THE EXTENDED SELF Filipino Identity PDF

CHAPTER 2 Lesson 2: THE EXTENDED SELF The Political Self  Who is considered as a Filipino? The Filipino, according to the 1987 constitution: 1. A Filipino is a citizen of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. 2. A Filipino is someone whose fathers or...

CHAPTER 2 Lesson 2: THE EXTENDED SELF The Political Self  Who is considered as a Filipino? The Filipino, according to the 1987 constitution: 1. A Filipino is a citizen of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. 2. A Filipino is someone whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines. 3. A Filipino is born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority 4. A Filipino is someone naturalized in accordance with the law. Being a Filipino is not solely determined by legal citizenship but rather encompasses a broader sense of cultural, historical, and social. The Filipino identity is complex and varied. "Filipino identity is not static, a Filipino's self-image can vary with their background; all Filipinos are alike. Regardless, his consciousness of being a Filipino psychologically defines him as one no matter how he sees and defines the Filipino" (Enriquez, 1977). A study conducted by Jay Yacat, Making Sense of Being and Becoming Filipinos: An Indigenous Psychology Perspective, utilized the method of "ginabayang talakayan" (indigenous facilitated discussion) among selected students reveals that three key factors influenced participants' notions of being Filipino:  The three key factors influenced participants' notions of being Filipino: 1. Pinagmulan (Socio-Cultural Origin) - it refers to the definition of citizenship in the 1987 Philippine Constitution.  The three key factors influenced participants' notions of being Filipino: 2. Kinalakhan (Cultural Roots) revolves around participation and immersion in a cultural milieu acknowledged as Filipino that is considered distinctively Filipino and helps differentiate Filipinos from foreigners.  The three key factors influenced participants' notions of being Filipino: 3. Kamalayan (Consciousness) refers to the awareness of the self as Filipino, acceptance of membership in the category "Filipino," and also pride in this membership (Yacat, 2005). Pinagmulan Kinalakhan Filipino Kamalayan The Dimensions of being Filipino  Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors  A whole lot of history The Philippines has a unique culture where Eastern and Western influences come together. Filipinos are mainly of Malay descent, with some Chinese, Arab, Spanish, American, and Japanese influences in their bloodlines.  The Bayanihan represents the spirit of unity and friendship that Filipinos are known for, is said to have come from their Malay ancestors.  Family oriented The strong emphasis on close family ties is believed to be inherited from the Chinese.  Religious The influence of the Arabs and Spanish, who introduced Islam and Christianity, can be seen in the Filipinos strong religious devotion.  English as the 2nd official language The government and educational system and the widespread use of English in the Philippines are due to the On the other hand, the British and Japanese occupation did not have as much cultural impact on the Philippines as Spain, or the United States did. Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe, S.J. (1994), in his work "Understanding the Filipino Value System," pointed out that the Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this place and time. He said that Filipino values can be discussed in a fourfold sense. First, while universal values are shared by humans when observed in the contest of Filipino society, they certainly have a distinctly Filipino flavor. For example, the value placed on respect is universal, but how it is demonstrated can vary across Secondly, when we refer to "Filipino values," we are not suggesting that these values are exclusive only to Filipinos. However, instead it is about understanding cultural priority, combination, and emphasis on specific values that lead to Thirdly, universal human values are shared across cultures and societies. When these universal values are manifested within the Filipino context, they take on distinct Filipino meanings and motivations due to the unique historical, cultural, and social Fourthly, when discussing Filipino values, one should consider how the historical consciousness of these values has evolved among Filipinos. For instance, justice has evolved from inequality to advocating equality. The Filipino traits and the positive and negative aspects: Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan, suggests that individual traits do not solely determine character but are influenced by various external factors. According to Licuanan, multiple factors shape our strengths and weaknesses of  1. Hiya a. Negative (shame) because it arrests or inhibits one's action. This trait reduces one to smallness or to what Nietzsche calls. the "Morality of slaves," thus congealing the soul of the Filipino and emasculating him, making him timid, meek, and weak.  1. Hiya (shame) b. Positive because it contributes to peace of mind and lack of stress by not even trying to achieve. 