UNIT 11 Lecture Notes on Leadership PDF

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Introduction to Management (MAN1006) UNIT 11 – LECTURE NOTES Leadership The Importance of Leadership Leaders shape employee attitudes and behavio...

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Introduction to Management (MAN1006) UNIT 11 – LECTURE NOTES Leadership The Importance of Leadership Leaders shape employee attitudes and behaviors, impacting job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Leadership styles vary based on individual differences, follower needs, and organizational context. Defining Leadership Leadership is the ability to influence people to achieve organizational goals. It involves people, influence, and goals. It's dynamic and utilizes power and influence to accomplish tasks. Leadership vs. Management Management focuses on stability, order, and problem-solving. Leadership fosters vision, creativity, and change. Leadership complements management; it doesn't replace it. The ideal manager balances both leadership and management qualities. Leadership Traits Early leadership studies focused on personal characteristics or traits. Traits include intelligence, values, self-confidence, and appearance. Recent research explores physical, social, and work-related characteristics. Personal Characteristics of Leaders Physical: Energy, stamina Personality: Self-confidence, honesty, integrity, enthusiasm, desire to lead, independence Work-related: Achievement drive, conscientiousness, persistence Intelligence and Ability: Intelligence, knowledge, judgment, decisiveness Social: Sociability, interpersonal skills, cooperativeness, tact, diplomacy Social Background: Education, mobility Behavioral Approaches Two key leadership behaviors: o Task-oriented o People-oriented Ohio State Studies Identified two major behaviors: o Consideration (people-oriented) o Initiating structure (task-oriented) Consideration: Respect for subordinates' ideas and feelings, establishing trust Initiating structure: Directing work activities toward goal attainment, giving instructions, planning, emphasizing deadlines Management Styles (Ohio State) High initiating structure, low consideration High initiating structure, high consideration Low initiating structure, low consideration Low initiating structure, high consideration High consideration and high initiating structure is generally most effective Michigan Studies Compared effective and ineffective supervisors Employee-centered leaders: Focus on human needs, build effective work groups Job-centered leaders: Prioritize schedules, costs, and production efficiency The Leadership Grid (University of Texas) Two-dimensional theory: o Concern for people (y-axis) o Concern for production (x-axis) Five leadership styles: o Country Club Management o Team Management (often most effective) o Middle-of-the-Road Management o Impoverished Management o Authority-Compliance Types of Leaders Transactional: Focus on supervision, organization, and group performance; use rewards and punishments Charismatic: Ignite followers' energy and commitment, inspire beyond the call of duty  Transformational: Bring about innovation and change, recognize follower needs, encourage questioning the status quo Power and Influence Power: Potential ability to influence behavior Influence: Effect of actions on attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior Types of Power Position Power (from the organization) o Legitimate: Formal position and authority o Reward: Authority to bestow rewards o Coercive: Authority to punish Personal Power o Expert: Special knowledge or skill o Referent: Personal characteristics that command respect and admiration