Homeostasis & Excretion PDF

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 1 Homeostasis & Excretion Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 y...

Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Topic 1 Homeostasis & Excretion Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 1 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Learning Objectives: Describe structural organization of human body Describe overview of all human organ systems Explain principles of homeostasis - Concept of negative feedback - Example of homeostatic mechanisms : - Body temperature regulation, glucose level regulation and water conservation mechanism Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 2 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Structural organization of human body Nucleotides Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 3 Seeley, R. R., VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J., & Russo, A. ytechnic (2011). Seeley's anatomy & physiology (9th ed.). New  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Structural Levels of Body 1. Chemical: smallest level - Ex. atoms 2. Cell: - basic unit of life - Ex. Includes organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, etc.) 3. Tissue: - group of cells with similar structure and function - Ex. Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 4 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Structural Levels of Body 4. Organ: - 2 or more tissue types - Ex. Skin, heart, stomach, etc. 5. Organ system: group of organs 6. Organism: all structural levels working together Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 5 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors http://slideplayer.com/slide/273628/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 6 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 7 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate ATP  ADP & P Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 8 Cummings.ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. SanFundamentals of Pearson/Benjamin Francisco, CA: Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 9 Cummings. ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Testosterone Estrogen, progesterone Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, Marieb, E. N.Ann LSCT, Ngee (2009). Pol Essentials of human anatomy & 10 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 11 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 12 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 13 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 14 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 15 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Marieb, E. N. (2009). Essentials of human anatomy & Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 16 ytechnic physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 17 ytechnic 10. 2010  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive BREAK (Group project topic selection) Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 18 ytechnic  Sensitive Principles of Official (Closed) - Non Homeostasis (I)... THE MAINTENANCE OF STATIC OR CONSTANT CONDITIONS IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT... External External Environment Environment Internal Environmen t External External Environment Environment Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 19 ttp://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tsp/fhwasa13035/ ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Principles of Sensitive Homeostasis (II) Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 20 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Homeostasis is about Sensitive staying alive! For the body’s cells to survive and function properly, the composition and temperature of the fluids around the cells (“interstitial fluid”) must remain much the same. An organism is said to be in homeostasis when the internal environment contains: The optimal concentration of gases The optimal concentration of nutrients The optimal concentration of ions and water Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 21  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Homeostasis Homeostasis is the maintenance of a variable, e.g. body temperature, around an ideal normal value, or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point to Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 22 establish a normal range ytechnic of values. http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Homeostasis operates by means of control systems Sensory receptors Control centre Effectors Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 23 ytechnic http://slideplayer.com/slide/4724878/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Input: Control Output: Information center Information sent sent along afferent along efferent pathway to pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Response of Imb effector feeds Stimulus: ala Produces n ce back to change influence Variable in variable (in homeostasis) magnitude of stimulus and Imb returns variable ala n ce to homeostasis Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 24 ytechnic 10. 2010  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 25 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Maintaining Homeostasis The various organ systems of the body act to maintain homeostasis through a combination of hormonal and nervous mechanisms. The body must: regulate respiratory gases protect itself against agents of disease (pathogens) maintain fluid and salt balance regulate energy and nutrient supply maintain a constant body temperature All these must be coordinated and appropriate responses made to incoming stimuli. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 26 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Response is negative to the initiating stimulus...the control system initiates a series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value... thus maintaining homeostasis. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 27 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 28 ytechnic http://slideplayer.com/slide/1497523/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Negative Feedback Temperature regulation Glucose level control Water level control /Water conservation Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 29 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation I All mammals maintain a constant body temperature. Human beings have a body temperature of about 37ºC. E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body temperature is 37ºC If your body is in a cold environment your body temperature is still 37ºC Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 30 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 7 much heat lost Vasodilatio n If the body temperature rises, the blood vessels in the skin dilate (become wider) and allow more blood to flow near the surface. The heat loss from the blood through the skin helps cool the circulating blood little heat lost Vasoconstricti on If the body temperature falls. The blood vessels in the skin constrict. Less warm blood flows near the surface so less heat is lost Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 31 ytechnic http://www.biology-resources.com/biology-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation II Heat stress Thermoreceptors detect an increase in body temperature Hypothalamus signals to the sweat glands to initiate sweating. Evaporation of the sweat off the skin causes cooling. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 32 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation III Heat Stress The hypothalamus also sends message to blood vessels in the skin causing them to dilate. Vasodilation allows for more blood flow to the skin. Heat from the blood is lost to the skin so blood can return to core of your body https:// http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/ functions-of-the-dermis.html & cool the internal organs. www.youtube.com/ watch?v=vJhsyS4lTW0 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 33  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation IV Heat Stress Monitor: thermoreceptors Coordinating centre: hypothalamus turns on cooling system Regulator: skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands initiate sweating Result: body temperature decreases; hypothalamus turns off cooling system Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 34 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation V Cold stress Thermoreceptors message the hypothalamus Hypothalamus sends signals that trigger changes that will bring temperature back to normal: Blood vessels near body surface constricts, limiting blood flow (=reduces heat loss, conserving heat) Smooth muscles that surrounds the hair follicles in your skin contract, causing the hair to “stand on end” trapping warm air. Skeletal muscles contract, causing shivering and increasing your metabolic rate to produce heat. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 35 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation VI Cold stress Monitor: Thermoreceptors Coordinating centre: Hypothalamus Regulator: skin blood vessels constrict and skeletal muscles contract Result: body temperature increases and hypothalamus Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 36 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Thermoregulation Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 37 Polytechnic https://www.thinglink.com/scene/  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Glucose Homeostasis I Cells need an exact level of glucose in the blood. Glucose moves into the cells for cellular respiration. Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the pancreas called: Insulin and Glucagon These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 38 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Cellular Respiration Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 39 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-overall-equation-of-cellular- ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 40 10. 2010 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Glucose Homeostasis II Pancreas Glycogen – storage Organ in abdomen form of glucose Glucagon – hormone Insulin: that increase blood glucose conc - Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue - Functions: - regulates blood glucose levels - after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted - extra glucose is stored in form of 41 glycogen Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Glucose Homeostasis III Glucagon: Hyperglycemia – high blood glucose - Target tissues: liver Hypoglycemia - Function: - regulates blood glucose levels - between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted - glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 42 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive If there is Glycogen too much glucose in the blood, Insulin converts some of it I n s u li n to glycogen and the rest moves into the cells for use in cellular respiration. Glucose in the blood Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 43  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Glycogen If there is not enough glucose in Glucagon the blood, Glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose. Glucose in the blood Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 44  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas 7mmol/L diabetic Blood glucose levels decline to set point; Elevated Liver takes up stimulus for blood sugar glucose and stores insulin release levels it as glycogen diminishes Stimulus: Imb rising blood ala nce glucose levels Stimulus: (e.g., after Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose declining blood eating four levels (90 mg/100ml) glucose levels jelly doughnuts) (e.g., after Imb skipping a meal) ala nce Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels Glucagon-releasing return blood sugar cells of pancreas to homeostatic set activated; point; stimulus for release glucagon glucagon release into blood; target diminishes is the liver Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann 45 Polytechnic Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 10. 2010 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 46 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Diabetes Mellitus Definition: metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to an absolute or relative lack of insulin or to a cellular resistance to insulin Major classifications 1. Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, Animation. - You Tube Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 47 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Classification of DM 1. Type 1 DM It is due to insulin deficiency and is formerly known as. Type I Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM) Juvenile onset DM 2. Type 2 DM It is a combined insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion and is frequently known as. Type II Non-insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM) Adult onset DM Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 48 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Water conservation The control of water levels is carried out by the KIDNEYS. The kidneys also excrete urea. Urea is a waste product that is made when the LIVER breaks down proteins that are not needed by the body. Urea contains the element of nitrogen. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 49 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Functions – Urinary/Excretory System 1. Excretion 2. Blood volume and blood pressure control 3. pH regulation 4. Concentration of solutes Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 50 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Components of Urinary Sensitive System 2 kidneys 2 ureters 1 urinary bladder 1 urethra Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 51 10. 2010 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The kidneys The kidneys “clean” the blood of waste products and control how much water is kept in the body. The waste products and water make up urine which is excreted. Nephron - functional unit of kidneys - over 1 million/kidney Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 52 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Figure 18.4 Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 10. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 53 ytechnic 2010  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Components of Nephron I Renal corpuscle: structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus Bowman’s capsule: - enlarged end of nephron - opens into proximal tubule Glomerulus: a globular cluster of capillaries Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 54 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Components of Nephron II Proximal tubule: where filtrate passes first Loop of Henle: - contains descending and ascending loops - water and solutes pass through thin walls by diffusion Distal tubule: Components of structure between Loop of Henle and collecting duct nephron & urine formation Collecting duct: https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=owJZiPbrHRs - empties into calyces - carry fluid from cortex through medulla Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 55 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_calyx  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The Excretory System. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, Fundamentals of 2015, from Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 57 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect21.htm ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Figure 18.5a Seeley, Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 58 10. 2010 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Nephron Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 59 ytechnic http://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/excretory-system-  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Urine 1. Ultrafiltration Formation Blood enters the tubule area in a capillary. The capillary forms a small “knot” near the kidney tubule. The blood is filtered so all the small particles go into the tubule. The capillary then carries on to run next to the tubule. Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 60 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive The kidney tubule now contains lots of blood components including: Glucose: Ions: Water: Urea: Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 61 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 2. Reabsorb sugar The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary. Glucose: Ions: Water: Urea: Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 62 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 2. Reabsorb sugar The body needs to have sugar in the blood for cells to use in respiration. So all the sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary. Glucose: Ions: Water: Urea: Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 63 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive 3. Reabsorb water Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. It depends on how much is needed by the body. Glucose: Ions: Water: Urea: 64 Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Glucose: 4. Excrete the waste Ions: Water: Everything that is left in the kidney Urea: tubule is waste: All the urea Excess water This waste is called urine. It is excreted via the ureter and is stored in the bladder. Renal vein The “clean” blood leaves the kidney in the renal vein. Ureter Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol ytechnic 65  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive https://quizlet.com/5307209/chapter-23-urinary-system-study- guide-lecture-flash-cards/ Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 66 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Regulation – Hormonal Control Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released when concentration of solutes in plasma increases or blood pressure decrease 2. ADH acts on kidneys and they absorb more water (decrease urine volume) 3. Result is maintain blood volume Diuresis – production and of urine blood pressure Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 67 ytechnic  Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive Hormonal Regulation: Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism Increases in the osmolality of blood or decreases in blood pressure result in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. ADH increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, and large amounts of ADH result in vasoconstriction. These changes maintain blood pressure. http://www.slideshare.net/ NadaGYoussef/lecture-1-the- Fundamentals of Biology, PFP, LSCT, Ngee Ann Pol 68 endocrine-system ytechnic