2. Ningas-cogon (procrastination) a. Negative because it begins ardently and dies down as soon as it begins. This trait renders one inactive and unable to initiate things or persevere. 2. Ningas-cogon (procrastination) b. Positive because it makes a person nonchalant, detached, indifferent, and nonplussed should anything go wrong, conducive to peace and tranquility.  3. Pakikisama (group loyalty) a. Negative because one closes one's eyes to evils like graft and corruption to conserve peace and harmony in a group at the expense of one's comfort.  3. Pakikisama (group loyalty) b. Positive because one lives for others; peace or lack of dissension is a constant goal.  4. Patigasan (test of strength) a. Negative because it is stubborn and resists all efforts at reconciliation. This trait makes us childish, vindictive, irresponsible, and irrational.  4. Patigasan (test of strength) b. Positive because it is assigned that we know our rights and are not easily cowed into submission. It is occidental in spirit, keeping with Nietzche's "will power."  5. Bahala na (Resignation) a. Negative because one leaves everything to chance under the pretext of trusting in Divine providence. This trait is laziness disguised in religious garb.  5. Bahala na (Resignation) b. Positive because one relies on a superior power rather than on one's own. It is conducive to humility, modesty, and lack of arrogance. 6. Kasi (because, i.e., scapegoat) a. Negative because one disowns responsibility and makes a scapegoat out of someone or something. One is never to blame; one remains lily-white and has a ready alibi for failure. 6. Kasi (because, i.e., scapegoat) b. Positive because one can see both sides of the picture and know exactly where a project failed. One will never suffer from guilt or self- recrimination.  7. Saving face a. Negative because being closely related to hiya and kasi enables a person to shirk responsibility. One is never accountable for anything.  7. Saving face b. Positive because one's psyche is saved from undue embarrassment, sleepless nights, remorse of conscience. It saves one from accountability or responsibility for an offense.  8. Sakop (inclusion) a. Negative because one never learns to be on one's own but relies on one's family and relatives. This trait stunts growth and prevents a person from growing on one's own. Generating a life of parasitism, this trait is very  8. Sakop (inclusion) b. Positive because one cares for the family and clan; one stands or falls with them. This trait makes a person show concern for the family to which he belongs.  9. Utang na loob (indebtedness) a. Negative because one overlooks moral principles when one is indebted to a person. One who is beholden to another person will do anything to place him, thinking that by doing so, he can repay a debt.  9. Utang na loob (indebtedness) b. Positive because it is a recognition of one's indebtedness. This trait portrays the spirit behind the Filipino saying, "He who does not know how to look to the past will never reach.”  10. Kanya-kanya (self- centeredness) a. Negative because self- centered; one has no regard for others. So long as my family and I are not in need, I do not care about the world.  10. Kanya-kanya (self- centeredness) b. Positive because one takes care of oneself and one's family: "Blood is thicker than water" (Quito, 1994). Dr. Emerita Quito (1994), emphasizes that while Filipinos possess admirable qualities such as resilience, hospitality, and strong family ties, these traits can also contribute to negative aspects like dependency, complacency, and a tendency towards favoritism.  Strengths of the Filipino Character  1. Pakikipagkapwa- tao: Filipino have a fundamental sense of justice and fairness. They genuinely care for others, empathize with them, and treat them with dignity and respect as fellow human beings.  2. Family orientation: Family holds immense importance, providing personal identity, emotional and material support. commitment and and responsibility towards family create a sense of belonging and security.  3. Joy and Humor: Filipinos approach life with cheerfulness and love for fun. They find solace in laughter, even in difficult situations. playfulness and the ability to laugh at oneself are coping mechanisms.  4. Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity: Filipinos can easily adjust to various circumstances and environments, whether physical or social. They display adaptability in unforeseen situations and possess a tolerance for ambiguity  5. Hard work in Filipinos industry: exhibit a strong work ethic in suitable conditions. They are determined to improve their standard of living and provide for their families. They are willing to take risks, even working multiple jobs, resulting in productivity, entrepreneurship, and  6. Faith and religiosity: Filipinos deeply believe in god and hold a profound religious devotion. Their innate religiosity allows them to understand and accept reality within God's will and plan. Expressions of religious faith are tangible.  