Anti-Tubercular Agents - BP601T Medicinal Chemistry PDF

## BP601T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - III ### Unit: III: Anti-tubercular Agents #### Anti-tubercular Agents * **Synthetic anti tubercular agents**: Isoniazid*, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Para amino salicylic acid* * **Anti-tubercular antibiotics**: Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Cycloserine, Strep...

## BP601T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - III ### Unit: III: Anti-tubercular Agents #### Anti-tubercular Agents * **Synthetic anti tubercular agents**: Isoniazid*, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Para amino salicylic acid* * **Anti-tubercular antibiotics**: Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Cycloserine, Streptomycin, Capreomycin sulphate #### Tuberculosis (TB) Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (MTB). * Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. * Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as *latent tuberculosis*. * Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) means a patient is infected with *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, but the patient does not have active tuberculosis. * About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. * The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. * Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. * Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke. * Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests. #### Mycobacterium * Mycobacteria are designated as the transition forms existing between bacteria and fungi. * The Greek prefix "myco" means "fungus" alluding to the way mycobacteria have been observed to grow in a mold-like fashion on the surface of cultures. It has a positive gram stain and a spirochete spine. * *Mycobacterium* refers to a genus of acid-fast organisms. * Mycobacteria are aerobic and non-motile bacteria. * *Mycobacterium* is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*) and leprosy (*Mycobacterium leprae*) in humans. * Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus. * Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called *Bacille Calmette-Guérin* (BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France. #### Comparison between cell envelopes of mycobacteria and other Bacteria