Understanding The Self (Finals) PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (FINALS)  The Spiritual Self Spirit according to William James THE SPRIRITUAL SELF  most intimate and subjective...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (FINALS)  The Spiritual Self Spirit according to William James THE SPRIRITUAL SELF  most intimate and subjective part of the self  diverted from the notion of spirit as ego  Religion  the spirit is our ability to think of ourselves introduces the concept of supreme beings as a as thinkers cause of reason of all phenomena  enables us to engage in morality, sensibility, a set of rituals made to coordinate with the goal and consciousness of either obtaining or hindering changes in human  we are able to establish different beliefs, condition and nature’s state practices, and religions in the aim of finding believes that there is an architect of all things the meaning of life Omnipotent – all powerful  finding the meaning of life satisfies our Omniscient – all knowing spiritual self Omnipresent – ever-present it has many functions such as providing sense of  Religious Rituals the word, strengthening norms and identity, Rituals – patterns of behavior or practices that are setting sanctions for individual behavior, and related to the sacred; as an adj. means giving serenity in facing life changes “conforming to religious rites” which are the sacred, customary ways of celebrating a religion  The Concept of the Soul or culture Monism – a view that there is only one substance rituals in Catholics are called Sacraments and only one being, the soul and the body are one  7 Sacraments: Dualism – a view that mind and body are two  (1.) baptism, (2.) Holy Eucharist, (3.) independent substances confirmation, (4.) reconciliation, (5.) Western Philosophers - a human person is a anointing of the sick, (6.) marriage, and rational being constituted(composed of) of soul (7.) Holy Order and body religious people use rituals to give honor to the Soul – a superior of the body and can exist divine power/s they believe in and to serve as a independently (along with the body), invisible reminder of their religious obligations and immortal, serves as the life-force of the body the interdependence between rituals and beliefs Kaluluwa is possible such that rituals validate beliefs  the Filipino term of soul or spirit rituals strengthen the sense of belongingness  Two forms of existence:  1. physical – the soul is connected on the  Rites of Passage human body and life rituals that mark important stages in individual’s life cycle  2. spiritual – the soul exists on its own helps individuals through the crucial crises or Dungan major social transitions in their lives, like birth,  the Bisayan (Ilonggo) concept of the soul, puberty, marriage, parenthood, advancement to a lacks material substance and is extremely higher class, occupational specialization, and light that it travels with the wind even death  it is believed that these spirits inhabit a region above the earth before inhabiting  Life Crises are Divided into Three Stages: their chosen unborn human being 1. Separation – removes an individual from  does not stay in any specific part of the body everyday society, the concept of isolation  a young person may manifest nausea, 2. Transition – the individual performs the headache, stomachache, fever, etc. due to the necessary rites/rituals to get/attain his/her new concept of usug status  3. Incorporation – formal return and readmission  Ecopsychology into society with the new status “fundamental interconnections between humans and the natural world through a  Spirituality phenomenological and sensorial link, and involves a connection to something greater than integration of practices based on the notion that oneself direct contact with the natural world has healing centers on the search for meaning in life. potential." described as sacred, transcendent, or a deep sense emphasizes human-nature interconnection and of aliveness. nature’s healing potential love, compassion, altruism. life after death, wisdom, and truth.  Finding and Creating Meaning in Life acknowledges higher development in enlightened Roman Catholics – God is the architect and individuals compared to the ordinary person designer of all things  Soul - in religion and philosophy, is the immaterial Atheists – there is no God and everything will end essence of a human, often linked to individuality and upon death. divinity, believed to survive death Albert Camus – human life is absurd  within religion there is spirituality, but if you have spirituality, it doesn’t necessarily mean you have a  Essence VS Existence religion Plato and Aristotle (Essentialism) - people are created to fulfill a specific purpose and that  Magic and Witchcraft endows them the essence of their life Cult - social group with unconventional beliefs or Jean Paul Satre (Existentialism) - what matters is interests, often using trust and acceptance to how and what one does with life at this moment influence members without their awareness and not what will happen to him or her after Magic – involves the manipulation of the death for there is no reward for good deeds supernatural for good or evil purposes, usually coming from God performed to ensure production of good crops, Theistic Existentialism - tries to invalidate the the replenishment of game, fertility of domestic concept that God created humans and the entire animals, and the preventions and cure of illnesses universe for a specific purpose Sorcery – makes use of materials, objects, and the medicines to invoke malevolence  The Search for meaning according to Viktor Frankl Witchcraft – accomplish the same ills (as sorcery) Logotheraphy - a type of psychotheraphy by means of thought and emotion alone its main belief is that the primary motivational In the Philippines: force to life is the search for meaning  Barang – done as an act of revenge for wrongdoing  Natabang – experience illness like stomachache, victim of sorcery  Nabarang – more painful and deadly experience as a swarm of insects through body openings, victim of sorcery  Three Ways to Search for Meaning  Kulam - for the Tagalogs wherein Purposeful Work dolls, candles, and prayers are  having a life goal gives life meaning. used during rituals  a defined goal helps individuals live purposefully  Courage in the Face of Difficulty  Politics imbibes man on several things:  involves accepting suffering, pain, and death 1st: Politics is concerned with power as part of life 2nd: Politics functions based on a particular social  living courageously despite imperfections economic and cultural context makes life meaningful 3rd: Politics is personal Love 4th: Politics goes hand-in hand with society  allows us to see someone's true essence and unrealized potential.  Political Culture – the pattern of individual attitudes  when someone loves us, they help us become and orientation towards politics among members of a aware of our potentials and bring them to life political system (Almond and Verba, 1965)  "The ultimate factor in the meaning of life is love"  Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture: Dominance of family ties or kinship system THE POLITICAL SELF  consanguinity (blood relations) is given outmost importance  Politics  Ritual kinship or the or the kumpadre system derived from the Greek word Politika from where the sacredness of baptism or Aristotle's classic work, which means "affairs of sacrament of marriage is used to get favors is the cities," the Latin/Old French word polis, which evident in politics means "city," politics, which means "citizen" Euphemism refers to the science and art of government or the  officials and employees in lower positions political state of a government or country are not frank or straightforward in criticizing associated with governance to achieve power—an officials of higher rank academic study of government and state  people use parinig or patutsada instead of confronting the officials immediately address  Political Self the problems the Self that the Constitution aims to foster Utang na loob rejects the individualistic view and focuses on  Filipinos feel obliged to repay immediately collective welfare--for the people and the country or in the future any favor they receive from explores how our social and economic contexts another person profoundly affect our well-being and the Sense of overdependency formation of our identity as Filipinos  some constituents rely on an elected official the origins of political self are family, school, or a patron politician for their personal and church, peer groups, and mass media economic needs Belief that majority of politicians are corrupt  Kendall (1998) – defines politics as a social institution  the term buwaya has been used to describe through which power is acquired and exercised by corrupt politicians in the Philippines people and groups signifying their greed for money and power Lack of political maturity  Stevens, Anglin, and Jussim (2015) – cite that in some  people elect officials based on their people, politics is a central component of their identity popularity and personality, and not on performance and platform  Aristotle – man is, by nature, a political animal because man is a social being and that people are naturally  National Identity drawn to various political involvements in order to The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines tells us satisfy his social needs (Aristotle-Animal) who the citizens of the Philippines are:  Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution   Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens Nolan Principles of Good Governance: (which of the Philippines aims to eliminate corruption in the government)  Those born before January 17, 1973, of  Selflessness – means caring for what the Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine people need and want instead of promoting citizenship upon reaching the age of majority personal interests  Those who are naturalized in accordance  Objectivity – means being neutral and free with law from biases in making decisions Ways on How to Acquire Philippine Citizenship  Integrity – means maintaining a good name  Jus soli (right of soil) is the legal principle and character that a person's nationality at birth is  Honesty – means telling the truth, hiding determined by the place of birth nothing, and being transparent at all times  Jus sanguinis (right of blood) is the legal  Accountability – means being liable and principle that, at birth, an individual acquires responsible for one’s actions the nationality of his/her natural parent/s  Openness – means being transparent with Naturalization - judicial act of adopting a whatever information one handles foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a  Leadership – means being able to lead the native-born citizen; it implies the renunciation of way for development that would benefit all a former nationality and the entry of a similar Positive Filipino Values relation towards