7. Ability to survive: Filipinos demonstrate resourcefulness by making the most available resources in their environment. This resilience is evident in millions of Filipinos courageously enduring harsh economic and social circumstances.  Weakness of the Filipino Character  1. Extreme family- centeredness: Excessive concern for family leads to the misuse of power and influence on personal and family interests. This can result in factionalism, political dynasties, and the protection of erring family members. It hinders the promotion of the common good and  2. Extreme personalism: Difficulty in separating objective tasks from emotional involvement leads to discomfort with bureaucracy, rules, and standard procedures. Personal connections and preferences for family and friends often influence decision-making in areas like hiring, services, and voting. This contributes to the prevalence of graft and corruption in  3. Lack of discipline Casual attitude towards time, poor time management, and procrastination. Resistance to following procedures strictly leads to a lack of standardization and quality control. Impatience can result in shortcuts, paletot, and ninjas cogon, leading to inefficient work systems, rule violations, and lack of follow-through.  4. Passivity and lack of initiative: Waiting to be told what to do, relying on leaders and the government, and needing to be more active. Tolerance of inefficiency, poor service, and violations of rights is high. being too patient and easily resigned to one's fate makes Filipino vulnerable to oppression and  6. Kanya-kanya syndrome and talangka mentality: Engaging in gossip, intrigue, and unconstructive criticism. Personal ambition takes precedence over the common good, resulting in government officials needing a sense of service. This hampers cooperation, community spirit, and respect for other's right.  7. Lack of self - analysis and self- reflection: Superficiality and flightiness when facing personal and social problems. Lack of deep analysis or reflection, relying on simplistic explanations and solutions.  8. Emphasis on parma/appearance rather than substance: Valuing form over substance, reinforced by an educational system focused more on appearances. This contributes to a need for more critical thinking and analysis. ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE  What is democracy? Democracy can be defined as a form of governance that relies on the people's will. It is derived from the Greek term demos, which means people, and kratos, rule or authority. In other words, democracy means people's rule, or in the words of a great American President, "a government by the people, of the people, and for the people." This is an ideal democracy that people everywhere are  Larry Diamonds (2004) He defines democracy as a governmental system encompassing four essential components, which are: 1. A system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; 2. Active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; 3. Protection of the human rights of all citizens; and 4. A rule of law in which the laws and Democratic culture is a set of values and beliefs that not only help us identify with democracy as an ideal but also strive to put it into practice (Huber & Harkavy, 2007). What are how democracy is made to work? Ayson and Reyes explore the mechanisms and conditions under which democracy functions effectively. The central idea of their work is that for a democracy to be functional, it must be supported by a combination of institutions, practices, and values that collectively enable it to operate  Here are the some key points: Institutional Frameworks: A functioning democracy relies on robust institutions, such as a free press, independent judiciary, and an accountable legislature. These institutions ensure that there is a separation of powers, that individuals' rights are protected, and  Here are the some key points: Active Citizen Participation: In a healthy democracy, citizens must be active participants in the political process, whether by voting, engaging in public discourse, or holding officials accountable. Democracy is not a passive system but one that requires continuous involvement from the  Here are the some key points: Rule of Law: The legal system must operate fairly and impartially. The rule of law ensures that all individuals, regardless of status, are subject to the same laws, preventing the abuse of power and promoting equality and justice within the system.  