TLE Reviewer Quarter 1 PDF

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 1** | is a *[fundamental form of energy | | | that powers nearly every aspect | | **Electricity** | of modern life]*. It | |...

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 1** | is a *[fundamental form of energy | | | that powers nearly every aspect | | **Electricity** | of modern life]*. It | | | is a versatile and indispensable | | | resource that fuels our homes, | | | industries, transportation, and | | | communication systems. At its | | | core, electricity is the movement | | | of charged particles, typically | | | electrons, through conductive | | | materials. This flow of electrons | | | generates an electric current, | | | which can be harnessed and | | | controlled for various | | | applications. | +===================================+===================================+ | **Other meanings of electricity | - *[Merriam-Webster | | according to:** | Dictionary]* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *\"A fundamental form of | | | energy observable in positive | | | and negative forms that | | | occurs naturally (as in | | | lightning) or is produced (as | | | in a generator) and that is | | | expressed in terms of the | | | movement and interaction of | | | electrons.\"* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *[Encyclopedia | | | Britannica]* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *\"Electricity, a phenomenon | | | associated with stationary or | | | moving electric charges.\"* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *[Physics | | | Classroom]* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *\"Electricity is a form of | | | energy resulting from the | | | existence of charged | | | particles (such as electrons | | | or protons), either | | | statically as an accumulation | | | of charge or dynamically as a | | | current.\"* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *[National Geographic | | | Society]* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *\"Electricity is a type of | | | energy that can build up in | | | one place or flow from one | | | place to another.\"* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *[US Department of | | | Energy]* | | | | | | | | | | | | - *\"Electricity is the flow of | | | electrical power or charge. | | | It is a secondary energy | | | source that can be generated | | | from the conversion of other | | | sources of energy, like coal, | | | natural gas, oil, nuclear, | | | and renewable sources.\"* | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Atoms** | building blocks of matter. | | | | | | **[OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT | | | ATOMS:]** | | | | | | - Electrons carry a negative | | | charge, and moves in a | | | constant motion | | | | | | - The outermost shell of an | | | atom is called the Valence | | | Shell. | | | | | | - Protons carry equal but | | | positive charge. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Electric Field** | - happens when the movement of | | | charge particles exert forces | | **Electric Field** | on other charged particles. | | | | | | - are regions in space around | | | charged particles where | | | electric forces are exerted | | | on other charged particles. A | | | positive charge creates an | | | outward-pointing electric | | | field, while a negative | | | charge creates an | | | inward-pointing electric | | | field. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **Electric | The | | | | | Field | intensity of | | | | | Intensity** | an electric | | | | | | field at a | | | | | **Electric | given point | | | | | Field | is a measure | | | | | Intensity** | of the force | | | | | | that a unit | | | | | | positive | | | | | | test charge | | | | | | would | | | | | | experience | | | | | | at that | | | | | | point. It is | | | | | | represented | | | | | | by the | | | | | | symbol E and | | | | | | is measured | | | | | | in volts per | | | | | | meter (V/m). | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Electric Current** | when electrons are set into | | | motion then it flows from one | | | point to another. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Conservation of Charge; Law of | states that *[electric charge | | Conservation** | cannot be created or | | | destroyed]*; it can | | | only be transferred or | | | redistributed. In any physical | | | process, the total amount of | | | charge before and after remains | | | the same. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Interaction of Charges; | states that the force between | | Coulomb's Law** | two-point charges is directly | | | proportional to the product of | | | their charges and inversely | | | proportional to the square of the | | | distance between them. