Joyce Travelbee's Human-to-Human Relationship Model PDF

NURSING THEORIES JOYCE TRAVELBEE’S HUMAN-TO-HUMAN 2. People go through experiences and look for RELATIONSHIP MODEL purpose in them. Individuals' experiences show Born in 1926 in New Orleans, Loui...

NURSING THEORIES JOYCE TRAVELBEE’S HUMAN-TO-HUMAN 2. People go through experiences and look for RELATIONSHIP MODEL purpose in them. Individuals' experiences show Born in 1926 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA similarities between them. Earned her BSN degree at Louisiana State 3. Nurses must remember that patients are human University beings and avoid evoking stereotypes. Completed her diploma in Nursing from Charity 4. Relationships can only be formed when the nurse Hospital School of Nursing, New Orleans. and patient understand each other's individuality She was given a Master of Science in Nursing (Meleis, 2007); (Travelbee, 1966). degree in 1959 from Yale University Psychiatric nurse, educator, and writer INTERACTIONAL PHASES OF HUMAN-TO-HUMAN Didn’t finish her doctoral program because she died RELATIONSHIP MODEL a year later at the age of 47 due to a brief sickness ORIGINAL ENCOUNTER Believed that everything the nurse (as a human) First impression of the nurse and patient with each said or did with an ill person (as a human) helped to other. fulfill the purpose of nursing. Both the nurse and the patient see each other in Interaction - the nurse and the patient are human their traditional roles. beings and relate to each other. EMERGING IDENTITIES Nursing was accomplished through human-to- The time when a relationship begins human relationships that began with the original The nurse and patient can already appreciate each encounter and then progressed through stages of other’s unique characteristics emerging identities (empathy, sympathy). EMPATHY The ability to share in the person’s experience BASIC CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS SYMPATHY SUFFERING The stage where the nurse wants to lessen the An experience that differs in intensity, duration, and cause of the patient’s suffering depth, ranging from mild, temporary physical or It goes beyond empathy which leads to actions mental discomfort to severe pain and intense aimed at helping relieve the patient’s suffering suffering. RAPPORT TARGETED INTELLECTUAL APPROACH A positive relationship is built between the nurse A nurse should apply a structured and thoughtful and the patient through trust, understanding, and approach to the patient’s condition respect. MEANING METAPARADIGM The reason as one assigns or attributes PERSON HOPE Both nurse and patient are unique holistic beings. A nurse’s role is to help patients maintain hope, Each individual experiences suffering, illness, and which is rooted in trust and faith in positive change the human condition in their own way. and the support of others. Human beings are unique, irreplaceable, ever COMMUNICATIONS evolving, and interacting. An important factor in achieving good nursing care ENVIRONMENT and ensuring that the patient’s needs are Considers the social and interpersonal aspects of understood and addressed the nurse-patient relationship as crucial to the A channel in which the nurse-patient relationship is environment in which care occurs. established. The nurse must be observant of the patient in the 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOPE place where the patient is present to ascertain that 1. It is closely tied to reliance on others the patient is in need. 2. It is focused on the future The therapeutic environment is shaped through the 3. It involves choosing from various options or finding interactions between the nurse and the patient ways out of a situation HEALTH 4. It includes a desire to achieve a goal, acquire Health is not merely the absence of disease but something, or have a specific experience involves finding meaning in illness and suffering. 5. It reflects trust that others will offer support when Nurse’s role is to help patients, and their families needed cope with suffering, illness, and even death to 6. The hopeful individual has the courage to recognize promote mental and emotional well-being their weakness and fears while progressing toward NURSE their goal Interpersonal process where the nurse helps the patient find meaning in their experience of illness MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS and suffering. 