Here are the some key points: Pluralism and Political Competition: For democracy to function effectively, it needs to accommodate diverse viewpoints and political parties. Pluralism ensures that no single group or ideology dominates the political landscape, allowing for political competition and the  Here are the some key points: Education and Public Awareness: A well-informed electorate is crucial for democracy to thrive. Ayos and Reyes may discuss the role of education and public awareness in fostering a populace that is knowledgeable about their rights, responsibilities, and the workings of the democratic system. Ayson and Reyes explains that citizens play a key role in making democracy work. They help keep the government in check by holding elected officials responsible, demanding transparency, and getting involved in activities like voting and public discussions. This way, citizens help prevent the government from having too much power and make sure it stays accountable to the people. The passage also says that while citizens have freedoms, they must follow the laws set by the Constitution. The government, too, must use its power within legal limits. When both citizens and the government follow these rules, democracy becomes strong and The Spiritual Self and the Five Major Religions (Exploring Purpose, Religion, and  The Spiritual Self Human beings are innate to discover and explore every aspect of life, especially our purpose and existence. This part allows us to focus on how we can identify the rootedness of our holistic aspect through identifying the importance of rituals, ceremonies and religious orientation that confuses us  Attempts of defining Religion Many definitions of religion share many of the elements that we included in our definition of culture. We can define a religion as a system of beliefs and behaviors, based on a system of symbols. Religion is a system of beliefs, behaviors, and symbols shaped by culture.  Attempts of defining Religion Religion reveals itself through culture. Examples of which are knowing religious practices that include rituals. Just like how Ninian Smart identified the six dimensions of religion: 1. the institutional 4. the social dimension dimension 5. the ethical dimension 2. the narrative and; dimension 6. the experiential Defining religion as well as a system of beliefs and behaviors that deals with the relationship between humans and sacred supernatural. "Supernatural" refers to the things that are beyond natural. It defies the fundamental laws of nature, and we see objects indifferent to what is normal. While “Sacred” signifies an attitude of respect and reverence. Being the concept of defining religion as mysterious as it may get, Stein & Stein (2017) would like to simplify the term that focuses on cultural constructs that are dominated by culture, philosophy, and theoretical backgrounds. It is best to define religion as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually include some or all of a basic set of characteristics. These characteristics are as follows: 1. a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural beings, such as spirits and gods. 2. a focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and awe. 3. The presence of supernatural power or energy is found in supernatural beings, 4. the performance of ritual activities that involve the manipulation of sacred objects to communicate with supernatural beings and/or to influence or control events; 5. an articulation of a worldview and moral code through narratives and other means; 6. provides for the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanisms of social control within a community: 7. provides explanations for the unknown and a sense of control for the individual.  Five Major Religion According to the Population Growth Projections, of Pew Research Center on 2010-2050, there are Five Major Religions. 1. Christianity - it is centered on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe to be the Son of God and the redeemer of the world. 2. Islam - The other most common religion is centered on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, whom Muslims consider the last prophet in a line that has included Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. 3. Secular/Atheist/Agnostic - This includes individuals who do not adhere to any organized religion or do not believe in the existence of gods or supernatural beings. 4. Hinduism - is one of the oldest religions in the world and has diverse beliefs and practices. It encompasses a wide range of philosophies, rituals, and traditions, with no single founder or central religious authority. 5. Buddhism - originated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One). Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths, which include the existence of suffering, its cause (craving and attachment), the possibility of cessation of suffering, and the path 4. Hinduism - is one of the oldest religions in the world and has diverse beliefs and practices. It encompasses a wide range of philosophies, rituals, and traditions, with no single founder or central religious authority. 5. Buddhism - originated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One). Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths, which include the existence of suffering, its cause (craving and attachment), the possibility of cessation of suffering, and the path Religiosity is a belief system encompassing specific practices, prohibitions, and participation in a community sharing the same values. Religion influences perspectives on life and serves as a foundation for spirituality, fostering hope through practices like attending church, participating in religious events, integrating religious teachings, and promoting morals through media. These Spirituality involves seeking and expressing meaning while fostering connections with oneself, others, the environment, and the sacred. It encompasses three key aspects: relationality, the sacred and Spirituality is integral to human development, rooted in awareness of one's surroundings and the search for identity and ultimate purpose. It can emerge through personal experiences, social interactions, and environmental influences, often overlapping with religious understanding. WHY IS SPIRITUALITY IMPORTANT? 1. Meaning and Purpose – Spirituality helps individuals explore deeper existential questions, fostering a sense of longing, belonging, and understanding of life's purpose and interconnectedness. 2. Inner Peace and Well-being – Practices like meditation, prayer, and mindfulness cultivate inner peace, reduce stress, and enhance emotional resilience, promoting stability and 3. Connection with Others – Spirituality encourages compassion, empathy, and love, fostering unity, collaboration, and a sense of connection with others and the universe. 4. Moral Values and Decision Making – Spirituality provides aspirational guidance through examples of ethical living, with most beliefs promoting ethical conduct. Virtues like honesty, sincerity, kindness, and forgiveness are central to moral decision-making and 5. Support in Times of Difficulty – Spirituality offers comfort, solace, and hope during challenging times, such as loss or grief. Belief in a higher power or purpose provides strength and resilience to overcome adversity. 6. Promotion of Health – Research highlights the positive link between spirituality and health. Spiritual practices and community engagement can encourage physical activity, improve lifestyle choices, reduce depression and anxiety, 7. Spirituality entails Transformation and Growth – Spirituality fosters personal growth, self- reflection, and the addressing of self-limitations, guiding individuals to understand themselves and the world, promoting continual development. In summary, spirituality enriches human experiences by promoting well-being, compassion, interconnectedness, and inner peace.  Rituals and Ceremonie  RITUAL: is a ceremony or action performed in a customary way. ⚬ rituals may be prescribed by the tradition of a community, including a religious community.  CEREMONY: a formal act or ritual performed in observation of an event or anniversary. example: 1. Japanese 2. Wedding 3. Cultural Tea Ceremony Ceremony Ceremony CLASSIFICATION OF RITUALS: 1.Imitative 2.Positive & Negative 3.Sacrificial  1. IMITATIVE Rituals patterned after myths, with meanings rooted in belief systems. They repeat elements of myths to reinforce cultural narratives and values.  2. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE: Positive: are mostly concerned with giving blessings to an object or an individual. Aim to promote well- being and positive outcomes.  2. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE: Negative: focus on rules of prohibition, which cover an almost infinite variety of rites and behavior. Breaking these rituals can lead to misfortune or dramatic changes.  3. SACRIFICIAL Involving the total destruction of a sacrifice as an off a higher being. Methods of Destruction: 1.Burning 2.Dismembering 3.Burying it  4. LIFE-CRISIS The basic characteristic of life crisis ritual is the transition of one mood or stage of life into another. This ritual usually defines the life of an individual. STAGES OF SOCIETAL 1.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD 2.COLONIAL PERIOD 3.MODERN PERIOD  1. Pre-Colonial Period BABYLA Magos defines babaylans as a religio- N initated person who is identified as a priest who officiates in rites called “samba” involving supernatural beings. Functions as a folk therapist, philosopher, and cultural transmitter.  1. Pre-Colonial Period TERMINOLOG (BABYLAN) Y: “Bailan” is referred to as daetan, cartoon, mamumuhat, diwatero in Visayas and Northern Mindanao. In “Tagalog or Northern Luzon” referred as catalonan, and anitera. In “Isnegs” referred as dorakit or anitowan.  1. Pre-Colonial Period The historian (BABYLAN) of Mindanao Studies “Francisco Demetrio, SJ” discusses shamanism. 1.“Okojwnu” of Andaman Islanders as the who speaks from dreams. 2.“Sibaso” of the Batak as a shaman who perform spiritual possession. 3.“Duku-a” of Sumatra as a divines that who can see spirits and became invisible at night. 4.“Manang Bali” of Sea Dyak - means sexless medium. 5.“Bailan” - female priests. 6.“Basir” - asexual priests shaman of the Ngadju Dyak of Southern Borneo.  