Psychology Test Bank - Chapter 6.1 - 2 PDF

**What does the term "preparedness" suggest about conditioned responses?** - A. It suggests that all conditioned responses are learned equally well - B. It indicates that some conditioned associations are more easily acquired due to evolutionary factors - C. It refers to the inhibit...

**What does the term "preparedness" suggest about conditioned responses?** - A. It suggests that all conditioned responses are learned equally well - B. It indicates that some conditioned associations are more easily acquired due to evolutionary factors - C. It refers to the inhibition of unnecessary responses during conditioning - D. It indicates that conditioning is unrelated to biological predispositions - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Preparedness indicates that certain associations, like those involving fear of natural dangers, are more easily learned due to evolutionary influences, as they have historically contributed to survival.  **If someone develops nausea at the sight of shrimp after a single incident of food poisoning, what process does this illustrate?** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Conditioned taste aversion - D. Extinction - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an organism associates a specific taste (like shrimp) with an adverse reaction (nausea) after a single exposure, which shows that some associations, especially those related to survival, can form quickly and with strong resistance to extinction.  **A child bitten by a dog begins to fear all dogs, not just the one that bit them. This is an example of:** - A. Discrimination - B. Generalization - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Generalization happens when the child's fear response extends beyond the specific dog that caused the bite, demonstrating that the conditioned response applies to other similar stimuli (all dogs), not just the original conditioned stimulus.  **A bell is paired with food until a dog salivates at the bell sound alone. If the bell rings but no food follows, what will likely happen over time?** - A. Acquisition - B. Extinction - C. Generalization - D. Discrimination - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Extinction will occur if the bell (conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented without the food (unconditioned stimulus), causing the conditioned response (salivation) to gradually weaken and eventually disappear as the dog learns that the bell no longer predicts food.  **A dog learns to respond only to a bell of a specific pitch but not to higher or lower pitches. This demonstrates:** - A. Spontaneous recovery - B. Generalization - C. Discrimination - D. Extinction - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Discrimination is shown when the dog responds exclusively to the specific bell sound it was conditioned with, demonstrating that it has learned to differentiate between the target pitch and other, non-paired pitches.  **A smoker feels the urge to smoke every time they see their lighter, even if they are not actively smoking. The lighter serves as:** - A. An unconditioned stimulus - B. A conditioned response - C. A conditioned stimulus - D. An unconditioned response - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The lighter has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is associated with smoking behavior and triggers the urge (conditioned response) due to repeated pairings, demonstrating that environmental cues can strongly influence conditioned responses.  **A patient who undergoes chemotherapy and feels nauseous when entering the hospital where they receive treatment, the hospital has become:** - A. An unconditioned stimulus - B. A conditioned response - C. A conditioned stimulus - D. A generalization - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The hospital has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it has been associated with the unconditioned response (nausea) from chemotherapy sessions, showing how locations and environments can trigger conditioned responses due to repeated associations.  **A dog learns that a specific tone predicts food and salivates in response to it. However, when a similar but slightly different tone is played, the dog also salivates. This illustrates:** - A. Extinction - B. Spontaneous recovery - C. Generalization - D. Discrimination - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Generalization occurs when the dog's salivation response extends to tones that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus, demonstrating that the response applies beyond the specific conditioned tone.  **A conditioned response reappears after a rest period without further conditioning, this is called:** - A. Acquisition - B. Extinction - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Generalization - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after a rest period following extinction, showing that the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response may temporarily resurface even after the CR had previously faded.  **A patient develops an aversion to a particular treatment room after several painful procedures there, but not to other rooms in the hospital. This is an example of:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Extinction - D. Spontaneous recovery - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Discrimination occurs when the patient's aversion is specific to the treatment room where the painful experiences happened, showing that they have learned to respond only to the specific conditioned environment and not to other, similar hospital rooms.  **In a lab, a participant develops a fear of a flashing light paired with a loud noise. Later, they show fear to different light intensities. This response demonstrates:** - A. Discrimination - B. Generalization - C. Extinction - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The participant's fear response to varying light intensities beyond the original stimulus illustrates generalization, where the conditioned response extends to stimuli that are similar in nature but differ in specific features like intensity.  **A soldier becomes anxious at the sound of fireworks after returning from combat, even though they are no longer in a war zone. This is an example of:** - A. Preparedness - B. Extinction - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Generalization - **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Generalization occurs because the sound of fireworks, though not the same as combat noises, is similar enough to trigger the same conditioned response of anxiety, indicating that the soldier's learned fear response has transferred to similar stimuli.  **When a conditioned stimulus is presented alone after a long period of not being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response reappears, this is known as:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Spontaneous recovery is observed when a conditioned response re-emerges after a rest period without further conditioning, showing that the learned association can temporarily return even after extinction.  **If a child associates a doctor's office with receiving a painful shot and later feels anxious in any medical office, this response is an example of:** - A. Extinction - B. Spontaneous recovery - C. Generalization - D. Discrimination - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The child's anxious response to different medical offices illustrates generalization because the conditioned response (fear) has spread to similar environments beyond the original setting where the painful experience occurred.  **A dog learns that food is given when it hears a bell, but not when it hears a different tone. The ability of the dog to respond only to the bell and not the other tone is known as:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Extinction - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Discrimination is the learned ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli, showing that the dog has learned to respond selectively to the specific bell sound that predicts food rather than reacting to other tones.  **If a smoker begins to crave a cigarette whenever they enter the same location where they usually smoke, this craving demonstrates the role of:** - A. Extinction - B. Spontaneous recovery - C. Generalization - D. Conditioned stimulus association - **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The craving illustrates the association between a conditioned stimulus (the location) and the conditioned response (craving), showing that the environment has become a powerful cue for the smoker, triggering a response due to repeated pairings with smoking behavior.  **A patient who had a traumatic experience in an MRI scanner now feels fear when seeing any medical imaging equipment. This response is an example of:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Latent inhibition - D. Extinction - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** The patient's fear response to all medical imaging equipment indicates generalization, where the conditioned fear response has transferred from the specific MRI scanner to other similar-looking medical devices.  **In a study, a neutral smell is paired with a mild shock until the participant shows discomfort at the smell alone. Later, the smell is presented without the shock and the discomfort response fades. What process is occurring?** - A. Acquisition - B. Extinction - C. Generalization - D. Spontaneous recovery - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (the smell) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (the shock), leading to a gradual decrease in the conditioned response as the association weakens.  **A child conditioned to fear a white rabbit later shows fear toward a white stuffed toy. This response is an example of:** - A. Discrimination - B. Generalization - C. Spontaneous recovery - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Generalization is illustrated when the child's fear response extends to a stimulus similar in appearance to the conditioned stimulus (the white rabbit), indicating that the conditioned emotional response has spread to similar objects.  **A lab animal is conditioned to fear a specific sound that is paired with a mild shock. If, over time, the sound is played without the shock and the animal stops responding, what would likely happen if the shock is reintroduced with the sound?** - A. The conditioned response will be weaker than before. - B. The conditioned response will reappear, showing spontaneous recovery. - C. The conditioned response will return quickly due to reacquisition. - D. The animal will not respond to the sound anymore. - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** If the shock is paired with the sound again, the conditioned response (fear) will reappear quickly due to the process of reacquisition, demonstrating that previously established associations can be re-learned faster than the initial acquisition.