a new body of politics  Bayanihan - spirit of kinship and camaraderie  Establishing a Democratic Culture  Damayan - extend sympathy Democracy  Familism - prioritize the welfare of family  a system of government in which all citizens members above all things are eligible members of the state where  Optimism - maintaining a positive outlook in Sovereignty belongs in the people life even in times of calamities Basic Features of Democracy:  Hospitality - accomodating to other people  1. Rule of the majority – the decision of the  Regionalism - giving more priority to their majority prevails (“Vox populi, vox dei” – provincemate; ex: when voting in election the voice of the people is the voice of God)  Flexibility - adapt to expectations  2. Protection of human rights  Religious - strong faith and submission to the  3. Upholding the rule of law will of a supreme being  Respect for Elders - mano culture, po at opo  Ideal Citizenship  Remedyo Attitude - resourcefulness Citizenship – denotes the status of being a legal  Matiyaga - grit and strong determination member of a nation-state  Utang na Loob - obligation to repay favor Ideal Citizen – a person who follows the laws, Negative Filipino Values protects and takes care of the environment, and  Bahala na attitude - leaving to fate and luck contributes to the welfare of the people  Colonial mentality/blue-seal mentality - Governance – defined as the traditions and giving high regard to foreign products institutions that determine how authority is  Crab mentality - resents another person's exercised in a particular country; Includes: achievement instead of feeling happy for that  (1.) the process by which governments are person; pull each other down and ruin each selected, held accountable, monitored, and other's reputation replaced  Euphemistic - not frank/straightforward  (2.) the capacity of governments to manage  Filipino time - arriving late in meetings resources efficiently  Gaya-gaya attitude - copying others’ works  (3.) the respect of citizens and the state for  Lack of Sportsmanship - can’t accept defeat the institutions that govern   Jackpot Mentality - betting in lottery, raffles  structural violence leads to suffering, tension, to have better life and conflicts  Belief in Kapalaran - believing that Johan Galtung's Contribution everything is et in stone  structural violence results when wealth  Manana Habit - mamaya na depends on exploitation, causing deprivation  Ningas Kugon - attitude of eagerly starting and inequality things but quickly losing eagerness soon  highlighted the importance of addressing after experiencing difficulty; laziness societal structures to achieve true peace  Oversensitivity - inability to stand criticism  Pakikisama - always adhering/submitting to  Meaning and Concept of Peace the will of the group they are part of Traditional Definition of Peace  Tsamba Lang Attitude - refusal to take the  according to the Cambridge Dictionary, credit for one’s own accomplishment, peace is freedom from war and violence, instead owing it to charm and luck especially when people live and work together without disagreements  How to be a good Filipino? Expanded Concept of Peace Be an active Filipino citizen  peace is more than just the absence of war; it Study the Philippines history includes addressing all forms of violence, Support local products such as conflicts, social degradation, poverty, Speak the Filipino language injustice, discrimination, and oppression Do not spread fake news and be democratic in  promoting peace requires respect for engaging with dissent equality, human rights, diversity, empathy, selflessness, and rational thinking  Peace Education Modern Perspective on Peace Peace education is important everywhere to teach  peace is not simply a lack of war or young people the skills to create peace in their nonviolence; peace means the eradication of lives and the world. The young of today deserves all facets of injustice (Cheng and Kurtz, 1998) a radically different education — “one that does  a genuine culture of peace requires a not glorify war but educates for peace, comprehensive and inclusive understanding nonviolence and international cooperation.” of peace Working together, especially with the help of youth, is key to building a culture of peace and  Toward a Holistic Concept of Peace and Violence solving today’s challenges. John Galtung’s Concept of Peace  two types of peace: "negative peace"  Secular Views/Concepts of Peace and Violence (absence of personal/direct violence) and Traditional View of Peace "positive peace" (presence of social justice  early writings, like Hugo Grotius (1625), and egalitarian/fair distribution of power defined peace as the absence of war or direct and resources) violence  structural violence, such as unequal  Raymond Aron (1966) described peace as a distribution of wealth and resources, is temporary suspension of violent rivalry addressed in positive peace between political units Peace with Nature Emerging Alternative View (Late 1960s Onward)  positive peace includes harmonious  focus shifted to "structural violence"—harm relationships between humans and nature, as caused by societal systems (e.g., poverty, the earth sustains survival, health, and inequality, discrimination, denial of human resources (Mische, 1987) rights)   environmental degradation undermines  Five (5) Basic Principles of Peace Education According human survival, making peace with nature to Harris (2004) essential peace education encompasses understanding the Holistic