST MENSTRUAL PERIOD OF FEMALES WHICH HAPPENS TWO YRS AFTER THE START OF PUBERTY **IN MALES** SPERMARCHE - THE FIRST TIME A MALE EXPERIENCES EJACULATION, OR THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE SPERM A. **EXCITEMENT** B. **PLATEAU** C. **ORGASM** D. **RESOLUTION** **A. EXCITEMENT PHASE (DESIRE/AROUSAL)** - SEXUAL URGES OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO SEXUAL CUES OR FANTASIES - A SUBJECTIVE SENSE OF SEXUAL PLEASURE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNS OF SEXUAL AROUSAL (MALES PENILE TUMESCENCES; FEMALES - VASOCONGESTION) **B. PLATEAU PHASE** - BRIEF PERIOD OCCURS BEFORE ORGASM C**. ORGASM** - IN MALES, FEELINGS OF THE INEVITABILITY OF EJACULATION FOLLOWED BY EJACULATION; IN FEMALES, CONTRACTION OF THE WALLS OF THE LOWER THIRD OF THE VAGINA **D. RESOLUTION PHASE** - DECREASE IN AROUSAL OOCURS AFTER ORGASM (PARTICULARLY IN MEN) **SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE:** - WHEN ADOLESCENTS FEEL SEXUAL URGES, THEY ARE LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITIES THEY ENGAGE - HEALTH BENEFITS OF MASTERBATION: STRESS RELIEF, BETTER SLEEP, IMPROVEDD SELF-ESTEEM, AND ENHANCED BODY IMAGE - MASTERBATIO IS A BETTER ALTERNATIVE TO SEXUAL INTERCOUSE - ENGAGING SEXUAL ACTIVITIES MAY RESULT IN CONSEQUENCES THAT ADOLESCENTS MAY NOT BE READY FOR **EROGENOUS ZONES** - PARTS OF THE BODY THAT ARE CHIEFLY SENSITIVE AND CAUSE INCREASED SEXUAL AROUSAL WHEN TOUCHED IN A SEXUAL MANNER - MOUTH, BREAST, GENITALS, AND ANUS - MAY VARY FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER - THE LEVEL OF EROTIC SENSITIVITY OF A PARTICULAR BODY PART IS LARGELY DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF NERVE ENDING THAT ARE IN THAT REGION **VASOCONGESTION** - A PROCESS THAT UNDERGO IN THE GENITAL REGIONS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE BODY - INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD, MAKING THEM SENSITIVE WHEN AROUSED **HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR** - DEFINED AS ANY ACTIVITY-SOLITARITY, BETWEEN TWO PERSONS, OR IN A GROUP-THAT INDUCES SEXUAL AROUSAL **TWO TYPES OF BEHAVIOR** **A. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR** - SELF-GRATIFICATION - SELF STIMULATION WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING SEXUAL AROUSAL AND GENERALLY, SEXUAL CLIMAX - VERY COMMON IN YOUNG MALES DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL GRATIFICATION THAT INTERACTION WITH ANOTHER PERSON PROVIDES - SEXUAL CLIMAX IN SLEEP IS A COMPENSATORY PHENOMENON **B. SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR** - MAY BE HETERO OR HOMO - PETTING: HUGGING, KISSING ANG GENERALIZED CARESSES OF THE CLOTHED BODY - COITUS - THE INSERTION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN INTO THE FEMALE PREMARITAL COITUS - NOT MARRIED MARITAL COITUS - MARRIED EXTRAMARITAL COITUS - KABIT POSTMARITAL COITUS - AFTER **SEXUAL SELF: SEXUAL IDENTITY AND GENDER ORIENTATION** **BIOLOGICAL SEX** - UPON BIRTH - DEPENDENT ON THE PHYSICAL FEATURE THE PERSON HAS **GENDER** - IDENTITY THAT IS LEARNED - EMBRACED BY THE INDIVIDUAL - BOTH