Terminology of Hadith - Methodology of Muhadetheen PDF

Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith And Methodology of Muhadetheen Dr. Tariq Abdelhaleem Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith ISBN: Copy right: Dar Al-Arqam Publication, Haleem Enterprises Inc. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Published By: Haleem Enterprises Inc. (Dar Alarqam Publications) Al-Attique Publishers First Issue: 1 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Dar Al-Arqam Publications Toronto, Canada ????? 2 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Terminlogy of Hadith And Methodologyof Muhadetheen 3 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 4 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................... 5 Section One.................................................................................................. 10 Terminology of Hadith................................................................................ 10 Books in Hadith........................................................................................ 15 First Type............................................................................................ 15 2nd Type............................................................................................. 16 3rd Type............................................................................................. 16 4th Type............................................................................................. 17 5th Type............................................................................................. 17 6th Type............................................................................................. 17 7th Type............................................................................................. 17 8th Type: Parts of Hadith ‫ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬................................................. 17 9th Type:............................................................................................. 17 10th Type: Weaknesses Books‫ اﻟﻌــﻠﻞ‬.................................................... 18 Accepted Hadith....................................................................................... 19 Al-Sahih ‫ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬................................................................................... 19 Sahih (on its own) ‫ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﺬاﺗﮫ‬........................................................ 19 Sahih Li-Gairihi (for others ‫ ) ﻟﻐﯿﺮه‬.................................................. 20 Al-Hasan ‫ اﻟﺤﺴـﻦ‬................................................................................... 21 Al-Hasan Li-thatehi (on its own ‫) ﻟﺬاﺗـﮫ‬:.......................................... 21 Hasan Li-Ghairihi (for other ‫ ) ﻟﻐﯿﺮه‬............................................... 22 Mukhtalif Al-Hadith ‫ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬........................................................ 22 Abrogated Hadith: ‫ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮخ‬.......................................................... 23 Al-Mutawater ‫ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‬........................................................................... 24 Al-A’ahad (Single) ‫ اﻵﺣﺎد‬..................................................................... 24 The Famous‫( اﻟﻤﺸﮭﻮر‬Al-Mashour) :................................................ 25 Al-Aziz ‫ اﻟﻌﺰﯾﺰ‬................................................................................ 25 Al-Ghareeb (Strange) ‫اﻟﻐﺮﯾﺐ‬:.......................................................... 26 Rejected Hadith........................................................................................ 26 First: Rejected Because of Drop (missing Link) in Isnad.................... 26 Obvios Drop.................................................................................. 27 Al-Mu’aalaq ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ‬hanged): Where:........................... 27 Al-Mursal ‫( اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬hurried):.......................................... 28 Al-Mu’del ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﻀﻞ‬Perplexed)........................................ 29 Al-Munqati ‫( اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬broken):......................................... 30 Hidden Drop.................................................................................. 31 Al-Mudales ‫( اﻟﻤﺪﻟـﺲ‬concealed):.................................... 31 Tadlees in Isnad...................................................... 31 Tadlees Al-Taswiya................................................. 32 Tadlees in the Skaiks.............................................. 33 Reasons for Tadlees:..................................................... 33 5 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Reasons for Tadlees Al-Isnad:...................................... 34 Ruling on the Hadith the Mudalles.............................. 34 How we recognize the Tadlees:..................................... 34 The Hidden Mursal ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﻔ ّﻲ‬:..................................................... 