UCSP 2nd Quarter Handouts - Human Biocultural and Social Evolution PDF

**HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION** Human Evolution Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) \- Nomadic lifestyle \- Hunters and gatherers \- Cave paintings and basic tools \- Used stone and bone tools, including crude stone axes for hunting Tabon Man (Tabon Cave, Palawan): \- Oldest confir...

**HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION** Human Evolution Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) \- Nomadic lifestyle \- Hunters and gatherers \- Cave paintings and basic tools \- Used stone and bone tools, including crude stone axes for hunting Tabon Man (Tabon Cave, Palawan): \- Oldest confirmed modern human in the Philippines, dated 37,000--47,000 years ago. \- Discovered by Dr. Robert Fox, anthropologist. \- Evidence includes stone tools, charcoal, and bones. Callao Man (Callao Cave, Cagayan): \- Oldest human fossil found in Asia-Pacific, dating back 67,000 years. \- Discovered by Professor Armand Salvador Mijares in 2007.- Shared some physical traits with today's Aetas, indicating early human seafaring knowledge. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age) \- Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture \- Humans lived nomadically, often near rivers. \- Introduction of agriculture and more permanent settlements. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) \- Domesticated animals, cultivated grains, and developed pottery, weaving, and sewing. \- Early forms of permanent settlements and advancements in tool-making. Angono Petroglyphs: \- Oldest rock engravings in the Philippines, one of the oldest in Asia. Culture \- Totality of shared and socially transmitted behavior (Schaefer 2010). \- Human strategy for adaptation, including tool-making and cognitive development. Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology 1\. Oldowan Tools (2.5 million years ago): \- Oldest known tool industry. \- Used by Homo habilis in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. 2\. Acheulian Tools (1.6 million years ago): \- Developed by Homo erectus. \- Includes bifacial hand axes and cleavers. \- Associated with St. Acheul, France. 3\. Mousterian Tools (Middle Paleolithic): \- Developed by Neanderthals. \- Specialized for skinning, hunting, and woodworking. 4\. Upper Paleolithic Tools: \- Included more sophisticated tools like bone, ivory, and antlers. \- Industries include: \- Chatelperronian \- Aurignacian (associated with Cro-Magnon) \- Gravettian \- Solutrean \- Magdalenian (final phase in Europe). Theories of Societal Evolution Emile Durkheim: \- Society is a group of people who share a culture and territory, interacting to achieve common goals. \- As societies evolve, they become more complex with a division of labor. Gerhard Lenski: \- Sociocultural evolution is based on the level of information and technology in a society. \- More technology leads to a more advanced society. Types of Societies 1\. Hunting and Gathering (30,000--40,000 years ago): \- Small, nomadic groups that relied on shared resources. 2\. Horticultural and Pastoral (12,000 years ago): \- Domestication of plants and animals led to specialization and social inequality. \- Pastoral: Nomadic herders relying on animal resources. \- Horticultural: Semi-sedentary farmers using basic hand tools. 3\. Agrarian (5,000 years ago): \- Permanent settlements with advanced farming, population growth, material surplus, and the rise of social inequality. 4\. Industrial (5,000 years ago): \- Industrialization led to urbanization and significant changes in society, with machinery revolutionizing production. 5\. Post-Industrial (1750 years ago): \- Shift from goods to services, focusing on information technology and professional work. \- Economy centered on knowledge and technological advances. **SOCIALIZATION** Learning Objectives: \- Explain the development of oneself and others as a product of socialization and enculturation. \- Identify the context, content, processes, and consequences of enculturation and socialization. \- Develop an understanding of the social causes and consequences of deviant behavior. Socialization \- Lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for the survival of society. Personality: A product of socialization, influenced by: \- Biological inheritance \- Cultural environment \- Social groups and social structures \- Past experiences Biological Inheritance Role in personality: Provides raw materials through chromosomes and hereditary units (genes) transmitted by parents. Cultural Environment \- Shaping of personality through the culture in which an individual is immersed. Social Groups and Social Structures \- Play a crucial role in acquiring socially standardized skills for adapting to larger societal problems. Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Socialization 1\. Gender Socialization: \- Contains specific messages and practices concerning being male or female. \- Reinforced by families, schools, sports. 2\. Racial Socialization: \- Relates to personal and group identity, inter-group relationships, and social hierarchy. Socialization Throughout the Life Course \- Infancy and Early Childhood: Family support is crucial to developing self-concept. \- Socialization After Childhood: Processes include: \- Desocialization: Giving up old norms and behaviors, common in total institutions (mental hospitals, prisons). \- Resocialization: Learning new norms and values voluntarily or involuntarily. \- Anticipatory Socialization: Preparing for a future role. \- Reference Groups: Influence behavior by serving as a comparison. Occupational Socialization: Encompasses phases like career choice, anticipatory socialization, and continuous commitment. Midlife Socialization: Between ages 40 and 60, people compare accomplishments with earlier expectations, facing attitudinal and behavioral changes. Enculturation, Acculturation, and Assimilation \- Enculturation: Lifelong process by which values and norms are passed down in one's culture. \- Acculturation: Adoption of beliefs and behaviors from another cultural group. \- Assimilation: Minority individuals or groups adopt characteristics of the dominant culture. Theories of Socialization Symbolic Interactionism: Society is composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning and communicate. \- Looking-Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley): Sense of self is developed through others\' perceptions. \- Development of Self (George Herbert Mead):\*\* \- Preparatory stage: Imitation \- Play stage: Role-playing using symbols \- Game stage: Awareness of societal expectations Idea of the Self (Erving Goffman): How we present ourselves depends on the stage we are in and the role we are performing. Theory of Personality (Sigmund Freud): The mind is divided into id, ego, and superego, with conflicts among these components shaping personality. Cognitive Theory of Development (Jean Piaget): \- Sensorimotor \- Preoperational \- Concrete Operational \- Formal Operational stages Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): People learn through observation, and internal mental states play an essential role in this process. Agents of Socialization 1\. Family: The primary agent for preparing a child for life in society, establishing behavior expectations based on gender roles. 2\. Peer Group: Egalitarian influence on values and interests, especially effective during adolescence. 3\. Schools: Mandated to socialize individuals based on cultural values and norms, as stated in the Philippine Constitution. 4\. Mass Media: Informs, entertains, and educates, influencing cultural appreciation. 5\. Religion: Shapes behavior in accordance with local traditions and beliefs. 6.Workplace: Socializes employees through role expectations and hierarchy. 7\. Government: Enacts laws to uphold social norms and provides support services. **DEVIANCE** Definition: Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. \- Deviance is relative and socially constructed. \- The behavior may violate one group's expectations but may be justifiable to others. Factors Defining Deviance 1\. Time / Periods: \- Fashion and social norms change over time. 2\. Place: \- Where the behavior occurs determines if it is considered appropriate or deviant. 3\. Situation: \- Situations take precedence over place in determining the appropriateness of actions. 4\. Culture: \- Cultural norms strongly influence what is considered deviant. Theories of Deviance 1\. Structural Functionalism (Emile Durkheim): \- Crime is inevitable and a normal aspect of social life. \- Crime and deviance help define the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. \- Anomie: A state of normlessness where shared principles are lost. 2\. Strain Theory (Robert Merton): \- Deviance results from the structure of society itself. \- When individuals cannot achieve socially acceptable goals through legitimate means, they adapt by acting in deviant ways. \- Ritualism: Individuals no longer strive for success, turning work into a routine with no higher aspirations. \- Retreatism: Withdrawal from society by rejecting both goals and means (e.g., drug addicts, alcoholics). \- Rebellion: Individuals reject societal goals and means, attempting to overthrow the system and establish new ones. Symbolic Interactionism 1\. Cultural Transmission Theory: \- Deviance is learned through social interaction. \- Deviant behavior is often passed down and forms deviant subcultures. 