A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCT - **AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT**, GENDER IS KNOWN TO BE SOCIALLY CREATED ROLES, PERSONALITY TRAITS, ALTITUDES, BEHAVIORS AND VALUES **GENDER ROLES** - SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS OF HOW MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD ACT - MEN - ASSUMED TO BE STRONG AND DOMINANT - WOMEN - PERCEIVED TO BE SUBMISSIVE AND DEMURE **HOMOSEXUAL** - SAME SEX **HETEROSEXUAL** - OPPOSITE SEX **BISEXUAL** - BOTH SEX **ASEXUAL** - NO ATTRACTION TO OTHERS - IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR SELF-EXPRESSION WITH REGARD OUR GENDER ORIENTATION AND SEXUAL IDENTITY - BEHAVIOR IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS WOULD ENTAIL CONSEQUENCES - WE NEED TO REALIZE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SUCH ACTIONS AND BE ABLE TO REGULATE OUR OWN BEHAVIOR, INCLUDING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR **SEXUAL SELF: THE CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL CHOICE** **PREGNANCY** - HAVING A CHILD ENTAILS A BIG RESPONSIBILITY AND SHOULD NOT MERELY BE A CONSEQUENCE OF AN IMPULSIVE MOMENT - PHYSICAL RISK - EARLY PREGNANCY: RISK OF MISCARRIAGE, EMOTIONAL STRESS, HEALTH - EARLY PREGNANCY - MAY RESULT TO DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL, ALIENATION, AND OTHER SIMILAR DISRUPTIONs - PREGNANCY DOES NOT ONLY AFFECT FEMALES; MAIDS ARE ALSO BURDENED BY THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARING FOR A NEW CHILD, HIS PARTNER, AND MAY ALSO FACE THE SAME AFOREMENTIONED PROBLEMS - RISK OF ACQUIRING SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) - IS PASSED ON BY MEANS OF EXCHANGE OF BODILY FLUIDS OR GENITAL CONTACT - WHILE MOST OF THEM CAN BE TREATED AND CURED, THESE DISEASE MAY HAVE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES TO ONE'S HEALTH **RESPONSIBLE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR** - RESPECT FOR ONE'S BODY - MATURITY IN THOUGHTS AND DEEDS - BEING GUIDED BY ONE'S PERSONAL BELIEFS AND CORE VALUES - BEING FUTURE-ORIENTED AID - HEREDITARY HIV - THROUGH CONTACT THE GENDERBREAD PERSON - IDENTITY - ATTRACTION - SEX - EXPRESSION **THE GENDERBREAD PERSON IS A VISUAL MODEL THAT HELPS PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION. IT BREAKS DOWN GENDER INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES:** - **GENDER IDENTITY - THIS REFERS TO A PERSON\'S INTERNAL SENSE OF BEING A MAN, WOMAN, BOTH, NEITHER, OR SOMETHING ELSE.** - **GENDER EXPRESSION - THIS IS HOW A PERSON OUTWARDLY PRESENTS THEIR GENDER, THROUGH CLOTHING, BEHAVIOR, AND OTHER MEANS.** - **BIOLOGICAL SEX - THIS REFERS TO A PERSON\'S PHYSICAL SEX CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND ANATOMY.** - **SEXUAL ORIENTATION - THIS IS WHO A PERSON IS ATTRACTED TO, ROMANTICALLY, EMOTIONALLY, AND/OR SEXUALLY.** **MATERIAL SELF** - **BELK (1988) STATED THAT \"WE REGARD OUR POSSESSIONS AS PARTS OF OUR SELVES. WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE AND WHAT WE POSSESS.