1. Pre-Colonial Period BELIEFS IN(BABYLAN) SOUL: Pre-colonial ancestors also believed in the existence of souls ("sawol") which are the spiritual and emotional parts of a person's animate existence and Spirit (spiritus- a breath of life). “Dungan" was a life force, energy, as well as an ethereal entity, a spirit with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides the essence of life.  2. Colonial Period: As new religious impositions emerged, the ways of the babaylan were pushed into obfuscation, othered and demonized by the Spanish friars and their legions of newly-converted indios.  2. Colonial Period: ROLE OF FRIARS: Friars established missionary settlements, conducted religious ceremonies, and enforced conversions, significantly altering  3. Modern Period: In contemporary times, religion continues to play a vital role in our holistic aspect. Influencing our way of living, societal inclusion of diversity, an open community that allows gender fluid in a modern  The Digital Self (I, Me, myself, and my user ID online Identity)  THE DIGITAL SELF Refers to the online persona individuals adopt while using the internet. According to Zhao (2005) digital self development by teenagers through interactions with anonymous individuals in the online world can be characterized as (1) inwardly oriented, (2) narrative in nature, (3) retractable, and (4) multiplied. Inwardly oriented - emphasizing or thoughts and feelings, overt attributes are not visible. Narrative form - others primarily learn about us through our shared information Retractable - since our online persona is not easily linked to our offline identity. Multiplied - we interact with others in different online domains. When we refer to a digital self, it does not mean that our identity is divided into physical and digital components; instead, it recognizes the significant influence of the e-audiences which observe our online activities on various social media platforms in shaping our  Selective self- presentation and Impression Management.  Dramaturgical Analysis Individuals navigate through life as if they were performers on a stage consistently striving to shape the impressions they leave on others. In essence, both impression management and self presentation involve consciously managing how others  Self presentation Refers to actions taken to communicate information or project an image of oneself to others. It encompasses your efforts to shape the way people think of you, aiming to present your best qualities.  Self According to presentation Arendaine J. E. & Murcia JV (2016), some people express that the excessive use of online platforms also originated from their being sociable, and become more acquainted with their peers. They boldly say that using facebook becomes a means for them to interact virtually with other people, things they cannot do in real interactions. People engage in self presentation for three  Facilitate Social Interaction As mentioned, certain situations and roles necessitate specific behaviors. Consider for instance, the image you have of a defense attorney. Are there expectations you hold regarding their actions and demeanor? Would you feel confident and their ability to defend your case if you saw them frantically searching for their car keys?  Identity construction Nearly stating our desired identity or aspirations is insufficient; we must also take consistent actions to embody that identity. Moreover, we often need to persuade others to proceed us in the same way. Whether it involves showcasing a specific personality trait or striving for a promotion, it can be argued that our real identity is shaped not  Identity construction Furthermore, we can utilize self presentation to strengthen our desired identity. When we have goals to accomplish, changes to make, or new skills to learn, sharing them publicly can be a powerful strategy. There is a reason why individuals who share their goals are more likely to achieve success. The positive pressure from others can assist us in remaining accountable to our commitments, which maybe  Five Common Self-Presentational Strategies (Jones & Pittman, 1982). Self promotion: When individuals highlight their achievements to appear capable. Ingratiation: When individuals use favors or flattery to be seen as likable.  Five Common Self-Presentational Strategies (Jones & Pittman, 1982). Exemplification: When individuals go beyond what's expected to be seen as hardworking and committed. Intimidation: When individuals assert power or the ability to punish to be viewed as powerful. Supplication: When individuals share weaknesses or flaws to receive compassion and  Impression management Is the intentional and conscious effort to shape how others perceive a person, object, or event. Involves regulating and controlling information during social interaction. Seven Impression Management Techniques Conformity: Matching our behavior to fit with group norms or rules, following school guidelines. Excuses: Providing explanations to avoid or minimize negative consequences, as being late work. It is Important to note that overusing excuses can lead to unreliability. Seven Impression Management Techniques Acclaim: Publicly recognizing someone's achievements to build rapport and motivate others. E.g. managers praising employees in feedback sessions. Flattery: Excessively complimenting someone