2.Social Disorganization Theory: \- Crime occurs more in communities with weak social ties and low social control. 3\. Labeling Theory: \- No behavior is inherently deviant until labeled so by society. \- Once labeled (e.g., \"thief,\" \"drunkard\"), the individual may be stuck with the label for life. 4\. Social Constructionist Perspective: \- Deviance is a product of the culture in which one lives. \- Primary Deviance: Occasional norm violations that are not part of a person\'s identity. \- Secondary Deviance: Deviance that becomes central to a person\'s identity and lifestyle. Rational Choice Theory \- Deviance is the result of a rational calculation of costs and benefits. \- Criminals make logical decisions based on what will maximize their pleasure or profit. Control Theory (Walter Reckless) \- People have two control systems that prevent them from deviating: 1\. Inner Controls: Morality, conscience, religious beliefs. 2\. Outer Controls: Family members, police, teachers, etc., who encourage proper behavior. Social Control \- Social control refers to techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior and actions. \- Formal Social Control: Enforced by the state (e.g., police, military, government). \- Informal Social Control: Enforced by family, caregivers, peers, teachers, and colleagues. **HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED** Guide Questions: 1\. What determines a person's status in society? 2\. How do our social status and roles affect our interactions? 3\. What roles do social institutions like family, religion, and government play in social structure? 1\. Social Interaction Social interaction is the way individuals respond to one another through: \- Language, symbols, and gestures: Communication tools that carry meaning. \- Everyday activity: Includes interactions with family, neighbors, friends, and others in person or through mediums like social media. Types of Social Interaction: \- Cooperation: Working together for a common goal, such as team sports or group projects. \- Conflict: Direct struggles over shared goals due to disagreements. \- Competition: Opposing individuals/groups aiming for a similar outcome, like in sports. \- Coercion: Forcing compliance, often as a form of social control. \- Exchange: Actions taken with the expectation of reciprocal benefits, reflecting \"utang na loob\" (debt of gratitude). 2\. Social Structure Social structure organizes society into predictable relationships and social practices. Elements of Social Structure: \- Status: Defined positions in society, which guide social interactions. Types of status include: \- Ascribed Status: Assigned at birth (e.g., gender, age). \- Achieved Status: Gained through effort (e.g., teacher, businessperson). \- Master Status: A dominant status defining one\'s overall position. -Status Symbols: Material signs indicating specific statuses (e.g., uniforms). \- Roles: Expectations for behavior associated with a given status, encompassing: \- Reciprocal Roles: Roles that require mutual fulfillment (e.g., husband-wife, teacher-student). \- Role Expectations vs. Performance: Expected behaviors may differ from actual actions. \- Role Conflict: Conflicts between multiple roles a person holds. \- Role Strain: Difficulty meeting expectations within a single role. \- Role Exit: Leaving a role central to one\'s life, often due to burnout or change. \- Groups: Collections of individuals who interact regularly, including: \- Primary Group: Small, close-knit, intimate (e.g., family, close friends). \- Secondary Group: Larger, goal-oriented, impersonal relationships (e.g., coworkers). \- In-Group & Out-Group: In-group (\"we/us\") vs. out-group (\"they/them\") dynamics. \- Reference Group: A standard group one compares themselves to, influencing behaviors and attitudes. \- Coalition: Temporary or permanent alliances for shared goals, such as political parties. 3\. Social Institutions Institutions are organized beliefs, norms, and values fulfilling societal needs. Key institutions include: \- Family: The primary social unit. \- Religion: Organized beliefs and practices around spirituality. \- Government: Structures for societal regulation. \- Education: Learning and knowledge transmission. \- Economy: Systems for production, distribution, and consumption. \- Health: Systems for medical care and public health. \- Mass Media: Communication channels influencing public opinion. 