\" THERE IS A DIRECT LINK BETWEEN SELF-IDENTITY WITH WHAT WE HAVE AND POSSESS. OUR WANTING TO HAVE AND POSSESS HAS A CONNECTION WITH ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE SELF, THE MATERIAL SELF** **WILLIAM JAMES** - **HARVARD PSYCHOLOGIST IN LATE 19^TH^ CENTURY** - **WROTE A BOOK ENTITLED "THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY" 1890** - **ACCORDING TO HIM, UNDERSTANDING THE SELF CAN BE EXAMINED THROUGH ITS DIFFERENT COMPONENTS:** 1. **MATERIAL SELF** 2. **SOCIAL SELF** 3. **SPIRITUAL SELF** 4. **PURE EGO** **MATERIAL SELF INVESTMENT DIAGRAM** - **ACCORDING TO JAMES, PRIMARILY IS ABOUT OUR BODIES, CLOTHES, IMMEDIATE FAMILY, AND HOME. WE ARE DEEPLY AFFECTED BY THESE THINGS BECAUSE WE HAVE PUT TO MUCH INVESTMENT OF OUR SELF TO THEM** **BODY** - INNERMOST PART OF OUR MATERIAL SELF - WE ARE INVESTING IN OUR BODY. WE STRIVE HARD TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS BODY FUNCTIONS WELL AND GOOD - CERTAIN PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT OR INTIMATE CLOSENESS TO CERTAIN BODY PARTS BECAUSE OF ITS VALUE TO US EX: MARIAH CAREY - VOCAL CORDS AND LEGS **CLOTHES** - INFLUENCED BY THE \"PHILOSOPHY OF DRESS\" BY HERMAN LOTZE, JAMES BELIEVED THAT CLOTHING IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE MATERIAL SELF. - LOTZE IN HIS BOOK, "MICROCOSMUS" STIPULATES THAT: \"ANY TIME WE BRING AN OBJECT INTO THE SURFACE OF OUR BODY, WE INVEST THAT OBJECT INTO THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF OUR PERSONAL EXISTENCE TAKING IN ITS CONTOURS TO BE OUR OWN AND MAKING IT PART OF THE SELF.\" (WATSON 2014) - THE FABRIC AND STYLE OF THE CLOTHES WE WEAR BRING SENSATIONS TO THE BODY WHICH DIRECTLY AFFECT OUR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR. THUS, CLOTHES ARE PLACED IN THE SECOND HIERARCHY OF MATERIAL SELF. CLOTHING IS A FORM OF SELF-EXPRESSION. WE CHOOSE AND WEAR CLOTHES THAT REFLECT OUR SELF." (WATSON 2014) **IMMEDIATE FAMILY** - OUR PARENTS AND SIBLINGS HOLD ANOTHER GREAT IMPORTANT PART OF OUR SELF - WHEN AN IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER DIES, PART OF OUR SELF DIES, TOO. WHEN THEIR LIVES ARE IN SUCCESS, WE FEEL THEIR VICTORIES AS IF WE ARE THE ONE HOLDING THE TROPHY. IN THEIR FAILURES, WE ARE PUT TO SHAME OR GUILT. - WE PLACE HUGE INVESTMENT IN OUR IMMEDIATE FAMILY WHEN WE SEE THEM AS THE NEAREST REPLICA OF OUR SELF. **HOME** - HOME IS WHERE OUR HEART IS. IT IS EARLIEST NEST OF OUR SELFHOOD. - OUR EXPERIENCES INSIDE THE HOME WERE RECORDED AND MARKED ON THE PARTICULAR PARTS AND THINGS IN OUR HOME. - THERE WAS AN OLD CLICHÉ ABOUT ROOMS: \"IF ONLY WALLS CAN SPEAK.\" THE HOME THUS IS AN EXTENSION OF SELF, BECAUSE IN IT, WE CAN DIRECTLY CONNECT OUR SELF. **AS JAMES DESCRIBED SELF:** \"A MAN\'S SELF IS THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL WHAT HE CAN CALL HIS". **-** POSSESSIONS THEN BECOME A PART OR AN EXTENSION OF THE SELF. **WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE (RUSSEL BELK)** - "WE REGARD OUR POSSESSIONS AS PART OF OURSELVES. WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE AND WHAT WE POSSESS" - IDENTIFICATION OF THE SELF TO THINGS STARTED IN OUR INFANCY STAGE WHEN WE MAKE A DISTINCTION