Untitled Document (23) PDF - US Government

Impeachment; A process to remove a president or other high-ranking government officials for misconduct. -​ Court Case: Nixon v. United States (1993) – The Court ruled that impeachment is a political question and not subject to judicial review. The Presidency War Powers Act; A 1973 law...

Impeachment; A process to remove a president or other high-ranking government officials for misconduct. -​ Court Case: Nixon v. United States (1993) – The Court ruled that impeachment is a political question and not subject to judicial review. The Presidency War Powers Act; A 1973 law that limits the president's power to send troops into combat without congressional approval. -​ Court Case: Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) – The Court ruled against President Truman's seizure of steel mills during the Korean War, stating that the president did not have the authority to do so without congressional approval. Expressed powers of the president; Powers explicitly granted to the president by the Constitution, such as the veto power, military command, and the ability to make treaties. -​ Court Case: Clinton v. City of New York (1998) – The Court ruled that the line-item veto was unconstitutional, as it gave the president powers not expressly granted by the Constitution. National Security Council; (NSC) A part of the executive branch that advises the president on national security and foreign policy. -​ Court Case: United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) – The Court ruled that the president has broad powers in foreign affairs, particularly in the realm of national security. Power of veto; The president's constitutional power to reject a bill passed by Congress. -​ Court Case: Presidential Veto of War Powers Act (1973) – Presidents have repeatedly exercised their veto power over the War Powers Resolution. Cabinet; A group of presidential advisors who head executive departments. -​ Court Case: No specific court case related to the Cabinet itself, but the role and influence of the Cabinet are shaped by presidential decisions. The Federal Judicial System Tenure of federal judges; Federal judges serve for life unless they resign, retire, or are impeached.  -​ Court Case: United States v. Hatter (2001) – Affirmed the principle that federal judges hold their positions for life and cannot be removed except through impeachment. Marbury v. Madison; (1803)Established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional. -​ Court Case: Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Judicial review was established by Chief Justice John Marshall, which gave the courts the power to invalidate unconstitutional laws. Nomination and confirmation of federal judges; The process by which the president nominates federal judges and the Senate confirms or rejects them. -​ Court Case: Bork Nomination (1987) – The Senate rejected the nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, establishing the Senate's important role in confirming judges. Judicial activism; The philosophy that courts should interpret the Constitution in a way that advances social justice and changes societal conditions. -​ Court Case: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Demonstrated judicial activism by overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Judicial restraint; The belief that courts should limit their power and avoid making decisions that affect public policy unless absolutely necessary. -​ Court Case: *Restraint in Bork Nomination (1987) – Advocates of judicial restraint opposed the confirmation of Robert Bork, viewing him as more of an activist judge. Precedent; A previous court decision used as a guide for deciding similar cases in the future. -​ Court Case: Stare Decisis in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – This case used the precedent of earlier cases like Plessy v. Ferguson to overturn segregation laws. Economic and Social Policy Inflation; A general increase in prices and a fall in the purchasing value of money. Laissez-faire economics; The belief that the government should interfere as little as possible in economic matters. -​ Court Case: United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) – The Court ruled that the government could not regulate monopolies in manufacturing under the Sherman Antitrust Act, reflecting a laissez-faire approach. Keynesian economics; The economic theory that advocates for government spending and intervention to stimulate demand and manage economic cycles. -​ Court Case: National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) – Expanded federal power to regulate commerce and promote Keynesian policies, especially in labor relations. Democrat and Republican view on role of government on economic and social policy; Democrats tend to support greater government intervention, while Republicans emphasize free-market solutions with limited government regulation. -​ Court Case: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 – Reflects the Republican approach favoring tax cuts and reducing government involvement in economic policies. Fiscal policy; The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. -​ Court Case: Flast v. Cohen (1968) – The Court allowed taxpayers to challenge federal spending programs that they believed violated the Constitution. The Federal Reserve; The central banking system of the United States, responsible for regulating monetary policy. -​ Court Case: Gold Clause Cases (1935) – The Supreme Court upheld the government's decision to cancel the gold clause in contracts during the Great Depression, emphasizing government control over the economy and monetary policy. California Government Recall; A process allowing voters to remove an elected official from office before their term ends. -​ Court Case: In re Recall of Governor Davis (2003) – The California Supreme Court upheld the legality of the recall election of Governor Gray Davis, highlighting the application of recall procedures. Initiative; A process allowing voters to propose new laws or constitutional amendments. -​ Court Case: Harris v. Open Space District (2005) – The California Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of initiative measures and the limits of the voters' power. Referendum; A process by which voters approve or reject laws passed by the legislature.  -​ Court Case: California Proposition 8 (2008) – A referendum on same-sex marriage that was challenged and partially struck down by the courts. California legislature; The bicameral legislative body of California, consisting of the Assembly and the Senate. -​ Court Case: California Proposition 140 (1990) – This initiative limited terms for California state legislators, emphasizing the importance of citizen participation and legislative change. Difference between governor of California and the President of the United States; The Governor is the chief executive officer of California, while the President is the chief executive of the entire U.S. -​ Court Case: No major case, but contrasts in powers: California’s Governor has limited influence over national defense and foreign policy. Secretary of State of California; An elected official who oversees elections, keeps public records, and supports business operations. -​ Court Case: California v. United States (2005) – Dealt with the authority of the California Secretary of State to administer election laws within the state.