35 Second: Rejected Because of Defect of a reporter:............................. 36 Reasons of defection of reporters, and type of related Hadith:...... 36 Defect of Trust............................................................... 36 Defect in precession...................................................... 36 Fabricated Hadith ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬:.......................................................... 37 How to know about fabrication:................................... 37 Why fabricating Hadith?.............................................. 38 Ignored Hadith ‫( اﻟﻤﺘﺮوك‬Matrouk):................................................. 39 Reasons why a reporter might be accused of being a liar:........................................................................ 39 Denounced Hadith (Munkar) ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺮ‬................................................ 39 The Recognized ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬Al-Marouf)............................................ 41 The Mua’llal Hadith ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻞ‬:........................................................... 41 Other Definitions of defects (Illal):................................................ 41 Signs that indicate the defection of Hadith:................................... 42 What Illal apply to?....................................................................... 42 Contradicting the Trustworthy ‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎت‬:.................................... 43 Al-Mudraj” – ‫ اﻟﻤﺪرج‬Interpolated:.................................................. 44 Mudraj Al-Isnad: where the Isnad is changed so that it seems to be for another Matn....................................... 44 b.Mudraj Al-Matn:........................................................ 45 Why Using the Idraj:..................................................... 46 How do we know Idraj:................................................. 46 Al-Maqloub – ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب‬the Reversed:............................................... 46 Maqlub Al-Isnad: such as reversing a name of a reporter. Examples:....................................................................... 46 Maqlub Al-Matn: has also two ways to happen:........... 47 Why reporters do Iqlab?................................................ 47 Al-Mazeed – the Appended ‫اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ‬:.................................................. 48 Conditions of rejecting the addition:............................ 48 Some scholars made Reservations:............................... 49 Al-Mudhtarib (Shaky) ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮب‬:................................................... 49 a. Mudhtarib Al-Isnad (shaky in Isnad):...................... 49 b. Mudhtarib Al-Matn (shaky in Matn):...................... 50 Al-Musahaf ‫( اﻟﻤﺼﺤّﻒ‬change in letters):......................................... 50 where does Tasheef happens:....................................... 50 How Tasheef happens:.................................................. 50 Whether change is in meaning or wording:................. 51 The Irrigular (Shath) ‫ اﻟﺸــﺎذ‬and the Preserved (Mahfouz) ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮظ‬.. 51 Irregularity in Isnad ‫ اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬:.............................. 51 Irregularity in Matn ‫اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬:................................ 52 6 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Third: The type that is common between Rejected and Accepted........ 56 Criteria of accepted reporter (Jarh & Tadeel Science) ‫ﻋـﻠﻢ اﻟﺠــﺮح‬ ‫ واﻟﺘﻌــﺪﯾﻞ‬................................................................................................ 59 Conditions of Accepted Reporter:.................................................. 59 How to prove Trustworthiness?..................................................... 59 Levels of Tadeel: there are many way s of reporting Tadeel such as:....................................................................................................... 61 Levels of Jarh:............................................................................... 61 How to carry Hadith (Tahamul):.................................................... 62 Section Two.................................................................................................. 64 Methodology of Muhadeseen ‫ ﻣﻨــﺎھﺞ اﻟﻤﺤـﺪﺛﯿﻦ‬............................................... 64 Introduction: Efforts of Hadith Scholars to Critisize Hadith:................... 67 Ch 1:Early Signs of the Science of Classification and Criticism of Hadith................................................................................................. 67 Ch 2: Establishing the Science............................................................ 68 Ch 3: Developing of the Science......................................................... 68 Schedule of Layers of Men (Tabakat Al-Rijal).................................... 70 Ch 4: Writing (Tadween) of the Science............................................. 