Perspective on Peace roots of violence and fostering critical thinking  negative peace focuses on ending war and about conflict direct violence peace education teaches nonviolent strategies for  positive peace emphasizes just relationships, conflict resolution, emphasizing dialogue, human and ecological well-being, and empathy, and cooperation reducing conflict causes peace education acknowledges and addresses Resource Scarcity and Violence various forms of violence within their respective  competition for scarce resources can lead to contexts, including physical, structural, and aggression and conflict, linking resource cultural availability to peaceful coexistence (Barnaby, peace is a dynamic process, evolving based on 1989) circumstances peace education emphasizes adaptability and  UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and ongoing efforts Cultural Organization) recognizing that conflict is omnipresent: it is a “A culture of peace consists of values, attitudes natural part of human interactions and behaviors that reflect and inspire social interaction and sharing based on the principles of  Components of Peace Education freedom, justice and democracy, all human rights, Empowerment and Nonviolence tolerance and solidarity, that reject violence, Developing a Democratic Community endeavor to prevent conflicts by tackling their Fostering Cooperation root causes to solve problems through dialogue Building Moral Sensitivity and negotiation and that guarantee the full Promoting Self-Esteem exercise of all rights and the means to participate Develop Critical Thinking fully in the development process of their society.” Focusing on Themes Core Values of Nonviolence and Social Justice  Elements of Peace According to Toh, Swee Hin & Promoting equity, harmony, and reconciliation Cawagas Peace Education Framework: Inner peace  Peace Education Defined Intercultural solidarity peace education fosters mindset transformation, Human Rights encouraging nonviolence, justice, and Justice and Compassion environmental care Environmental peace Susan Fountain describes it as promoting Dismantle culture of war knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values for behavior change, enabling conflict prevention,  Six Major Themes of Peace Education: peaceful resolution, and creating conditions for Dismantling the culture of war peace Living with justice and compassion it supports personal and social growth to Building cultural respect, reconciliation, and establish a sustainable culture of peace solidarity Promoting human  Categories of Violence rights and Based on the Perpetrator responsibilities  Self-Directed Violence Living in harmony with  suicidal thoughts, attempts, and self- the Earth harm Cultivating inner peace   Fatal suicidal behavior: Suicidal acts  A User ID - unique identifier, commonly used to log resulting in death on to a website, app, or online service; may be a  Non-fatal suicidal behavior: Attempts or username, account number, or email address self-harm without death  Suicidal ideation: Thoughts of ending  How do you build your online identity one’s life every websites that you interact with will collect  Self-mutilation: Deliberate harm to the its own version of who you are, based on the body without suicidal intent information that you have shared  Interpersonal Violence it is up to you how will you represent yourself  Occurs between family, intimate closely as who you are and what you do in real partners, or individuals (familiar or life unknown) to create representation far from your real life  Child abuse, elder abuse, youth violence, and some sexual violence  Self presentation strategies and impression  Collective Violence management  Violence by a group against another Self-Promotion - refers to the practice of group/individuals for political, purposefully trying to present oneself as highly economic, or social goals competent to other people  War, terrorism, state-led violence Ingratiation - refers to behaviors that a person (genocide, torture), and organized illicitly enacts to make others like him or her or crime think well of his or her qualities as a person Based on Nature of Violence Exemplification - is defined as a strategic self  Physical presentational strategy whereby an individual  Sexual attempts to project an image of integrity and  Psychological moral worthiness  Neglect or deprivation Intimidation - intentional behavior that would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities to fear THE DIGITAL SELF injury or harm Supplication - strategy for self-presentation that  Digital Self involves depicting oneself as weak, needy, or The “self” that is presented online can be dependent so as to motivate others to provide regarded as one’s “extended” self assistance or care consists of how one expresses himself or herself in various online platforms  Impact of online interactions on the self the development of the persons social aspects can  Why we express ourselves online that way we do: be greatly influenced by technology due to an we want to meet the expectation of others insufficient amount of real life social encounters; we want to boost our self esteem although online encounters are easy and more to feel a sense of belonging convenient bigger sense of freedom striving to be our ideal selves  Public vs. Private in many online environments people cannot see  Digital identity or Online Identity - social identity that others; in the public mode, the post will be an Internet user establishes in online