Digestive System Notes PDF

ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PEMC112 PREPARED BY: LOUIS ANTONIO P. ARMEA PROFESSOR: MR. JOSEPH GABRIEL Z. GOMEZ,BSBS,CPES,MAEd,SRM What is the digestive system? The digestive system is a complex network of organs and structures responsible for breaking down food,...

ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PEMC112 PREPARED BY: LOUIS ANTONIO P. ARMEA PROFESSOR: MR. JOSEPH GABRIEL Z. GOMEZ,BSBS,CPES,MAEd,SRM What is the digestive system? The digestive system is a complex network of organs and structures responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a vital role in maintaining the body's overall health by providing the energy and nutrients necessary for survival. Functions of the Digestive System INGESTION: The process of taking in food and liquids through the mouth. DIGESTION Mechanical digestion: Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces (e.g., chewing). Chemical digestion: Using enzymes and acids to break down food into molecular components. ABSORPTION Nutrients and water are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells for energy and repair. EXCRETION Elimination of undigested food and waste products as feces. Main Organs of the Digestive System Mouth Begins the digestion process through chewing and the action of saliva, which contains enzymes like amylase. Esophagus A muscular tube that uses peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions) to transport food from the mouth to the stomach. Stomach  A sac-like organ that secretes acid and digestive enzymes to further break down food into a semi-liquid form called chyme. Small Intestine Divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most digestion and nutrient absorption occur here with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Large Intestine Absorbs water and salts, forming solid waste (feces) for excretion. Houses beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion. Rectum and Anus Store and expel waste during defecation. Accessory Organs LIVER Produces bile, which helps emulsify fats for easier digestion. GALLBLADDER Stores and releases bile into the small intestine. PANCREAS Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine. Key Processes Enzymatic Breakdown Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken into amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars, respectively. Nutrient Absorption Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for maximum nutrient uptake. Waste Elimination Undigested food, bacteria, and waste products are expelled as feces. Common Digestive Disorders Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Acid reflux causing discomfort and potential damage to the esophagus. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) A functional disorder causing abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel movements. Ulcers Open sores in the stomach lining caused by bacteria or excessive acid. Constipation and Diarrhea Issues with bowel movements due to diet, dehydration, or infections. Maintaining a Healthy Digestive System Eat a balanced diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables. Stay hydrated to aid digestion and prevent constipation. Exercise regularly to promote healthy bowel movements. Avoid excessive consumption of fatty, processed, and sugary foods.