1. The goal of nursing is the interaction between the Help the patient overcome feelings of helplessness nurse and the patient. People are social and logical and provide compassionate, empathetic care beings who differ more than they are similar through genuine human interaction. (Travelbee, 1966) PAULA MAY 1  NURSING THEORIES MADELEINE M. LEININGER’S THEORY OF CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY Born on July 13, 1925, & Died August 10, 2012 Known as the first professional nurse to hold PhD in cultural and Social Anthropology Founder of Transcultural Nursing / Culture Care Diversity and Universality First nurse anthropologist The purpose of the theory is to discover human care diversities and universalities Developed her theory of cultural care diversity and universality based on the belief that people from different cultures METAPARADIGM PERSON Leininger questions the use of "person" in the metaparadigm because it can lead to cultural clashes, biases, and ethical conflicts. She emphasizes that caring individuals should genuinely consider the needs and well-being of others. (Leininger et al, 2006, p.9). ENVIRONMENT Leininger did not define these terms she speaks instead of worldview, social structure, and environmental context. HEALTH It is a state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced. It reflects individuals' (or groups) ' ability to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial, and patterned lifeways. NURSE a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline that is focused on human care phenomena and activities to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death. PAULA MAY 2  NURSING THEORIES LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY’S GENERAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM THEORY THEORY COMMUNICATION Born on September 19, 1901 – June 12, 1972 (71) Must be in place for organization systems to Austrian biologist known as one of the founders of exchange relevant information with their general systems theory (GST). This is an environment. interdisciplinary practice that describes systems Provides for the flow of information among the with interacting components, applicable to biology, subsystems cybernetics, and other fields SYSTEMS, SUBSYSTEMS, AND SUPER SYSTEMS Systems – set interrelated parts that turn inputs GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY into outputs through processing “How to break whole things into parts and then Subsystems – do the processing to learn how the parts work together in Super systems – broader group, including the systems” system’s universe Attempts to provide alternatives to conventional GOAL-DIRECTEDNESS models of organization. Systems are goal-oriented and engage in feedback Defined new foundations and developments as a to meet the goals of the organization generalized theory of systems with applications to HOLISTIC VIEW numerous areas of study, emphasizing holism over Focuses on the arrangement of and relations reductionism, and organism over mechanism. between the parts that connect them into the whole Foundational to General Systems Theory is the Mutual interaction of the parts makes the whole inter-relationships between elements that all bigger than the parts themselves together form the whole. BOUNDARY Line or point where a system or subsystem can be Introduced key concepts such as open and closed differentiated from its environment or other systems, stressing the role and importance of subsystems context and environment, equifinality, or the way Can be rigid or permeable or in between systems can reach the same goal through different Systems or subsystems will engage in boundary- paths, and isomorphisms or structural, behavioral, tending and development features that are shared across Nursing unit, OT department, elementary school, systems. person, energy, business, fence, wall, roles, etc. GST positioned itself as transdisciplinary rather BOUNDARIES than interdisciplinary Separates the system from its environment Physical Boundary – prevents access (security SYSTEMS THEORY Relies on synergy, interdependence between system) subsystems, and interconnectedness Linguistic Boundary – specialized language Within the organization Systematic Boundary – rules that regulate Organization and the environment interaction Psychological Boundary IMPORTANT TERMS GOAL – The desired outcome or state that an organization CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM THEORY STATIC SYSTEM – Where the elements or their intends to attain. relationships don’t change over time. E.g. medical records NEGENTROPY – A measure of the system’s disorder or DYNAMIC SYSTEM – Constantly changes and interacts with randomness. the environment. E.g. vital signs of a patient ENTROPY – The opposite of entropy. Refers to order and CLOSED SYSTEM – Fixed relationships and no exchange organization with the environment. E.g. sealed IV fluid bag CONTROL OF THE CYBERNATION – An organization’s OPEN SYSTEM – Interacts with its environment by ability to self-govern and change as its environment changes exchanging energy and resources. E.g. healthcare facility EQUIFINALITY – Having different ways that lead to one and have the same results BASIC ELEMENT OF A SYSTEM 1. Input The raw material and the energy transformed by the system PAULA MAY 3  NURSING THEORIES 2. Throughput/System Process or work done on those resources used to produce a product; it may be the system itself or the environment. 3. Output Exit, or the change exiting the system; the product or service which results from the systems. 