communities and treated as open book; because of security, many websites and can also be considered as an actively online users are using private mode; invisibility is constructed presentation of oneself also a gauge to misrepresent oneself  Personal/individual vs social identity online  Setting boundaries to online self identity is made up of both personal identity and stick to safer sites social identity guard your passwords social identity is usually based on group be choosy about online friends affiliation remember that anything you put online or post on like in social media many people identify a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it. themselves as member of certain group so that it don't be mean or embarrass other people online will be easy for them to communicate their limit what you share concerns or issues  Online Disinhibition Effect  Digital footprint When people adopt fake identities, they are likely record of your interaction with the digital world to engage in behaviors that they would not do in accumulates over the years and is a general real life interactions, known as online reflection of your online activity profile disinhibition once something is online, it could be there Benign disinhibition - occurs when people tend to forever self- disclose more on the internet than they Digital Footprint or Digital Tattoo can be used for would in real life or go out of their way to help both good and bad things someone or show kindness Toxic disinhibition - people take part of this when  Creating and Managing your Personal Brand Online they use rude language, bully or threaten others Delete any unused social media accounts on online platforms, and go to websites with Assume everyone is watching contents of violence, crime, and pornography Protect your reputation How to Manage our Digital Footprint  Potential Mediating Variables in the Relationship Guard your privacy between Social Media and Well-Being Remember nothing is private online Friendship relations Apply the golden rule Individual differences Cognitive attributions  Digital citizenship Personality characteristics can be defined as engaging in appropriate and Emotional experiences responsible behavior when using technology Anchored on 3 General Principles  Front and Back Stages of the Self  respecting oneself and others Goffman’s dramaturgical theory (Prelims p.35)  educating oneself and others front stage, back stage, off stage  protecting oneself and others a concept which helps us understand what all  What Not to Post Online? technology users should know to use technology sexy or revealing pictures appropriately and responsibly pictures or videos showing private moments with loved ones  Nine Elements of Digital Citizenship pictures or videos showing bad habits negative comments on another person’s attitudes posts announcing conflicts with other people posts of the results of a particular competition with the names of the defeated participants comments showing strong opposition to certain issues comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and offensive words  pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status neuroplasticity is vital for learning, as it relies on pictures or videos showing family trips memory encoding and consolidation, processes pictures or videos displaying one doing good that physically alter the brain deeds the brain's "plasticity" refers to its ability to adapt pictures or videos in hospitals by forming and strengthening neural connections posts of every single thing you do based on experiences  Dichotomies of the Self  Stages of Memory Producer or consumer – do your material McLeod (2013) suggests that there are three possessions define who you are? ; one’s material recognized stages of memory development: possessions define one;s identity Encoding Offline versus online – will there be a consistency  Memories can be encoded visually (picture), between what is seen online and what is acoustically (sound) or semantically perceived offline? ; the online self is different (meaning). Acoustic encoding, as an example, from the offline self or actual self has been found to be effective for short-term Body versus technology – technology and memory (STM). Semantic encoding appears consumerism allow people to easily redefine and to be the principle encoding system for long- recreate themselves ; one can easily project term memory (LTM). oneself differently online and offline Storage  There is a difference in the way we store  Are You a Responsible Netizen? STM and LTM. We do know that if we You should know what behaviors are accepted 'chunk' information together, we can store a and what behaviors to avoid: lot more in our STM.  Sharing of Fake News – “Think before you Retrieval click”  Data becomes a memory if we can retrieve it.  Cyberbullying Our STM and LTM retrieval is very different  Sharing of Viruses and Malicious Content - STM are stored and retrieved sequentially, while LTM is retrieved by association.  