Poultry Nutrition PDF

UNIT III: POULTRY NUTRITION PART III PREPARED BY: TEJERESO ALIPAT GALLEGO BENIDA VELEZ VILLAREAL  Poultry nutrition is the science of feeding domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese to meet their nutritional...

UNIT III: POULTRY NUTRITION PART III PREPARED BY: TEJERESO ALIPAT GALLEGO BENIDA VELEZ VILLAREAL  Poultry nutrition is the science of feeding domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese to meet their nutritional requirements for growth, reproduction, and What is overall health. The objective is to provide a balanced diet that optimizes productivity Poultry (meat, eggs) while ensuring the birds' welfare and health. Nutrition? According to Leeson and Summers (2001), the formulation of poultry feed must be precise, as both deficiencies and excesses of certain nutrients can lead to poor performance or health issues. Nutrient requirements also vary based on the poultry species, age, and purpose (meat or egg production). Leeson, S., & Summers, J.D. (2001). Nutrition of the Chicken. University Books. McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., & Greenhalgh, J.F.D. (2011). Animal Nutrition. Longman. e. Nutrition for Different Life Stages Starter Phase (0- 3 weeks) Grower Phase (3-6 weeks) Nutritional Requirements: Protein: High (20-24%) for rapid growth. Nutritional Requirements: Energy: High to support rapid Protein: Moderate (16-20%) as growth rate development. slows. Vitamins and Minerals: Essential for bone Energy: Balanced to support continued growth. development and overall health. Vitamins and Minerals: Adjusted for Feed Types: Starter mash or crumble with maintenance and growth. high-quality proteins (soybean meal), Feed Types: Grower pellets or crumbles, with vitamins (A, D3, E), and minerals (calcium, moderate protein levels and energy-rich grains phosphorus). (corn).  Finisher Phase (6-8 weeks or until market weight) Nutritional Requirements: Protein: Lower (14-16%) to optimize meat yield. Layer Phase (18 Energy: High to maximize weight gain. weeks and older) Vitamins and Minerals: Adequate for finishing. Nutritional Requirements: Feed Types: Finisher pellets with high Protein: Balanced for egg production (16- energy and lower protein. 18%). Calcium: High (3-4%) for strong eggshells. Energy: Balanced to support consistent egg production. Feed Types: Layer pellets or crumbles with high calcium, balanced protein, and energy.  f. Impact of Nutrition on Egg Production and Meat Yield Nutrition has a profound impact on both egg production and meat yield in poultry, as it directly influences growth rates, reproductive health, and overall productivity. The quality and balance of nutrients in a bird's diet determine its performance, health, and economic viability for poultry farmers.  Egg Quantity A well-balanced diet ensures that hens maintain consistent egg-laying rates. Deficiencies in key nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins (especially Vitamin D), and minerals like calcium, can reduce egg production or cause erratic laying patterns. Eggshell Quality Calcium and phosphorus are critical for eggshell formation. Insufficient calcium 1. Impact on can result in thin or malformed shells, leading to higher egg breakage and economic losses. Supplemental calcium sources like limestone or oyster shell Egg are often included in feed to prevent this. Production Egg Size Protein intake, particularly the availability of essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine, influences the size of eggs. An insufficient protein diet can result in smaller eggs, while balanced nutrition leads to optimal egg size. Egg Yolk Quality Fatty acids and pigments (such as carotenoids) in the diet affect the yolk color and quality. Corn and alfalfa are commonly used to give the yolk a more vibrant color, which is often preferred by consumers.. 2. Impact on Meat Yield In broilers (chickens raised for meat), nutrition is key to achieving rapid and efficient growth, good carcass quality, and optimal meat yield. The diet must be energy-dense and contain the right balance of nutrients to promote muscle development and prevent fat deposition. Broilers need high-energy feed with adequate protein levels for fast growth, with corn and soybean meal being common sources. Amino acids are essential for muscle tissue development. A well-balanced diet improves feed efficiency, allowing birds to gain more weight per unit of feed consumed (e.g. FCR) boosting economic profitability. The balance of protein, energy, and fat in the diet influences muscle mass development and meat quality. Optimizing the amino acid profile can ensure better muscle-to-fat ratios. The fatty acid profile also affects fat content and type of fat deposited in meat, with unsaturated fats leading to healthier meat. g. Nutritional Disorders and their Management Poultry, like any other animal, can suffer from various nutritional disorders due to inadequate or imbalanced diets. These disorders can significantly impact growth, development, egg production, and overall health.  