4. Feedback Information about a reaction to a product; is used as the basis for improvement; used to know how effective the process is. Interpersonal Relations Theory – emphasizes nurse-client Positive Feedback – changes or grows the system relationship as the foundation of nursing practice and the in desired ways that amplify and enhance the give-and-take of nurse-client relationships that many saw system’s current process as revolutionary. Negative Feedback – seeks to correct or reduce Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship – relationship deviations in the system’s process. between the client and the nurse that focuses on the client’s needs, feelings, problems, and ideas. Interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. 4 PHASES OF THE THERAPEUTIC NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP ORIENTATION – nurse meets the patients, defines the problem, and identifies the type of service needed. IDENTIFICATION – patient feels a sense of belonging and the nurse creates a care plan based on the patient’s needs. HILDEGARD ELIZABETH PEPLAU’S INTERPERSONAL EXPLOITATION – patient uses professional help to solve RELATIONS THEORY problems, nurse assists in implementing the care plan. September 1, 1909 – March 17, 1999 (Noctural RESOLUTION – the relationship ends as the patient’s needs Death) are met and interdependence is restored Reading, Pennsylvania Young Feminist SUBCONCEPTS OF THE IRT (ROLE OF NURSE IN The flu epidemic influenced her understanding of THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP) the impact of illness and death on families Became the first published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale Mother of Psychiatric Nursing Nurse of the Century METAPARADIGM 4 LEVELS OF ANXIETY 1. Mild Anxiety – positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems. 2. Moderate Anxiety – decreased perceptual field (focus on immediate task only); the person can learn new behaviors and solve problems only with assistance. (another person can redirect the person ASSUMPTIONS to the task) 3. Severe Anxiety – feelings of dread and terror. The person cannot be redirected to a task; focuses only on scattered details and has physiologic symptoms (chest pain) 4. Panic Anxiety – can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness. Person may bolt and run aimlessly, often exposing to injury. PAULA MAY 4  NURSING THEORIES ERIK ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL Begin asserting themselves more frequently, DEVELOPMENT engaging in play and social interactions that allow Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902 – May 12, 1994 them to take initiative. (91) Developing a sense of initiative Psychologist known for coining the term “identity If caregivers criticize/discourage these initiatives, crisis” and developing the theory of psychosocial children may feel guilty about their desires and development actions Eight stages of Psychosocial Development, which STAGE 4 (6 – 11 YEARS OLD) outlines human growth from infancy to adulthood. Industry vs. Inferiority Childhood and Society (1950) and Identity: Youth Individuals explore what they can do and engage and Crisis (1968) themselves creatively Children start comparing themselves with peers and STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT evaluating their abilities. Erikson identified every stage as having its specific Industry - Children who are encouraged to develop conflict or crisis and the failure to resolve it does not skills. bring proper psychological development Inferiority - If children face negative feedback or are Each stage compliments the others preceding it and not allowed to demonstrate their skills. the previous outcomes could have effects on later STAGE 5 (ADOLESCENCE 12 – 18 YEARS OLD) developments Identity vs. Role Confusion Significance of social relationships as determining Exploration of role and identity influences for personality and action Exploration of identities (personal, social, vocational) STAGE 1 (BIRTH – 18 MONTHS) Influence of peers and societal expectations Trust vs. Mistrust Internal questioning of values, beliefs, and future Earliest stage of life where individuals question aspirations whether they can trust the world or not Strong sense of self Infants learn to trust their caregivers Role confusion leading to identity crisis Provides the foundation for wholesome STAGE 6 (YOUNG ADULTHOOD 18 – 40 YEARS OLD) relationships in the future Intimacy vs. Isolation Mistrust - Infants who experience and receive fear, Importance of forming intimate relationships neglect, and inconsistent actions from their (romantic and platonic) caregivers. Result; depression, social Development of emotional intimacy and trust disengagement, and trust issues. Balancing personal independence with the desire Emphasizes how important early emotional for connection experiences are, how they affect and influence Healthy, supportive relationships phases of life and personal growth. Feelings of loneliness and isolation STAGE 2 (18 MONTHS – 3 YEARS OLD) STAGE 7 (35 – 65 YEARS OLD) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Generativity vs. Stagnation Individuals gain mobility and independence Individuals either focus on engaging to make a Autonomy - or independence when their caregivers positive contribution for future generations or allow them to choose. become disengaged and detached from society Shame and Doubt - Excessive control and Generativity – “making your mark” creating and judgment. It might also make them feel inadequate nurturing to ensure that there is a sense of in terms of their ability to control themselves, lack accomplishment beyond their own life self-assurance, and be afraid of attempting new Stagnation – unproductiveness, which leads to experiences. emptiness and lack of growth. Foundation for future self-assurance and STAGE 8 (65 YEARS OLD – DEATH) decision-making skills while also aiding in Integrity vs. Despair realizing the equilibrium between autonomy and Individuals have less productivity when they are required assistance in life. older, and they begin to reflect on the events that STAGE 3 (3 – 5 YEARS OLD) occurred in their life Initiative vs. Guilt Integrity – satisfaction of accomplishment and life Individuals explore what they can do and engage choices themselves creatively Despair – filled with regrets and feeling that their life is wasted. Bitterness and grumpiness PAULA MAY 5  NURSING THEORIES NURSING INTERVENTION PSYCHOSOCIAL PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY (LEVEL 1) DEVELOPMENT THEORY The earliest period of moral development Nurses are guided in understanding the behaviors Lasts until around the age of 7. At this age, of patients, they can recommend psychological children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the assistance. expectations of adults and the consequences of Aids nurses in patient assessment by analyzing the breaking the rules patterns of individual behaviors based on the eight Punishment and Obedience Orientation stages of psychosocial development Instrumental Relativist Orientation Valuable for nurses to identify and use effective CONVENTIONAL MORALITY (LEVEL 2) interventions Marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding Focuses on providing emotional and mental support what is good and moral Adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and society Focuses on the acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Society-Maintaining Orientation POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY (LEVEL 3) People develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality The individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her society The person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT October 25, 1927 regulations American psychologist and educator Social Contract Orientation Morality – principles concerned with the distinction Universal Ethical Principle Orientation of right and wrong or good and bad Moral Dilemma – a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action Moral Reasoning – differentiating right from wrong combined with decision-making Moral Behavior – actions carried out in a given situation of a moral dilemma. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND ASSUMPTIONS Focuses on the development of an individual’s moral reasoning, which occurs in a series of stages under 3 primary levels MORAL REASONING > MORAL BEHAVIOR ON MORAL DILEMMAS His theory is based on an analysis of moral dilemmas administered to people of different ages Development of logic, intelligence, and reasoning is important in moral development Moral development is associated with social perception (understanding people’s feeling, thoughts and their roles) PAULA MAY 6  NURSING THEORIES ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Encouraging individuals to be the best version of April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970 (62) themselves Coined the term “self-actualization” Growth and fulfillment ranks the needs of humans in order of importance Maslow believes that every person is born with a set of basic needs; Biological or Psychological Needs, Safety and Security Needs, Love and Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, and Self - Actualization Needs Theorized that the most basic levels require fulfillment before a higher level can be fulfilled MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS Human needs are hierarchical. Needs are the basis of human behavior. CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF ACTUALIZERS 1. Accurate perceptions of reality Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs. 2. Acceptance of self and others in the world Self-actualization is the highest need. 3. Personal reliance on experiences and judgment 4. Genuine and natural 5. Work-oriented 6. Autonomy is valued 7. Enjoys appreciation of the universe 8. Positive interpersonal relationships 9. Enjoys peace and solitude 10. Embracing gratitude 11. Sense of humor 12. Compassionate towards others 13. Few friends BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS 14. Social Interest Survival needs 15. Peak Experiences The most important things a person needs If not met, they will not have any desire to climb up the pyramid Oxygen, food, shelter, water, warmth, and rest. SAFETY AND SECURITY NEEDS Needs for this level stand out Our environment is constantly changing, and the security we had as children is no longer there. Physical, emotional, and environmental security from threats. LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS Need fulfillment