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 2** | - **SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY -** | | | | | | - **NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY -** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fossil Fuel** | **Coal** Electricity i | | | s generated by burning coal, whic | | | h heats water to produce steam th | | | at drives turbines connected to g | | | enerators. | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | ---------------------------- | | | **Oil** Oil-fired pow | | | er plants use petroleum products | | | to generate electricity, though t | | | hey are less common due to cost a | | | nd environmental concerns. | | | **Natural Gas** Gas-fired pow | | | er plants burn natural gas to gen | | | erate electricity, similar to coa | | | l plants but with lower emissions | | |. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Nuclear Energy** | Nuclear power plants use nuclear | | | reactions [(nuclear | | | fission)] to produce | | | heat, which is then used to | | | generate steam and drive turbines | | | that produce electricity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | - **RENEWABLE ENERGY -** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Solar Energy** | Photovoltaic cells convert | | | sunlight directly into | | | electricity. Solar thermal | | | systems use sunlight to heat a | | | fluid that drives a generator. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **Photovolta | \- Are | | | | | ic/Solar | devices | | | | | Cells** | designed to | | | | | | capture and | | | | | | convert | | | | | | sunlight | | | | | | into usable | | | | | | electrical | | | | | | energy. | | | | | | | | | | | | \- These | | | | | | cells are | | | | | | made from | | | | | | ***semicondu | | | | | | ctor | | | | | | materials, | | | | | | often | | | | | | silicon*** | | | | +==============+==============+ | | | | **Process of | 1. Absorpti | | | | | Solar | on | | | | | Conversion** | of | | | | | | Photons | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. Generati | | | | | | on | | | | | | of | | | | | | Electron | | | | | | -Hole | | | | | | Pairs | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. Separati | | | | | | on | | | | | | of | | | | | | Charges | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. Flow of | | | | | | Current | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. Generati | | | | | | on | | | | | | of | | | | | | Electric | | | | | | ity | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Wind Power** | Wind turbines capture kinetic | | | energy from wind to turn blades, | | | which in turn drives a generator | | | to produce electricity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hydropower** | Falling water or flowing water in | | | rivers is used to turn turbines, | | | generating electricity. Dams and | | | run-of-river systems are common | | | methods. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Geothermal Energy** | Heat from the Earth\'s interior | | | is harnessed to generate steam, | | | which drives turbines and | | | produces electricity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Biomass** | Organic materials like wood, | | | agricultural residues, and even | | | waste are burned or converted | | | into biogas to generate | | | electricity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **-HYBRID AND EMERGING | | | TECHNOLOGIES-** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Tidal and Wave** | Utilizing the energy from ocean | | | tides and waves to drive turbines | | | and generate electricity. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fuel Cells** | Chemical reactions between | | | hydrogen and oxygen produce | | | electricity and water. These are | | | often used in specialized | | | applications. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Advanced Nuclear Energy** | [Research is ongoing] | | | into more efficient and safer | | | nuclear reactor designs, like | | | thorium reactors and fusion | | | reactors. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSOCIATED | | | WITH THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fossil Fuel** | A major contributor to | | | environmental problems due to the | | | combustion of these fuels. It | | | leads to significant *ghg | | | (Greenhouse Gas) emissions*. Coal | | | mining can cause habitat | | | disruption and source depletion, | | | while oil and gas extraction can | | | lead to oil spills and | | | groundwater contamination. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Nuclear Power** | Nuclear power generation does not | | | produce greenhouse gas emissions | | | during operation. However, there | | | are environmental concerns | | | related to radioactive waste | | | disposal, potential accidents, | | | and uranium mining. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Wind Power** | Wind power has low greenhouse gas | | | emissions during operation | | | | | | but can pose risks to birds and | | | bats due to collisions with | | | turbine blades. Additionally, | | | habitat disruption during | | | construction is a concern. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Solar Power** | Solar power is relatively | | | environmentally friendly during | | | operation | | | | | | but can have resource-intensive | | | manufacturing processes and land | | | use impacts. Toxic chemicals used | | | in solar panel production can | | | also pose risks. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hydropower** | Hydropower can have environmental | | | impacts such as altering river | | | | | | ecosystems, disrupting fish | | | migration, and affecting | | | downstream water quality. Large | | | dams can lead to habitat | | | destruction and alteration of | | | natural water flow. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Biomass and Bioenergy** | Biomass energy can be derived | | | from organic materials like wood, | | | | | | crop residues, and waste. While | | | it is considered renewable, its | | | environmental impacts depend on | | | factors like land use change, | | | deforestation, and emissions from | | | burning biomass. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Natural Gas** | Natural gas power generation | | | emits fewer greenhouse gases and | | | pollutants compared to coal and | | | oil. However, methane leakage | | | during extraction and transport | | | can offset some of these | | | benefits, as methane is a potent | | | greenhouse gas. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 3** | **UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Voltage** | often referred to as **electric | | | potential difference**, | | | represents the force that drives | | | electric charges to flow in a | | | circuit. | | | | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | ---------- | | | **SYMBOL: *V*** **UNIT: *VOLT | | | S (V)*** | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | ---------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Current** | refers to the *flow of electric | | | charges (usually electrons) | | | through a* | | | | | | *conductor*. | | | | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | ------------ | | | **SYMBOL: *I*** **UNIT: *AMPE | | | RES (A)*** | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | ------------ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Resistance** | the opposition offered by a | | | material to the flow of electric | | | current. | | | | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | --------- | | | **SYMBOL: *R*** **UNIT: *OHMS | | | (Ω)*** | | | ----------------- ------------- | | | --------- | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ohm's Law** | Created by Georg Simon Ohm; | | | understanding the relationships | | | between voltage, current, and | | | resistance within an electrical | | | circuit. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 4** | **ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND RISKS** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Electrical Safety** | is a crucial aspect of modern | | | living and working environments. | | | With the widespread use of | | | electricity in various aspects of | | | our lives, understanding and | | | practicing electrical safety | | | measures is of paramount | | | importance to prevent accidents, | | | injuries, and even fatalities. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **ELECTRICAL HAZARDS** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Homes** | **Faulty Wiring** Outda | | | ted or improperly installed wirin | | | g can lead to short circuits, ele | | | ctrical fires, and electrocution. | | | ------------------------- ----- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | ------------------------ | | | **Overloaded Circuits** Plugg | | | ing too many devices into a singl | | | e outlet or using multiple extens | | | ion cords can overload circuits, | | | causing overheating and potential | | | fires. | | | **Water Exposure** Water | | | and electricity do not mix. Wet | | | environments, such as bathrooms a | | | nd kitchens, increase the risk of | | | electrical shock. ***Ground Faul | | | t Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)*** | | | are essential in these areas to | | | prevent electrocution. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Workplaces** | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **Exposed | If these are | | | **Workplaces** | | Wiring and | left exposed | | | | | Cables** | or | | | | | | improperly | | | | | | insulated, | | | | | | they can | | | | | | pose | | | | | | tripping | | | | | | hazards and | | | | | | | | | | | | increase the | | | | | | risk of | | | | | | electrical | | | | | | shock. | | | | +==============+==============+ | | | | **Unsafe use | equipment | | | | | of | may be | | | | | electrical | misused or | | | | | equipment** | poorly | | | | | | maintained, | | | | | | increasing | | | | | | the risk of | | | | | | electrical | | | | | | accidents. | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **Confined | Working in | | | | | Spaces** | confined | | | | | | spaces can | | | | | | expose | | | | | | individuals | | | | | | to higher | | | | | | risks of | | | | | | electrical | | | | | | hazards due | | | | | | to limited | | | | | | visibility | | | | | | and | | | | | | accessibilit | | | | | | y. | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Outdoor Environment** | **Power Lines** | | | Overhead power lines can | | | carry extremely high voltages. Ac | | | cidental contact with power lines | | | , especially when working with lo | | | ng objects or machinery, can resu | | | lt in electrocution. | | | ------------------------------- | | | ------- ------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | - | | | **Outdoor Electrical Installati | | | ons** should be weatherproof an | | | d properly grounded to prevent el | | | ectrical shocks and fires. | | | **Extension Cords** | | | Improper use of extension | | | cords in outdoor settings, such | | | as using indoor cords outdoors or | | | leaving them exposed to the elem | | | ents, can lead to tripping hazard | | | s, damage, and electrical shock. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO | | | ELECTRICAL HAZARDS** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Voltage and Current** | Voltage and current levels | | | determine the severity of | | | electrical shock | | | | | | and its potential to cause harm. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Contact with Conductive | When individuals come into | | Materials** | contact with conductive materials | | | like water, metals, or wet | | | surfaces, the conductivity | | | increases, leading to a higher | | | risk of electrical shock. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Equipment Condition** | Damaged or poorly maintained | | | electrical equipment, such as | | | frayed | | | | | | cords, exposed wires, or | | | malfunctioning switches, | | | increases the risk of electrical | | | hazards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Overloading Circuits** | Plugging multiple devices into a | | | single outlet or using inadequate | | | | | | extension cords can overload | | | circuits, causing overheating and | | | fire hazards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Lack of GFCI, and AFCI** | Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters | | | (GFCIs) and Arc Fault Circuit | | | Interrupters (AFCIs) play a | | | crucial role in reducing | | | electrical hazards | | | | | | by detecting faults and | | | preventing shocks and fires. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **Ground | Protects | | | | | Fault | against | | | | | Circuit | electric | | | | | Interrupters | shock by | | | | | ** | quickly | | | | | | shutting off | | | | | **Ground | power to a | | | | | Fault | circuit | | | | | Interrupters | | | | | | ** | | | | | +==============+==============+ | | | | **Arc Fault | Designed to | | | | | Circuit | detect | | | | | Interrupters | dangerous | | | | | ** | electrical | | | | | | arcing | | | | | | conditions | | | | | | within a | | | | | | circuit. | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Inadequate Training** | Lack of proper training and | | | awareness about electrical | | | hazards can lead to unsafe | | | practices and behaviors, | | | increasing the risk of accidents | | | in both residential and workplace | | | settings. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Inadequate Signage and Warning | Failure to provide clear signage | | Labels** | and warning labels in areas with | | | electrical equipment can result | | | in individuals inadvertently | | | coming into contact with live | | | components. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 5** | **TYPES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND | | | HOW TO PREVENT IT** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Electrical Shock** | occurs when a person\'s body | | | becomes part of an electrical | | | circuit, leading to the flow of | | | electric current through their | | | body. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **PREVENTION | - Proper | | | | | ** | Training | | | | | | | | | | | | - Use | | | | | | insulate | | | | | | d | | | | | | tools | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wearing | | | | | | Personal | | | | | | Protecti | | | | | | ve | | | | | | Equipmen | | | | | | t | | | | | | (PPE) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Followin | | | | | | g | | | | | | lockout | | | | | | procedur | | | | | | es | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Arc Flash** | a sudden release of energy due to | | | an electrical fault, causing an | | | explosion of light and heat. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **PREVENTION | - Using | | | | | ** | Arc | | | | | | Resistan | | | | | | t | | | | | | Clothing | | | | | | (Arc-Rat | | | | | | ed | | | | | | PPE) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Safe | | | | | | distance | | | | | | | | | | | | - Employin | | | | | | g | | | | | | proper | | | | | | electric | | | | | | al | | | | | | maintena | | | | | | nce | | | | | | | | | | | | - Conducti | | | | | | ng | | | | | | risk | | | | | | assessme | | | | | | nts | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fires** | Electrical fires can result from | | | overheated equipment, short | | | circuits, faulty wiring, or | | | flammable materials in close | | | proximity to electrical sources. | | | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | | | | **PREVENTION | - Regular | | | | | ** | inspecti | | | | | | on | | | | | | | | | | | | - Avoiding | | | | | | overload | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | | | | - Using | | | | | | properly | | | | | | rated | | | | | | electric | | | | | | al | | | | | | componen | | | | | | ts | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keeping | | | | | | flammabl | | | | | | e | | | | | | stuff | | | | | | out | | | | +--------------+--------------+ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Explosion** | Flammable gases and vapors ignite | | | when exposed to electric sparks | | | or arcs. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Chemical Exposure** | Some electrical work may involve | | | chemicals that pose inhalation, | | | such as contact, or ingestion. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Falls and Trips** | Improperly secured cords | | | cluttered workplaces or | | | inadequate lighting can cause | | | falls and trips. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LOTO** | Critical safety measures used to | | | protect workers from hazardous | | **Lockout/Tagout** | energy sources during | | | maintenance, servicing, or repair | | | of equipment. | | | | | | 1. Prevention 3. Verification 5. | | | Communication | | | | | | 2. Shutdown 4. Release 6. | | | Training | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Practice Safe Wiring | - Correct Wire Size | | Techniques** | | | | - Neatness | | | | | | - Insulation | | | | | | - Grounding | | | | | | - Professional Installation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Adhering to guidelines for | - Risk Assessment | | confined space entry** | | | | - Continuous Monitoring | | | | | | - Training | | | | | | - Permit System | | | | | | - Emergency Procedures | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Electrical Shock** | - Safety First | | | | | | - Call for help | | | | | | - Check breathing and | | | circulation, do CPR | | | (Cardiopulmonary | | | Resuscitation) if the | | | individual isn't breathing, | | | or the ability to have pulse. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Fires** | - Alert others | | | | | | - Use Fire Extinguishers | | | | | | \- Provide Comfort | | | | | | \- Don't pop blisters | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Equipment Malfunctions** | \- Stop using equipment | | | | | | \- Isolate the equipment | | | | | | \- Notify maintenance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **LESSON 6** | is essential to safeguard workers | | | from potential electrical | | **PPE (Personal Protective | hazards. | | Equipment** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Safety Glasses** | Protect eyes and face from | | | debris, sparks, and potential arc | | | flash. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Hard Hats** | Shield the head from falling | | | objects and impact. | | | | | | **Color of Hat** **For** | | | ------------------ ------------ | | | --------------------------------- | | | -- | | | **Yellow** Laborer, Hea | | | vy Duty Officers and Construction | | | **Grey** Site Visitor | | | s | | | **Red** Firefighters | | | **Brown** Welders, hig | | | h heat operations | | | **Blue** Electricians | | | and Technical Operators | | | **Green** Safety Offic | | | ers | | | **Pink** Female Worke | | | rs, or Extra Helmet. | | | **White** Manager | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Insulated Gloves** | Prevent electrical shock while | | | working on energized equipment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Flame Resistant Clothing** | Guard against arc flash and fire | | | hazards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Arc Rated Clothing** | Provide protection against arc | | | flash, including shirts, pants, | | | and coveralls. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Safety Footwear** | Offer foot protection from | | | electrical hazards and heavy | | | objects. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Proper Fit of PPE** | PPE that fits correctly enhances | | | its ability to protect the wearer | | | from potential hazards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Following Manufacturer | Manufacturers provide specific | | Guidelines** | instructions for the proper use, | | | care, and maintenance of PPE. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Compliance with Safety | Ensures that individuals are | | Regulations** | adequately protected and that | | | workspaces meet industry safety | | | standards | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **MAINTAINING PPE** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Cleaning PPE** | \- Follow manufacturer guidelines | | | | | | \- Use mild detergents | | | | | | \- Rinse and Dry | | | | | | \- Avoid harsh chemicals | | | | | | \- Thorough cleaning | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Storing PPE** | \- Dry Storage | | | | | | \- Separate Storage | | | | | | \- Avoid direct sunlight | | | | | | \- Hang or Fold | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Inspecting PPE for | \- Regular inspection | | damage/wear** | | | | \- Check hardware | | | | | | \- Check seams | | | | | | \- Check straps and elastic | | | | | | \- Check for Degradation | | | | | | \- Refer to guidelines | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+