How to Fight Social Media Addiction? Limit the time for use of social media  How does memory work? Do not participate in the discussion of political issues Do not post in social media for the sake of posting Read books instead of spending time reading news, articles, and issues on social media Spend time to communicate with your family at home even to your neighbors and your officemates Sensory Memory BECOMING A BETTER STUDENT  takes information from the environment through the human senses (sight, hearing,  Neuroplasticity and Memory touch, taste and smell) - stored for a very "The human brain is a learning machine. Thanks short time from 0.5 seconds to 4 seconds to a phenomenon called neuroplasticity, the brain Working Memory (WM) learns in a range of ways and many different  system responsible for retaining and using circumstances, including in the classroom." memories; this is what you are conscious of (Pankaj Sah, Queensland Brain Institute, n.d.) or what you are thinking about at any given moment  Long-Term Memory (LTM) Behavioral Changes – learning will become a  stores all our memories for future use; can be permanent change in behavior as a result of explicit or implicit, requires regular retrieval experience to solidify, and has unlimited capacity  Metacognition & Self-Regulation  Learning these approaches aim to help pupils think about involves change their own learning more explicitly, often by changes in one’s behavior mostly occur through teaching them specific strategies for planning, experience monitoring and evaluating their learning it involves acquiring changes in the present Self-Regulation knowledge, skills, habits, behaviors, or tendencies  teaching cognitive and metacognitive through experience, practice, or formal education strategies boosts learning through steps like  Characteristics of Learning: activating prior knowledge, independent Learning is purposeful – every human action is practice, and reflection motivated or inspired by one’s aims, goals, or intentions; goals can be short-term or long-term,  Self-Regulated Learning Can Be Broken Into Three learning occurs because it is planned, desired, or Essential Components: even forced; there is always a purpose why a Cognition - the mental process involved in person seeks more knowledge knowing, understanding, and learning Learning is a result of experience – learning is Metacognition - often defined as ‘learning to learn’ often associated with a change in behavior as a Motivation - willingness to engage our result of experience; this entails that learning metacognitive and cognitive skills comes with one’s interaction with the environment  Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner Learning is multifaceted - “A sound mind in a Self-regulated learning sound body,”; this exemplifies the connection  the learner’s ability to regulate or control between the physical and mental well-being of a one’s own learning and behavior person; one must hone not just his intellectual,  is not a mental ability or skill but a self- but also physical, emotional, social, and spiritual directive process whereby learners potentials transform their cognitive abilities into skills Learning is an active process – learners should  self-regulated learners are aware of their not be mere passive receivers of information; strengths and weaknesses, and can motivate they should actively participate in the learning themselves to engage in, and improve, their process; learners should also recognize the learning importance of lifelong learning According to Barry Zimmerman, an effective learner regulates one’s own learning by:  What Happens During Learning?  (1.) planning and setting goals Brain Changes  (2.) using strategies and monitoring  (1.) new nerve cells may grow and new performance neural networks will be formed  (3.) reflecting on one’s own performance and  (2.) the strength of existing synaptic adapting strategies to achieve goals connection changes, thus functionally Once a learner becomes a good self-regulator, he changing the connectivity within the neural or she develops a set of skills and habits to be an networks in response to sensory stimuli effective learner  (3.) new synapses are formed between neurons which represent new memories  Learning to be a Better Student - “If you are not getting better, you are getting worse.” - Pat Riley  Good Study Habits: Get Organized – plan ahead of time and do not  The Meaning and Relevance of Goal-Setting procrastinate; fix study area and eliminate all a goal is a desired outcome you plan and commit distractions to achieving, often with a set timeline or deadline Prepare your review materials – make review notes/flashcards; make mind maps and mnemonic  Alfred Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory of Self- patters to recall terms and concepts; record Efficacy important lessons and listen to it one’s belief in his/her ability to succeed in Ask help – seek help from your teacher, specific situations or accomplish a task classmates, or other people if you cannot it distinguishes between response-outcome understand a lesson. expectancies and efficacy expectations Test yourself or ask someone to test you Response-outcome expectancy (belief) Allot time to take a break and eliminate stress  an individual's estimation that a given Create or join a study group – enables you to take behavior will lead to certain outcomes notes, discuss thoughts, brainstorm ideas and Efficacy expectation (confident) tutor concepts.  