to make them like you, such as flattering a chef for an extra serving of food. Remember to Seven Impression Management Techniques Self promotion: Highlighting our strengths or down playing weaknesses to present ourselves positively, like social media influencers showcasing their best qualities. Favors: Doing something kind for others to establish reciprocity and gain acceptance, such as taking on extra work for a coworker. Association: Connecting with specific individuals to protect or enhance our self image, like networking at Impacts of Online Interactions on the Self According to Arendain, JE. (2016) today's youth and technology have an emerging correlation of which many of their activities are related with technology and further Indicates interest and active participation in the so called technocentric life. Sullivan (1953) and Erikson (1959) there is a need to guide the youth preadolescence and adolescence personality development and identity formation to guide them with their personality development. It is the period where youth begin to care for the needs of others and explore their Furthermore, Valkenburg and Peter (2011) emphasize that online communication allows for controllability and a sense of security in self-presentation and disclosure, which may not be possible in face-to-face The Internet provides anonymity, reduced visual or auditory cues, asynchronicity, and accessibility, which are particularly valuable for self-conscious preadolescents and adolescents; therefore, social media platforms like Facebook offer opportunities for youth to develop their identity, experiment with self-presentation, and receive feedback from others. These platforms provide a sense of security and controllability, allowing adolescents to navigate the challenges of identity formation during a crucial stage in Social networking sites also raises the concern of overuse or addiction of social networking sites among students and the notable aggressive. Positive social comparisons, such as receiving compliments, admiration, or recognition for achievements, can contribute to an individual's self-esteem and reinforce a positive self perception. For example, receiving numerous likes and positive comments on a post can enhance their confidence and reinforce a positive image of Negative social comparisons, such as perceiving others as more successful, attractive, or accomplished, can lead to feelings of inadequacy, envy, and a diminished sense of self-worth. Excessive exposure to others' seemingly perfect lives on social media can create unrealistic standards and increase dissatisfaction or self-doubt. The intricate interplay among communication, socialization, and emotional expression enriches our relationships with others and serves as a powerful avenue for understanding ourselves on a profound level. As we engage in conversations and share our joys, fears, and vulnerabilities, we gain valuable insights into our own emotions and thought patterns. Expressing ourselves allows us to process our feelings, making them more tangible and comprehensible. Furthermore, Arendain, J. enumerated the strong purpose behind people's life experiences that contributed to their engagement in social networking 1. Communication. Effective communication is the lifeblood of human interaction, enabling the seamless exchange of ideas, emotions, and information. Through clear and empathetic communication, individuals forge connections with the families and friends, build relationships, increases the interpersonal awareness, and acquire information learning education and leisures and entertainment. a. to be connected with friends, b. families, classmates, and loved ones, c. increases the interpersonal awareness, d. for pleasure, leisure, and entertainment, and e. acquires information learning education (educational 2. Socialization. It is the vital process through which individuals acquire the necessary skills, norms, and values to participate harmoniously within society and form meaningful relationships with others, like; a. to be socialized, b. interpersonal growth, c. builds up good relationships to significant other person, d. daily life routine, and e. family enticement. 3. Emotional Expression. It is the fundamental means by which individuals convey and communicate their feelings, thoughts, and inner experiences to others, facilitating understanding, connection, and empathy in human interactions, like; a. one way of expressing pent-up emotions or Anger, b. sensitivity to things, c. feelings of inadequacy and loneliness, d. temperamental, e. feelings of guilt, f. anxiety, g. helplessness and depression, h. being hostile and thinking of striking people, i verbal aggressiveness, j. the feeling of bitterness and jealousy, and k. Feeling overly suspicious. Moreover, the cultural and social contexts in which we communicate and interact shape our self-perception and influence the development of our identity. The journey of understanding the self is intricately intertwined with the mosaic of human connections, as each interaction and emotional exchange