2. Phosphorus Deficiency 1. Calcium Deficiency (Hypophosphatemia) (Hypocalcemia) Cause: A lack of sufficient calcium in the diet, Cause: Inadequate phosphorus levels or particularly in laying hens. imbalanced calcium-to-phosphorus ratios. Symptoms: Soft-shelled eggs, reduced eggshell Symptoms: Weak or brittle bones, poor thickness, bone fractures, lameness, reduced egg growth rates, reduced egg production, and in production, and nervous disorders like tremors. severe cases, bone deformities (rickets). Management: Management: ⚬ Increase calcium levels in the diet through ⚬ Provide adequate phosphorus through sources like limestone, oyster shells, or calcium feed ingredients like bone meal or carbonate. dicalcium phosphate. ⚬ Ensure sufficient vitamin D3 in the diet, as it is ⚬ Add phytase enzymes to improve essential for calcium absorption. ⚬ Balance calcium and phosphorus ratios (usually phosphorus utilization, especially in plant- based feeds like cereals that contain around 2:1 for optimal bone health and eggshell phytate-bound phosphorus. production).  4. Gout (Uric Acid Deposition) 3. Protein Deficiency Cause: Insufficient dietary protein or essential Cause: Excessive protein or poor amino acids, such as methionine and lysine. kidney function leading to the Symptoms: Reduced growth rates, poor feather accumulation of uric acid in tissues. quality, decreased egg production, poor muscle Symptoms: Swollen joints, poor development, and reduced egg size. growth, lethargy, and reduced feed Management: intake. ⚬ Formulate the feed to include high-quality Management: protein sources like soybean meal, fish ⚬ Adjust protein levels to avoid meal, or canola meal. ⚬ Supplement specific amino acids (e.g., excess. ⚬ Provide adequate water and methionine, lysine) if needed. ⚬ Adjust the protein levels according to the maintain proper electrolyte bird’s life stage (higher for starters and balance in the diet. growers, moderate for finishers and layers). ⚬ Ensure proper kidney function by avoiding toxins in the feed.  6. Ascites (Water Belly) 5. Coccidiosis Cause: Parasitic infection in the intestines Cause: Imbalance between rapid growth due to the Eimeria species, often and oxygen supply, exacerbated by exacerbated by poor nutrition. high-energy diets and poor ventilation. Symptoms: Diarrhea, weight loss, poor Symptoms: Fluid accumulation in the feed conversion, blood in feces, and abdomen, difficulty breathing, lethargy, mortality. and mortality. Management: Management: ⚬ Provide coccidiostats in the feed to ⚬ Reduce energy levels in the diet prevent infection. during rapid growth phases. ⚬ Use a well-balanced diet to strengthen ⚬ Improve ventilation and reduce the immune system. stress in the housing environment. ⚬ Maintain good hygiene and sanitation in ⚬ Adjust feeding practices to slow poultry housing. down excessive early growth.  8. Mycotoxin Poisoning 7. Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS Cause: Excessive fat deposition in the liver, Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi (molds) that can contaminate poultry feed, leading to often due to high-calorie diets and low serious health and production issues. activity, commonly seen in laying hens. Cause: Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, Symptoms: Enlarged, fatty liver, liver and fusarium toxins can contaminate grains and rupture, sudden death, reduced egg feed ingredients during storage. Symptoms: Poor growth, reduced feed intake, production, and obesity. liver damage, immunosuppression, poor egg Management: production, gastrointestinal disturbances, and in ⚬ Reduce energy intake by lowering fat severe cases, death. content in the diet. Management: ⚬ Ensure proper storage of feed to prevent mold ⚬ Increase the protein content and growth (cool, dry conditions). balance the use of high-quality fats like ⚬ Use mycotoxin binders in the feed to vegetable oil. neutralize toxins. ⚬ Add supplements like biotin and choline ⚬ Regularly test feed for mycotoxin to support fat metabolism. contamination and reject contaminated feed.  10. Anemia 9. Rickets Rickets is a