an individual's conviction that their behavior Teach what you have learned will result to their desired outcomes Study to understand, not to remember  Belief – if a person believes in himself or herself, then  Meaningful Learning half the battle is already won. If one has faith, then teaches students important cognitive skills they nothing is impossible will use throughout their life cognitive skills are what students use to evaluate,  Ways to Strengthen Self-Efficacy (AB_SE): analyze, remember and make comparisons Mastery Experiences – first-hand or direct in the long run, it is the most effective way for experiences that a person acquires; hone your students to engage in learning talents and skills and gain mastery of the Some ways to ensure meaningful learning after technical know-how to be ready to face tasks and the lesson: challenges  (1) asking the students about the practical Vicarious Experiences – emanate from observing application of their knowledge, particularly people especially those that one regards as what they can do for their family, school, his/her role models; find a mentor to follow government, and community Verbal Persuasion – the motivation coming from  (2) allowing students to demonstrate a new influential people (family, friends, mentors); skill acquired from the lesson statements like “kayang kaya mo ‘yan” and “ikaw  (3) requiring students to write an essay or a pa, maning-mani lang ‘yan sa’yo” provide very reflective journal of what they have learned significant motivation  (4) asking students to relate the study to Emotional and Physiological States – the other sciences or fields of knowledge condition of your body and mind is important  (5) helping students find the relevance of the since you will use those to prove to yourself that study to their lives you can succeed; “A sound mind in a sound body” SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS  Carol Dweck’s Growth Mindset Theory (CD_GMT) Mindset – the implicit theories that individuals  John Maxwell – “Have you tried playing darts without hold regarding the nature of intelligent a dartboard? Have you tried playing basketball without behaviorixed Mindset – people believe that basic a ring? Or playing golf without a hole?” qualities such as intelligence and talents are fixed  A life without a purpose is a wasted life traits; view of failure as a limitation to one's  A life without a goal is a pointless life abilities  Growth Mindset – people believe that talent and  Julia Rotter’s Expectancy Theory (JR_ET_LC) intelligence are developed through learning, focuses mainly on the expectations that shape a effort, training, and practice; view failure as an particular behavior in a particular situation opportunity to grow learning creates cognitions known as expectancies that guides behavior  Edwin Locke’s Goal-setting Theory (EL_GST) Locus of Control states that individuals who state specific and  belief that one has the power over the events difficult goals perform better than those who set in their lives general and easy goals  Internal locus of control – a person believes the type and quality of goals we set affect how we that events are controlled by his/her own achieve them and whether we achieve them or efforts; usually more motivated not  External locus of control – a person believes Two Sides: that events are determined by external  Mastery goal – the desire to gain knowledge forces over which he/she has no control and skills  some people attribute their failure to  Performance goal – the desire to look kapalaran or malas (fate and luck mentality) competent in the eyes of others Principles of Goal Setting (EL and Gary Latham)  Success  Clarity – being clear and not being vague; a all about achieving something as a product of goal must be SMART (Specific, Measurable, one’s initiative and effort Attainable, Relevant, Time-Based) it is subjective as it comes from a lot of sources  Challenge – a goal must trigger the feeling of fulfillment of an aspiration or desire, knowledge, skills, and abilities of a person; a these feelings stay and become sources of pride goal should require extra effort for its not limited to acquiring material possessons or attainment degrees  Commitment – reflects a person’s dedication King (2004) – Categories of Success (K_CS) towards the attainment of the set goals;  Mental – understanding and accepting one’s attaining of goals requires sincerity and intellectual abilities, feelings, and emotions. focus; you should always finish what you  Spiritual – equates to having a sound body have started and spirit  Feedback – serves as a mechanism to ensure  Personal – overcoming one’s physical and that everyone is sharing the same goal is on psychological limitations like overcoming a the right track and all are in the same phobia. direction  Career – achieving milestones on one’s  Task Complexity – pushes people to take the career. extra mile and work hard; the more  Financial – means financial stability, free complicated the goal or task is, the higher from debt your motivation will be  Social – reflects respect and recognition one Goal setting drives achievement motivation has from the community  if you are guided by the five principles stated,  Physical – possessing the desired qualities of you'll end up setting more challenging yet one’s body specific goals  Family – having a harmonious and happy  the quality of goals drives motivation and family. would often result to the achievement of one can’t have it all, but the continuous chase for desired outcomes success makes life more challenging and worth living TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S HEALTH Types of Stress:  Acute stress - comes quickly and  Biorhythm – the self is dominated by three domains unexpectedly but requires a response; for that operate in a cycle; these manifests regularly and instance, an exam that you do not feel one may dominate the other adequately prepared for Three Domains that Dominate the Self:  Chronic stress - tends to occur regularly;  Physical Domain – includes coordination, may leave