4\. Social Networks A network of social relationships linking people directly and indirectly. In the internet age, platforms like Facebook and Twitter are vital in forming social networks and can be valuable in job hunting and career building. 5\. Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy Formal organizations have structured goals and hierarchies, including: Characteristics of Bureaucracy: \- Division of Labor: Specialized roles. \- Hierarchy of Authority: Clear chain of command. \- Rules and Regulations: Written guidelines. \- Impersonality:\*\* Objective, impersonal operations. \- Technical Qualifications: Employment based on skill and qualifications. **SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS** Definition: Social institutions are organized systems of social positions and relations that fulfill fundamental needs within society by providing structure, guidance, and order. Kinship, Marriage, and Family Kinship Structure \- Definition: The primary social unit in Philippine society, formed through blood (consanguineal relationships), marriage (affinal relationships), adoption, or culturally accepted rituals. \- Types of Kinship: \- By Blood (Consanguineal): Relations by birth, like parents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. \- Patrilineal Descent: Descent through the father's line; only males pass on family identity. \- Matrilineal Descent: Descent through the mother's line; only females pass on family identity. \- By Rituals: Relations formed through ceremonies like baptism and confirmation, and bonds like godparenthood (compadrazgo). \- By Marriage: A socially recognized union involving economic and sexual bonds, regulated by social norms. Marriage \- Mate Selection: \- Endogamy: Marrying within one\'s group (e.g., same race, class, or religion). \- Exogamy: Marrying outside certain groups, often to avoid incest. \- Homogamy vs. Heterogamy: Selecting partners with similar vs. different characteristics. \- Forms of Marriage: \- Monogamy: One spouse at a time; can be serial (multiple over time). \- Polygamy: Multiple spouses simultaneously. \- Polygyny: One man with multiple wives. \- Polyandry: One woman with multiple husbands. \- Polyamory: Engaging in multiple consensual relationships. Family Structures \- Nuclear Family: Parents and children sharing a household. \- Extended Family: Includes three generations, such as grandparents, parents, and children. \- Other Family Types: Transnational, separated, single-parent, and reconstituted (blended) families. Family Classification \- By Lineage: Patrilineal, matrilineal, and bilateral descent. \- By Residence: Patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal, and bilocal arrangements. \- By Affiliation: Family of orientation (born into) and family of procreation (created by having/adopting children). 2\. Sociological Perspectives on Family \- Functionalist View: Family provides essential functions---reproduction, protection, socialization, sexual regulation, affection, companionship, and social status. \- Conflict View: Family as an economic unit that can perpetuate social inequality (e.g., property and privilege transfers). \- Interactionist View: Focuses on daily interactions within family, including cohabiting partners and parental-child relationships. \- Feminist View: Critiques family as a center of women's unpaid labor and urges inclusive study of diverse family structures (e.g., single-parent, LGBTQ+ families). 3\. Variations in Family Life and Influences on Family Structure \- Social Class Differences: \- Upper Class: Emphasis on lineage and status. \- Lower Class: Focus on survival, with children often assuming responsibilities early. \- Influential Factors: \- Industrialization: Shift to nuclear families due to increased mobility. \- Divorce Rates: Higher among low-income groups due to financial strain. \- State Benefits: Government support, like 4Ps, providing grants for healthcare, education, and nutrition. 4\. Trends in Marriage and Family \- Parenthood and Grandparenthood: Focus on child socialization; \"boomerang generation\" refers to adult children living with parents. \- Adoption: Legally transferring parental rights; \"transracial adoption\" involves adopting children from different racial backgrounds. \- Dual-Income Families: Both partners contribute financially. \- Single-Parent Families: Households led by one parent. \- Stepfamilies: Formed when one or both parents bring children from previous relationships. \- Divorce/Annulment: Legal end to marriage. \- Cohabitation: Couples living together without marriage.