AMONG SELF AND ENVIRONMENT AND OTHERS WHO MAY DESIRE OUR POSSESSIONS - AS WE GROW OLDER, PUTTING IMPORTANCE TO MATERIAL POSSESSION DECREASES. HOWEVER, MATERIAL POSSESSION GAINS HIGHER VALUE IN OUR LIFETIME IF WE USE MATERIAL POSSESSION TO FIND HAPPINESS, ASSOCIATE THESE THINGS WITH SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AND PEOPLE IN OUR LIVES. THERE ARE EVEN TIMES, WHEN MATERIAL POSSESSION OF A PERSON THAT IS CLOSELY IDENTIFIED TO THE PERSON, GAINS ACKNOWLEDGMENT WITH HIGH REGARD EVEN IF THE PERSON ALREADY PASSED AWAY. **EXAMPLE:** - THE CHAIR IN THE DINING ROOM ON WHICH THE PERSON IS ALWAYS SEATED, THE CHAIR WILL BE THE CONSTANT REMINDER OF THE PERSON SEATED THERE; - A WELL-LOVED AND KEPT VEHICLE OF THE PERSON, WHICH SOME OF THE BEREAVED FAMILY MEMBERS HAVE A DIFFICULTY TO SELL OR LET GO OF BECAUSE THAT VEHICLE IS VERY MUCH IDENTIFIED WITH THE OWNER WHO PASSED AWAY; - THE FAVORITE PET OR BOOK, AMONG OTHERS THAT THE OWNER PLACED A HIGH VALUE, THESE FAVORITE THINGS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE OWNER. **SHAPING THE WAY WE SEE OURSELVES: THE ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON OUR SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY** **CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY** - A STUDY THAT DEALS WITH ACTIVITIES THAT ARE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN SELECTING, OBTAINING, AND USING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES AND IDEAS TO SATISFY NEEDS AND DESIRES, INCLUDING DECISION PROCESSES THAT PRECEDE AND FOLLOW THESE ACTIONS. **CONSUMER BEHAVIOR** - THE STUDY OF THE BUYING UNITS AND EXCHANGE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN ACQUIRING, CONSUMING AND DISPOSING OF GOODS, SERVICES, EXPERIENCES AND IDEAS. " **THE NATURE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR** - CONSUMERS DIFFER FROM OTHERS; THEIR OWN PURCHASING BEHAVIORS WOULD ALSO VARY FROM ONE PRODUCT CATEGORY TO ANOTHER. - THE NUMBER OF EFFORT AND AMOUNT OF TIME SPEND IN DECIDING. - CONSUMERS BUYING AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR FOR THE SAME PRODUCT WOULD OFTEN VARY BECAUSE OF THE PRESENT SITUATION THEY ARE IN. - POSSESSIONS, TELL A LOT ABOUT THEIR OWNERS (STATUS SYMBOL). THUS, ONE'S SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY IS INFLUENTIAL ON HOW AN INDIVIDUAL CHOOSES TO PURCHASE HIS/HER WANTS AND HOW HE/SHE MAKES ECONOMIC DECISIONS THAT WILL ADDRESS HIS/HER PERSONAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS. **FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR DECISION TO BUY** 1. **FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT** 2. **AVAILABILITY OF ITEMS AND SERVICES** 3. **INFLUENCE OF FAMILY AND FRIENDS** **WANTS VS NEEDS** **WANTS.** SYNONYMOUS WITH LUXURIES. PEOPLE BUY THEM FOR REASONS THAT DO NOT WARRANT NECESSITY. **NEEDS.** THESE ARE IMPORTANT FOR SURVIVAL. FOOD, CLOTHING, AND SHELTER ARE BASIC NEEDS SO PEOPLE PURCHASE THEM OUT OF NECESSITY. **IN THE PROCESS OF ACQUIRING MATERIAL GOODS, PEOPLE GENERALLY CONSIDER 2 THINGS:** **UTILITY.** - CONCERNED WITH HOW THINGS SERVE A PRACTICAL PURPOSE. **SIGNIFICANCE.