Unit 2B Review Sheet_ Cells Cell Biology Review Sheet PDF

Bromothymol Blue (BTB): - BTB is used as an indicator for carbon dioxide, when no carbon dioxide: color is blue, when carbon dioxide is present: turns green (when a lot present - turns yellow) Photosynthesis reaction: - Overall reactants/products: reactants - sunlight, carbon di...

Bromothymol Blue (BTB): - BTB is used as an indicator for carbon dioxide, when no carbon dioxide: color is blue, when carbon dioxide is present: turns green (when a lot present - turns yellow) Photosynthesis reaction: - Overall reactants/products: reactants - sunlight, carbon dioxide, water; products - oxygen, glucose - reactants/products of light-dependent: reactants - sunlight, ADP, NADP+, water; products - NADPH, ATP, oxygen - Reactants’products of light independent: reactants - NADPH, ATP, carbon dioxide; products - NADP+, ADP, glucose - Equation: 6CO2+6O2 —> C6H12O6+6O2 - Chloroplast structure: outer and inner membrane (membrane of chloroplast), thylakoid membrane (individual round things inside the chloroplast), granum/grana (stacks of thylakoid membranes), stroma (the space around the granum) - Photosystem II - comes before photosystem I, sunlight absorbed, creates high energy electrons - Photosystem I - reenergizes electrons passed from photosystem II - Electron transport chain - transport chain of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I (it loses energy and hydrogen ions get pumped into the inner thylakoid space from the stroma) - ATP synthase - converts randomly floating hydrogen ions with ADP into ATP Plant structure: - Chloroplast spread out → to maximize surface area to maximize amount of sunlight obtained - Cuticle and upper and lower epedermis → protects plant cells - How specific structures help transport molecules: - Veins - transports sugar - Stomata - primarily transports carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor - Guard cells - regulates gas/molecule exchange (stomata opens/closes) Calorie Lab: - Calorimeter - a device that allows you to release the energy from something while insulating it so that all the heat that is released or absorbed can be measured precisely (function: measures heat exchanged in a system (minimizes energy/heat loss)) - How burning of food represents extraction of energy from food molecules: burning food = breaking down chemical bonds in order to release stored energy while in the body, this happens through cellular respiration, where glucose and other molecules released energy in the form of ATP) - How measuring water temperature is related to caloric energy in food: a calorie → the energy required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree celsius → burning food and measuring the number of degrees that the water temperature increases signifies that amount of calories (or energy) in food Cellular respiration reaction: - Overall reactants and products: - Reactants - glucose, oxygen - Products - ATP, carbon dioxide, water - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6O2 + ATP - Glycolysis: happens in cytoplasm - reactants - glucose, 2 ATP, NAD+, ADP (?) - Krebs Cycle: happens in mitochondria - Reactants - pyruvic acid, NAD+, FAD - Products - ATP, carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 - Outer/inner membrane - the membranes; intermembrane space - the space between the two membranes, matrix - the liquid inside the mitochondria - basically like the stroma - Pyruvic acid: 3 carbon molecule; citric acid: 6 carbon molecule - Electron Transport Chain: - Happens in inner membrane/cell membrane - Reactants - NADH, FADH2, NADH, oxygen - Products - ATP, FAD, NAD+, water - ATP synthase - hydrogen ions pass through, and ATP synthase spins, generating energy (ADP → ATP) - Advantages of cellular respiration over fermentation: - More efficient, neutral byproducts - Generates much more ATP (36 vs 2) - Disadvantages of cellular respiration over fermentation: - Dependent on oxygen - Takes time Fermentation: - Fermentation occurs under the absence of oxygen - Allows for glycolysis to continue repeatedly - Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells - Advantages of fermentation: - Less time - Continues energy production even without oxygen - Does not require oxygen - Disadvantages of fermentation: - Less efficient - A lot less ATP - Lots of byproducts - Alcoholic fermentation: - Reactants: yeast  - Products: ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide - Used to produce beer, wine, other alchoholic beverages - Used for bread dough - Lactic Acid Fermentation: - Pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid - Commonly happens in muscle cells (as a byproduct in order to produce energy for you to keep moving) - Microbes use this to survive which produces cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi, sourdough Connecting Cycles: - Overall photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse reactions of each other - Plants and animals both go through cellular respiration - Plants go through photosynthesis - Even the smaller reactions are in reverse order of each other