the person feeling drained, leading strength, and well-being to burnout if not managed  Intellectual Domain – includes alertness,  Burnout - result of prolonged chronic stress analytical functioning, logical analysis, in situations that leave people with a feeling memory or recall, and communication of lack of control over their lives  Emotional Domain – includes creativity, Common stressors: sensitivity, mood, perception, and awareness  Catastrophic events and life threatening taken as a whole and as a framework or indicator experiences – abrupt, unforeseen traumas of health, these domains must be balanced by like calamities, terror attacks, accidents, individuals; any imbalance results in physical and sexual abuse incongruence and thus in an unhealthy situation  Life changes and strains – separation of parents, illness in the family, change of  Personal Health Responsibility (SB_PHR) workplace, transfer of domicile (home) Steinbrook (2006) (SB)  Chronic problems – exist for a long period involves active participation in one’s own health including suffering from serious illness, and healing plan through education and lifestyle failure to acquire/get a good job changes; people should think more of prevention  Everyday hassles – irritations, pressures, and over cure annoyances that may not be significant part of PHR is knowing one’s family history to if stressors, but whose cumulative effect can be there are hereditary illnesses to be avoided significant; ex: traffic congestion, long lines conducting research on effective herbal medicines and food supplements  Stress Tolerance – ability of an individual to endure stress; dependent on a person’s physiological and  Stress psychological constitution the reaction of our physiological and psychological self to any kind of demand or threat  Signs and Symptoms of Poorly Managed Stress stress response or fight-or-flight response - the Physical – inability to sleep, fatigue, headache, body experiences a collection of changes this cramps, unpleasant aura, gastrointestinal when the person feels stressed problems, aging and malignant diseases like Stressor – any event or stimuli that compels a cancer person to adjust or change Emotional and Behavioral – lack of concentration,  Eustress (positive) – a beneficial stress that irritation, nervousness, panic, lack of appetite in can be in the form of physical, psychological, food or too much intake of food, low level of and biological stimuli enthusiasm and desire, and mood swings  Neustress (neutral-module) - sensory stimulus that has no direct consequences or  Coping with Stress effect on the person; situation or activity that Problem-focused coping method – attempt to you do not find threatening yet not enjoyable change or eliminate the causes of stress;  Distress (negative) – occurs when there is a confrontation, seeking social support and tension buildup which becomes unbearable undertaking careful and deliberate problem and difficult to cope with solving  Emotion-focused coping method – aimed at  Self –compassion controlling negative emotional consequences of defined as showing compassion to oneself stressors; self-control, distancing, accepting (Neff, 2018) responsibility, and wishful thinking  being open to and moved by one’s own suffering  Internal Stressors  expressing care and kindness towards fears oneself, taking an understanding and non- uncertainty and lack of control judgmental attitude towards one’s beliefs (can be attitudes, opinions, expectations) inadequacies and failures  recognizing that one’s experience is part of  Healthy Coping Mechanisms the common human experience take care of yourself 3 Components of Self-compassion (Neff, 2011) talk to others  Self-kindness – not being physically and avoid drugs and alcohol verbally harsh to oneself; self-beration is a take a break kind of verbal abuse directed to oneself; self- recognize when you need more help harm is the act of harming oneself through physical means damaging to the individual  The Need for Self-Care and Self-Compassion  Common Humanity – means acceptance that Self-care one is an imperfect being, one makes  “You cannot give what you don’t have” mistakes along with everyone else, and one  one must first take care of oneself before does not always get what he or she wants taking care of others, reality pushes one to  Mindfulness – the practice of being fully think of themselves first before others present in the moment; one has to turn  all activities that a person does to maintain toward his painful thoughts and emotions in and improve his physical, psychological, order to embrace himself with compassion emotional, social, and spiritual well-being  Physical self-care – activities one does to maintain and improve his physical wellbeing  Psychological self-care – activities one does to deal or resolve mental health issues, address both positive and negative emotions, and learn to deal with negative self-criticism  Emotional self-care – activities one does to cope with stress and deal with grief  Social self-care – activities one does to connect with people valuable to him/her  Spiritual self-care – activities one does to strengthen one’s relationship with his belief  Benefits of Self-care enhanced productivity (distanced from vices) improved vitality (healthy body) enhanced self-esteem (avoid self-berating) increased self-knowledge mindfulness and self compassion (showing compassion to one’s self) being open to and moved by one’s own suffering, expressing care, and kindness towards oneself