71 Ch. 5: Study of the ‘Raawi’ (Reporter) & the Reported Material....... 73 Study of the Reporter..................................................................... 73 Study of the Reported Material...................................................... 74 Scholars paid attention to Sanad first............................................. 74 Examining the Text (Matn) of Hadith:........................................... 74 Ch 6: Fundamental Principles of the Art of Hadith Critique.............. 75 Ch 7: The effect of this Science on preservation of Sunnah................ 76 Part One:.................................................................................................. 78 Section One:........................................................................................ 78 Ch 1: The meaning of “Adalah” Trustworthiness in the Hadith Terminology................................................................................... 78 Ch 2: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Trustworthiness of Reporters ?..................................................................................................... 80 Ch 3: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being Trustworthy “Adl”............................................................................................. 81 Section Two......................................................................................... 85 Ch 1: How Scholars Pass Judgment of Precession of Reporters ? 85 Ch 2: Which Criteria prevents a reporter from being Precise “Dhabit”........................................................................................ 86 Part Two................................................................................................... 89 Section Three...................................................................................... 89 Judging Hadith as “Fabricated (Mawdu} without examining the Isnad:............................................................................................. 89 Some signs of Fabrication:............................................................ 90 Part Three................................................................................................. 92 Section 1.............................................................................................. 92 Istishraq & Mustashrequn ‫اﻹﺳـﺘﺸﺮاق واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸـﺮﻗﯿﻦ‬:........................... 92 7 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith The most famous, and most dangerous, Mustashreqeen................ 95 Istishraq Methodology in Refuting the Authenticity of Hadith....... 98 Section Two....................................................................................... 100 False Claims of those who refuted Sunnah 18.............................. 100 The Middle East:......................................................... 100 The Indian Peninsula................................................. 101 Appendix A................................................................................................ 110 8 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Introduction Dr Tariq Abdelhaleem Ramadan 1st, 1424 October 15th, 2004 9 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Section One Terminology of Hadith ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ 10 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Introduction: 1. History of the Science of Hadith (see Methodology P2) 2. Famous Books of this science 3. Basic Terminology Part One: Hadith (Khabar) Chapter One: A. Consecutive (Mutawater) B. Single (A’ahad): 1. Famous (Mashhur ) 2. Precious (Aziz) 3. Strange (Gharib) Chapter Two: A. Accepted Hadith or Khabar: 1. Correct (Sahih) on its own. 2. Good, Nice, Hasan (on its own) 3. Correct (Sahih) for other considerations 4. Hasan for other considerations 5. Single Hadith, which is accompanied by circumstantial correctiveness evidences. B. Accepted Hadith (Khabar) that is, or is not to be used: 1. Muhkam & Mukhtalif Hadith 2. Nasikhg & Mansoukh Hadith. Chapter Three: Rejected Hadith (Khabar) 11 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Da’if Hadith ‫اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻒ‬: Rejected Hadith for missing link in Isnad: Obvious Drop in Isnad: 1. Mu’allaq (hanging) 2. Mursal (hurried) 3. Mu’del (perplexing) 4. Munqati (broken) Hiddin Drop in Isnad 5. Mudallas (concealed) 6. Hidden Mursal 7. Mu’anan & Muann (An –on the authority of & that ‘he said’) is this considered Mutasel – linked or Munqati – broken? Rejected Hadith for a defect in the narrator: 1. Maudu (fabricated). 