Canada's History: Key Events & Developments PDF

Terms and Impact on Germany Terms: Harsh reparations, territorial losses, military restrictions, and the war guilt clause. Impact on Germany: Economic devastation, hyperinflation, loss of colonies, and political unrest leading to the rise of extremism, including the Nazi Party....

Terms and Impact on Germany Terms: Harsh reparations, territorial losses, military restrictions, and the war guilt clause. Impact on Germany: Economic devastation, hyperinflation, loss of colonies, and political unrest leading to the rise of extremism, including the Nazi Party. Canada’s Role in the Negotiation Participated as part of the British delegation but gained international recognition by signing the treaty independently. Marked Canada’s emergence as a distinct international presence. Canadian Independence and Economy Canada’s involvement in Versailles negotiations was an early step towards full autonomy. Economic effects included a post-war boom followed by struggles due to global financial instability. The Chanak Crisis (1922) Canada refused to send troops to support Britain during tensions with Turkey over the Dardanelles. Marked Canada’s first assertion of independent foreign policy decisions. The Halibut Treaty (1923) First treaty signed by Canada without British involvement, marking a significant step in diplomatic independence. The treaty addressed fishing rights between Canada and the United States. The Balfour Report (1926) Recognized Canada as an autonomous community equal to Britain within the British Empire. A precursor to the Statute of Westminster. The Statute of Westminster (1931) Granted legislative independence to Canada, allowing its Parliament to create laws without British approval. Solidified Canada's status as a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth. Primary and Secondary Industries in Canada Primary: Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining—key drivers of the early economy. Secondary: Manufacturing industries began expanding, particularly after World War I, but remained vulnerable to global market shifts. Prohibition in Canada Reasons for Implementation Moral concerns about alcohol consumption, health benefits, and rationing during wartime. Bootlegging, Speakeasies, and Smuggling Prohibition spurred illegal activities like bootlegging, with smuggling routes between Canada and the U.S. flourishing. Speakeasies (illegal bars) became popular in urban areas. Repeal and Social Consequences Prohibition laws were repealed in the 1920s and 1930s due to enforcement challenges and public discontent. Led to regulated alcohol sales and changes in social attitudes toward drinking. The Winnipeg General Strike (1919) Causes Post-war economic instability, unemployment, inflation, and poor working conditions fueled discontent. Events  Red Saturday (June 21, 1919): Police and military clashed with striking workers, resulting in casualties. Significance Highlighted the need for labor reforms and inspired future labor rights movements. The Great Depression in Canada (1929–1939) Black Tuesday The stock market crash of October 29, 1929, triggered economic collapse worldwide. Impact on Industries Primary: Prairie farmers suffered due to drought and low crop prices (Dust Bowl). Secondary: Manufacturing slowed due to decreased demand. Prairie Dust Bowl Severe drought and poor farming practices led to widespread crop failures, exacerbating poverty in Western Canada. Relief Efforts Government aid included breadlines, soup kitchens, and relief camps. Relief measures were often inadequate. Hobos and the On-to-Ottawa Trek Challenges Faced by Unemployed Men Many rode freight trains across Canada in search of work, facing hardship and danger. Protest Movements The On-to-Ottawa Trek (1935): A march of unemployed men to demand better conditions; culminated in the Regina Riot. The Red Scare Fear of Communism Post-war labor strikes and protests were often attributed to communist influence, leading to heightened paranoia. Government Responses Crackdowns on unions and arrests of perceived radicals; social tensions between workers and authorities.