of acceptance If not, they may experience loneliness, anxiety, and clinical depression. Foster relationships via emotional support ESTEEM NEEDS More significant Relevant once the lower-level needs are met Encouragement, respect, and recognition of patient’s abilities and achievements SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS Only fully realized once all other needs have been met Involves the individual reaching their full potential PAULA MAY 7  NURSING THEORIES HARRY STACK SULLIVAN’S TRANSACTIONAL GOALS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS Make you self-aware of the triadic personality February 21, 1892 – January 1949 (56 – chronic structure heart condition) Increase awareness of your ego state and others’ Interpersonal psychiatry and interpersonal theory of ego state psychiatry Be aware of both social and psychological Transactional Analysis – analyses social messages that exist within communication interactions to identify ego states (Parent, Adult, or transactions Child) to improve communication Increase the change for a complementary Parent Ego State – analyses social interactions to transaction identify ego states to improve communication Adult Ego State – nurturing, supportive, controlling ROLE OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IN THE or critical NURSING PROFESSION Child Ego State – spontaneous, creative, playful or Transactional Analysis enables managers and vulnerable and dependent educators to be aware of their ego state for the first time STAGE BASE THEORY Based on this awareness they do feel the need to Sullivan believed that including the development share ego states as per the demand of the situation stages of a human was crucial and essential in It helps to become aware of the effects of their understanding how individuals interact with each communication (transactions) with others and why other. and how it breaks or builds ANXIETY PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY The feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness Main disruptive force in interpersonal relations Basic anxiety: fear of rejection from interpersonal relations THREE TYPES OF SELF GOOD ME Characteristics that are rewarded; decreases anxiety Characteristics that an individual likes about themselves The individual is comfortable to share/express this characteristic BAD ME Characteristics that an individual does not like about themselves; are often not shared Cause people to feel distressed and anxious about themselves Often generated from negative feedback from the people surrounding an individual NOT ME High level of anxiousness caused by a specific or group of characteristics that make the individual dissociate themselves from it PAULA MAY 8  LOCAL NURSING THEORIES CARMENCITA ABAQUIN’S PREPARE ME THEORY: ARACELI BALABAGNO’S THEORY ON FUNCTIONAL HOLISTIC NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR CANCER HEALTH PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES OF COMPLIANCE PATIENTS TO HOME INSTRUCTION PROGRAM Dec 12, 1940 – April 8, 2021 (81) Still alive Incidence of cancer FEU graduate UP College of Nursing Functional Health Performance Outcomes Associated with multifaceted issues Theory Problems are compounded How compliance with a home instruction program Need to develop interventions influences recovery and functional health after myocardial infarction PREPARE ME (HOLISTIC NURSING INTERVENTIONS) Improving quality of life and functional health To address multidimensional problems of cancer through structured home care patients that can be given in any setting where patients choose to be confined ASSUMPTIONS OF THE THEORY 1. Presence Transition to home care 2. Reminisce Therapy Role of interaction 3. Prayer Supportive intervention 4. Relaxation Activities ★ Key Concepts 5. Meditation Functional health performance 6. Values Clarification Compliance ★ Terminally Ill Cancer Patients – Physical, Social, Perceived Exertion Walking Score Psychological, Religious, Level of independence, Client and Medical Factors Environment, Spiritual ★ Goal To assess how compliance affects functional health QUALITY OF LIFE outcomes Construct that encompasses the individual’s ★ Outcomes capacity and abilities to enrich life when it can no Explore relationships between patient longer be prolonged characteristics, compliance and health outcomes Examine the experiences of nurses providing home METAPARADIGM instruction programs PERSON ★ Goal Specific to patients in advanced stages of cancer Home Instruction Program Holistic beings Scheduled Home Visits Terminally ill or those with incurable diseases as Nurse-Patient Interaction with cancer must be approached in multifaceted care to improve their quality of life METAPARADIGM ENVIRONMENT PERSON Assume that it is an aspect or dimension Specific to patients who had myocardial infarction Can also be assessed ENVIRONMENT Was not defined Supportive home setting facilitated by scheduled HEALTH visits Revolves around cancer and the provision of HEALTH holistic care Achieving functional health performance through NURSING compliance with home care instructions Goal is the improvement of quality