** - CONCERNED WITH THE MEANING ASSIGNED TO THE OBJECT. IT IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH HOW OBJECTS BECOME POWERFUL SYMBOLS OR ICONS OF HABIT AND RITUAL WHICH CAN BE QUITE SEPARATE FROM THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTION **"MATERIALISM AND HAPPINESS. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF MATERIALISM"** **FOURNIER & RICHINS, 1991** - PURSUIT OF POSSESSIONS AND MATERIALISM'S ROLE IN CONSUMPTION CHOICES REFLECTS MATERIALISM AS A VALUE. - THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUISITION TO REACH SATISFACTION. - IMPOSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE HAPPINESS. "WE TEND TO DEVOTE TIME AND MONEY FOR THINGS WE WANT TO BUY." (BOVEN, 2005) "WE GIVE IMPORTANCE TO BUYING MORE\..." (RINCHINS, 2003) "AND IN EFFECT WE EXPERIENCE... JOYLESS MATERIAL POSSESSIONS... RESULTING IN COMFORT BUT NOT PLEASURE." (NICOLAO ET AL, 2009) ***"MATERIALISTS BELIEVE THAT ACQUIRING THINGS WILL MAKE THEM HAPPIER AND THEY TEND TO ACT ON THIS BELIEF BY BUYING MORE"*** **(WATSON, 2003)** **PROBLEMS WITH CONSUMERISM** 1. **IT IS INTRUSIVE.** 2. **IT IS MANIPULATIVE.** 3. **IT CANNOT PROVIDE MANY OF THE THINGS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO US.** 4. **IT RESTRICTS OUR CHOICES AND LIVES.** 5. **IT AFFECTS OUR WORLDVIEWS AND CHARACTERS.** 6. **IT IS UNSUSTAINABLE.** **MATERIAL PURCHASES** - **TANGIBLE OR INTANGIBLE.** - **LASTS A COUPLE OF DAY.** - **TAKE UP PHYSICAL SPACE.** ***(NICOLAO ET AL, 2009)*** ***EXPERIENTIAL PURCHASES*** - **INTANGIBLE.** - **LASTS FOR A LIFETIME.** ***(NICOLAO ET AL, 2009)*** - **CANNOT BE ACQUIRED IF NOT AVAILABLE.** ***(BOVEN & GILOVICH, 2005)*** **"SOME MATERIAL POSSESSIONS CAN BE PERCEIVED AS EXPERIENCES\..."** ***(BOVEN, 2005)*** **"MATERIAL POSSESSIONS WITH SENTIMENTAL VALUE CAN PROVIDE MORE HAPPINESS\..."** ***(BOVEN & GILOVICH, 2003)*** **MATERIAL PURCHASES** - **INSTANT PLEASURE.** ***(NICOLAO ET AL, 2009)*** - **SOCIAL ILLS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS.** - **GUILTY FEELINGS.** ***(RICHINS, 2012)*** **EXPERIENTIAL PURCHASES** - **LASTING PLEASURE.** ***(NICOLAO ET AL, 2009)*** - **SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS.** - **LESS ADVANTAGEOUS COMPARISON.** ***(BOVEN, 2005)*** **HOW TO AVOID THE TRAP OF CONSUMERISM/MATERIALISM** 1. **EXERCISE INTELLECTUAL INDEPENDENCE.** 2. **CONSUME LESS, LIVE MORE!** **RESPONSIBLE CONSUMERISM AND ITS IMPORTANCE** - **WHEN CUSTOMERS MAKE INTENTIONAL PURCHASES OF PRODUCTS, OPTING FOR THOSE THAT HAVE MINIMAL TO HAVE NO NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HUMANS, ANIMALS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.** - **IS THE IDEA THAT HUMAN SOCIETIES MUST LIVE AND MEET THEIR NEEDS WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS. THE "OFFICIAL" DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE BRUNDTLAND REPORT IN 1987.** **HOW TO BE A RESPONSIBLE CONSUMER** **1. LOOK AT WHERE YOUR PRODUCTS ARE MADE** **2. BUY SUSTAINABLY, LOCALLY, OR DIY** **3. KNOW THE SUPPLY CHAIN POLICY OF BRANDS** **4. CAMPAIGN FOR WORKER'S RIGHTS** **5. CONSUME LESS**