skeletal disorder in young birds caused Anemia in poultry is characterized by a reduction by deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin in red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to poor D. oxygen transport throughout the body. Cause: Imbalance or deficiency of calcium, Cause: Iron deficiency, parasitic infestations phosphorus, or vitamin D, affecting bone (internal or external), vitamin B12 or folic acid development. deficiency, and diseases like coccidiosis or Symptoms: Lameness, soft or rubbery bones, chronic infections. leg deformities, poor growth, and a hunched Symptoms: Pale comb and wattles, lethargy, posture. reduced feed intake, poor growth, and Management: decreased egg production. ⚬ Provide balanced levels of calcium and Management: phosphorus. ⚬ Supplement the diet with iron, copper, ⚬ Ensure adequate vitamin D3 vitamin B12, and folic acid. supplementation for proper calcium ⚬ Control parasitic infestations through absorption. proper sanitation and medication. ⚬ Improve access to sunlight for vitamin D ⚬ Ensure a balanced diet with appropriate synthesis in outdoor birds. trace minerals and vitamins.  12. Cannibalism 11. Gizzard erosion Cannibalism in poultry occurs when birds aggressively peck at each other, sometimes leading to injury or Gizzard erosion refers to damage to the lining of death. the gizzard, often caused by feed or toxins that Cause: Nutritional imbalances (especially low irritate the gizzard lining. protein or sodium), overcrowding, stress, poor Cause: Mycotoxins, high levels of dietary fat, or lighting, and boredom. poor feed quality. Symptoms: Feather pecking, toe pecking, vent Symptoms: Poor digestion, reduced feed pecking, injuries, and mortality due to pecking. intake, decreased growth rates, and lesions or Management: ulcers in the gizzard. ⚬ Provide a balanced diet with adequate protein, Management: sodium, and other essential nutrients. ⚬ Improve feed quality and reduce the ⚬ Reduce overcrowding and provide enough presence of mycotoxins. space for each bird. ⚬ Use mycotoxin binders and antioxidants to ⚬ Use appropriate lighting (avoid overly bright reduce the risk of gizzard erosion. lights). ⚬ Ensure a well-balanced diet with ⚬ Trim beaks in severe cases to reduce injury. appropriate fiber levels to promote healthy ⚬ Enrich the environment with perches, foraging gizzard function. materials, or toys to reduce boredom. h. Innovations in Poultry Feed: Alternative Ingredients and Precision Feeding  Alternative Ingredients in Poultry Feed The rising cost of traditional feed ingredients, environmental concerns, and the need for sustainability have led to the exploration of alternative ingredients in poultry feed. These alternatives help reduce dependency on conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fish meal while offering nutritional benefits.  Alternative Ingredients Insect-Based Proteins: Insects like black soldier fly larvae are gaining traction as sustainable, high-protein feed ingredients, reducing reliance on traditional protein sources like soybean meal. Algae-Based Ingredients: Algae provide essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, making them a sustainable feed ingredient that can improve meat quality, particularly the omega-3 content of poultry meat. Single-Cell Proteins: Derived from microorganisms like yeast, these are being explored as an alternative protein source for reducing the environmental impact of poultry production. By-Products: The use of agricultural by-products, such as distiller's grains and rice bran, can reduce feed costs while providing a valuable source of nutrients.  Precision Feeding Technologies Precision feeding involves the use of technology to deliver the exact amount and type of nutrients that birds require at different stages of their growth. This reduces feed waste, improves feed efficiency, and enhances overall flock health and performance.  Precision Feeding Tailored Nutrition: Precision feeding systems use real-time data on birds’ growth and health to tailor feed formulations for individual flocks, optimizing nutrient intake and reducing waste. Automated Feeding Systems: Modern technologies, including sensors and AI, help monitor feed consumption, growth rates, and bird health, ensuring feed efficiency and reducing overfeeding or underfeeding. Enzyme Technologies: Enzymes like phytase and protease are added to feed to enhance nutrient absorption, particularly for phosphorus and protein, reducing feed costs and improving nutrient utilization. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!