of life NURSING Guiding patients and their families through education and support to improve health outcomes PAULA MAY 9  LOCAL NURSING THEORIES CARMELITA DIVINAGRACIA’S THEORY OF THEORY APPLICATION COMPOSURE BEHAVIOR ★ Practice July 8, 1926 – August 24, 2024 (78) The servant-leader formula can be a useful tool as UERM graduate this will enable them to become leaders and Theory of Composure Behaviors educators while following the footsteps of Jesus To determine the effect of composure behaviors if Christ the advanced practitioner ★ Education Competence Nurse educators can apply this concept by being Open-mindedness passionate about their craft and by showing Presence and Prayer willingness to impart their acquired knowledge to Stimulation their students and colleagues in a selfless way Understanding ★ Administration Respect and Relaxation This model can help faculty and administrators Empathy become better teachers and servant leaders and can help in achieving organizational goals ★ Research The theory emphasizes specialized training for nursing faculty to develop holistic nurse leaders and encourages research on nursing management across diverse religions. It advocates for transformative leadership focused on social justice and positive change in healthcare DRA. CAROLINA AGRAVANTE’S CASAGRA SISTER LETTY KUAN’S RETIREMENT AND ROLE TRANSFORMATIVE LEADERSHIP MODEL DISCONTINUITIES THEORY She is famous for being the first Filipina theorist for Born on November 19, 1936 writing the CASAGRA Transformative Leadership MA in Nursing and MS in Education major in Model. Guidance Counselling She was the President of St. Paul College - Ilocos Awarded The Distinctive Post of Professor Sur up until early 2022 Emeritus CASAGRA TRANSFORMATIVE LEADERSHIP MODEL MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS It has concepts of leadership from a psycho-spiritual Physiological Age: The concept refers to the shared point of view Expectations and norms associated with a specific role are shaped by socialization and internalized values. Each role is It is focused primarily on the educational and interconnected with others in the social structure, with psycho-spiritual aspects of nursing constant interactions. The model is designed to lead to radical change from apathy or indifference to a spiritual person. Change of life: This is the period between near retirement It emphasized the need for nursing faculty specially and post-retirement years in medico-physiologic terms, this trained to develop holistic nurses who will become equates with the climacteric period of adjustment and leaders in health service readjustment to another tempo of life. Retiree: An individual who has left the position occupied for THREE-FOLD TRANSFORMATIVE LEADER CONCEPT the past years of productive life because he/she has reached Servant leader spirituality: Spiritual retreat. the prescribed retirement age or has completed the required Through spiritual exercise, a leader realizes that her years of service. model in caring for individuals is Jesus. Self-Mastery: Expressed in a vibrant care complex. Role discontinuity: Is the interruption in the line of status Involves individual's self-awareness through formal enjoyed role performed. The interruption may be brought about by an accident, emergency, and change of position or education in nursing, continuous education, retirement seminars attended, and her involvement in organizations Coping Approaches: refer to the interventions or measures Self-expertise: Expertise level in the nursing field one is applied to solve a problematic situation or state to restore or engaged in. maintain equilibrium and normal functioning Draws emphasis on the nurse faculty's involvement in forming her students. PAULA MAY 10  LOCAL NURSING THEORIES CECILIA LAURENTE’S THEORY OF NURSING PRACTICE & CAREER Focused her work on helping patients through support systems, specifically the family Graduated BSN at the University of the Philippines in 1967 and Master of Nursing in 1973 ★ Nursing Theory Categorization of Nursing Activities Observed in Medical- Surgical Ward Units in Selected Government and Private Hospitals in Metro Manila. Focused primarily on helping a patient through support systems, specifically the family. NURSING CARING BEHAVIOR THAT AFFECTS PATIENT’S ACTIVITY Presence: Person-to-person contact between the client and the nurses. Concern: Development in the time through mutual trust between the nurse and the patient. Stimulation: Nurse stimulation through word tops the powerful resources of the energy of a person for healing. ★ Predisposing Factors Influences that make an individual more or less likely to engage in a specific behavior by shaping their motivation or readiness to act beforehand (Age, Sex, Civil Status, Educational Status, Length of Work, Experience) ★ Enhancing Factors Elements that positively influence a nurse’s ability to provide effective care, develop professionally, or improve patient outcomes. (One’s caring experience, beliefs, attitude, feeling good about, learning at school, what patients talk about the nurse coping mechanism to problems encountered, communication) PAULA MAY 11