contributes to the  Boundaries of the Self Online: Private vs Public; Personal/individual vs Social Identity Online; Gender and Sexuality Online The borders of the self in the online sphere have become increasingly complex and relevant in the digital era. The introduction of digital technologies and online platforms has transformed the way people connect, display themselves, and engage with others. Hence, individuals must understand and navigate these limits to build a sense of identity, preserve their privacy, and have a safe and rewarding online experience. Consequently, in connection with study of Arendain, J. (2016) stated that people have moderate level of tendency of having Facebook use to become part of their daily routine life and that, the control of Facebook online on their feelings and behavior is not that extreme as it lies on the average based on salience, tolerance,  Private vs. Public/Personal/Individu al vs Social Identity Online Personal identification refers to an individual's distinct features, experiences, and perspectives, whereas social identity refers to an individual's membership in diverse social groupings (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), Individuals can portray many elements of their identities online and interact with communities that share their interests and values. Therefore, establishing and maintaining these boundaries requires a thoughtful approach to online disclosure. A person may manage privacy settings on various online platforms, be mindful of the information shared in  Gender and Sexuality The internet orOnline social networking site (like Facebook) allows people to explore and express their gender and sexuality in various ways. Digital platforms allow for identity exploration, community interaction, and the deconstruction of established norms and prejudices  Gender and Sexuality Online It is critical to recognize that the online world is not immune to detrimental gendered and sexualized standards. Despite the promise for self-expression and liberation, online spaces can foster harassment, discrimination, and the reinforcing of systemic injustices. Thus, individuals can suffer significant emotional, psychological, and even physical consequences as a result of gender-based violence, which The study of Arendain, JE & Murcia, JV (2016), Desmarais et al. (2012), Sell, Hone and Pound (2012), Espelage et al. (2013) and Hamby and Turner (2013), who all pointed out that males were found to display higher physical aggression than females, and even physical violence (considered as gender-based violence), are attributed to the fact that men have a culture of masculinity, which is related to machismo, hostility and violence in Furthermore, to promote inclusivity and counteract online gender-based violence, these are some proactive initiatives that promote a secure and respectful digital environment: 1. Promoting digital literacy and critical thinking skills can help people notice and confront negative narratives, prejudices, and discriminatory practices on the 2. Empathy and respect must be promoted in online interactions to develop an inclusive society that recognizes varied gender identities and expressions. It is also critical to develop and implement policies that hold people accountable for their online activity. Online platforms should prioritize the creation and deployment of effective reporting systems, as well as taking prompt action in the event of harassment or abuse. Creating safe and inclusive online places In conclusion, it is critical to prioritize online safety in our fast-paced society where digital technology plays a major part in our lives. Protecting oneself online is critical for protecting personal information, keeping privacy, and having a great online experience. Here are some tips for remaining safe online: Secure your accounts through using complex passwords or two-step authentication for online accounts whenever possible Protect your Web browsing by adding a browser extension that blocks ads and the data collected.  Use antivirus software on your computer. Don't install sketchy software. Enable encryption on your laptop. Lock down your phone in case you lose it. Be suspicious of links in emails and ______________ platforms offer opportunities for the youth to develop their identity, experiment with self-presentation, and receive feedback from others. Social Media _____________ it is the vital process through which individuals acquire the necessary skills, norms, and values to participate harmoniously within society and form meaningful relationships with others. Socializatio n The ___________ or social networking site allows people to explore and express their gender and sexuality in various ways. Internet It encompasses your efforts to shape the way people think of you, aiming to present your best qualities.  Self Interpretati Is the intentional and conscious effort to shape how others perceive a person, object, or event. Impression Managemen Matching our behavior to fit with group norms or rules, following school guidelines Conformity