UCSP 2nd Quarter Exam Reviewer PDF

**UCSP 2^ND^ QUARTER EXAM REVIEWER** **Social Groups** - **Primary group** - This is typically a small group whose members share close, personal, and enduring relationships. - **Secondary group** - This can be small or large and mostly impersonal and usually short-term. - **Referen...

**UCSP 2^ND^ QUARTER EXAM REVIEWER** **Social Groups** - **Primary group** - This is typically a small group whose members share close, personal, and enduring relationships. - **Secondary group** - This can be small or large and mostly impersonal and usually short-term. - **Reference grou**p - This is a group to which we compare ourselves. Reference groups may also be called identity association groups since their creation is fueled by a person's desired to provide a character connection. - **In-group** - typically a small group of people with a shared interest or identity. - **Out-group** - Social groups that an individual does not identify with. One feels antagonism and contempt for these groups. - **Formal group** - intentionally formed and planned for carrying out specific purposes - **Informal group** - formed unplanned and spontaneously established out of random association and interaction. - **Open group** - this group is open for everyone. - **Closed group** - it is exclusive to a selected number of persons either by quota or qualifications. - **Interest groups** - are formed for the purpose of protecting and promoting the trade, interests, and well-being of its members - **Pressure groups** - are from the private sector of society that are formed to influence the public's views. - **Task groups** - constitutes a pool of workers labor force, or performers following a chain of command for the purpose of completing a task. - **Minority groups** - are relatively less dominant in terms of its size, status, or degree of influence. **Social Stratification** - In an **open system** there is an opportunity to move from one social class to another (achieved status). - In a **closed system** of stratification is little or no opportunity to advance from one social class to another. Social status is hereditary, based on a group characteristic (ascribed status). - **Social Mobilit**y - is the act of moving from one social status to another. - **Horizontal mobility** - is the movement of person within a social class level without any change in status. - **Vertical mobility** - This refers to a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their societal position. - **Upward mobility** - This is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher one. - **Downward mobility** - It takes place when a person moves from a higher position in society to a lower one. - **Slavery** - a form of social stratification in which some people own other people. - **Caste System** - status is determined by birth and is lifelong. - **Estate System** - is identical to the practice of feudalism. The final authority is the king. - **Class System** - is a form of social stratification that is based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions. **Five Social Classes** 1. **Upper Class -** The people in this class have great wealth and sources of income. 2. **Middle Class -** Refers to professionals, highly skilled workers, small industry owner, farm owners, overseas contract workers and small business entrepreneurs whose incomes provide a comfortable lifestyle. 3. **Lower Class** - The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. 4. **Upper-lower class** - people are considered as the working class or laborers. They have acquired little education, little time to be involved in civic and community activities 5. **Lower-lower clas**s - are unemployed, or no source of income except by begging or dependent from private and government relief. **Social Inequality and Gender Inequality** - **Stereotype** - It's a negative evaluation that mark prejudice often supported by negative belief (COGNITION). - **Prejudice** -- an adverse opinion of belief without just ground or before acquiring sufficient knowledge. - **Discrimination** - Unjustified negative "BEHAVIOR" toward a group or its members. - **Genocide** - is the actual or attempted systematic annihilation of a race or ethnic group who has been labeled as less than fully human by the dominant group. - **Population transfer** -- is the involuntary movement of a minority group. - **Internal colonialism** - is a society's policy of exploiting a minority by using social institutions to deny the minority access to full benefits. Slavery is an extreme example. - **Segregation** - the formal separation of groups, often accompanies internal colonialism. **Sexism** - An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex. - **Gender Equality** - all human beings are free to develop personal abilities to make choices without the limitations set by strict gender roles. - **Gender Equity** - fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities of men and women. - **Gender Empowerment** -- Women gaining power and control over their lives. - **Feminism -** A belief that women should have equal right with men in society.