2. Matrouk (left) 3. Munkar (denounced) 4. Ma’rouf (known) 5. Mulul (defective) 6. Conflecting with trustworthy narrators 7. Mudraj (interpolated) 8. Maqlub (reversed) 9. Mudtarib (shaky) 10. Musahaf (with reversed letters in a word) 11. Shath (irregular) 12. Ignorance of the narrator 13. Hadith of the innovator (Mubtadih) Chapter Four: Hadith common between Acceptance & Rejection a. In relation to the Narrator 12 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 1. Hadith Qudsi 2. Marfu (Elevated) 3. Mauquf (stopped) 4. Maqtu (broken) b. Other types of Hadith which can either be accepted or rejected: 1. Musnad (supported) 2. Muttasel (continued) 3. Appendences of trustworthy narrators 4. Consideration, follow up, witness Part Two: Attributes of whose Hadith should be accepted, and Jarh & Tadeel subject: Chapter One: The Narrator and conditions of his acceptance Chapter Two: Books of Jarh & Tadeel (also known as the study of reporters of Hadith). Chapter Three: Levels of Jarh & Tadeel Part Three: Riwaya (Telling Hadith) and its Fundamentals and ways of delivering. Chapter One: Telling Hadith and ways to precision and learning it. Chapter Two: ways of convaying Riwaya (Tahamul) and terms of delivery Chapter Three: Writing Hadith and degree of accuracy Chapter Four: Attributes of Telling Hadith (Riwaya) 13 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Part Four: Isnad and its subjects Chapter One: Fine matters of Isnad 1. High and Low Isnad 2. Musalsal (Linked) 3. Riwaya of the old on the authority of the young. 4. Riwaya of Fathers on the authority of the sons 5. Riwaya of the sons on the authority of the fathers. 6. Riwaya of the competent (similar) 7. The predecessor and the successor Chapter Two: Identifying Reporters. 14 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Books in Hadith 1st Type: Books indexed on Fiqh chapters: a. Collections of Correct Hadith ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬ 1. Al-Bukhari 2. Muslim b. Al-Sunnan ‫اﻟﺴﻨﻦ‬ The Hadith is indexed on chapters of Fiqh, and all the content are of the (Marfou) ‫ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع‬type (the chain is continued to the prophet ). 1. Al-Termizi 2. Abi Dawood 3. Al-Newsaie 4. Ibn Maja c. Books (Musannafat) ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺎت‬ The book contains the sayings of the companions and the followers as well as the Hadith. It is normally indexed on the chapters of Fiqh 1. Book of Abi Salama 2. Book of Abi Sufian 3. Book of Abdel-Razaq 4. Book of Baqi Ibn Mukhallad d. Elaboration Books (Mustadrak) ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪرﻛﺎت‬ The author collects all Hadith that meets the same criteria which the original book used, although the original did not mention. 1. Al-Hakim Elaboration (Mustadrak) ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪرك‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ e. Extracted Books (Mustakhraj) ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺎت‬ The author states the Hadith of an original book but uses different chain of narration. The new chain 15 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith might meet in one or more shaiks of the original chain. 1. Extraction of Abu Naiem on Bukhari & Muslim 2. Extraction of Al-Ismaieli on Bukhari 3. Extraction of Abi Uwana on Muslim f. Al-Mu’wataat ‫اﻟﻤﻮطﺂت‬ Hadith is indexed on the chapters of Fiqh, and contains all Marfou ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع‬, Mawqouf ‫ –اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻮف‬stopped – and Al- Maktou – chopped ‫ –اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮع‬Hadith. a. Muwataa Malik. 2nd Type: Books indexed on companions name: 1. Masaaneed: ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﯿﺪ‬ where all Hadith which were narrated by one Companion is collected together. 1. Musnad Ahmad 2. Musnad Abdullah Ibn Al-Zubair 2. Limbs of Hadith (Al-Atraaf) ‫اﻷطﺮاف‬ Only part of the Hadith text is mentioned (just to mark it) and then concentrate on the chain of narration. a. Tuhfat Al-Ashraf – Al-Mizie 3rd Type: Alphabetical Books – ordered on names of the companion or the city of the Hadith chain (Moujam): 1. The Big Moujam – Al-Tabarani 2. The Medium Moujam – Al-Tabarani 3. The Small Moujam – Al-Tabarani 16 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 4th Type: Books indexed in Alphabetical order according to the first letter of each Hadith The scattered Jewelries (Al-La’ali Al- Manthora) Ibn Hajar 5th Type: Collections (Ma’jamie) ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ‬ Indexed on the Fiqh Chapters: Many original books are put together in one book. The collection of the principals (Jamie Al- Usool) – Ibn Al-Atheer. Indexed on the first letter of the Hadith The Big and the small Jamie of Al-Suyouti 6th Type: Appendixes (or Extras) Books (Za’waied)‫اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ‬ Where the author collects the Hadith which one original book has added more than other originals; a. Benefits of the chooser; on the extras of Al-Baihaqi in Al-Sunnan 7th Type: Evaluation Books (Takhreej) ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺮﯾﺞ‬ Where the author takes the Hadith of an Imam and states the original book where his Hadith where mentioned. 1. Evaluation of the Muhazab of Al-Shirazi – by Al-Hazmi 8th Type: Parts of Hadith ‫أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ It is either: The Hadith that is related to one Companion Or the Hadith that deals with one subject such as lifting hands in prayers (by al-bukhari) 9th Type: Program Books (Shaiks books) ‫ﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﺸﯿﻮخ‬ 17 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith These are named programs as they state in such books the Hadith narrated through one person of the chain – mostly their shaik. 10th Type: Weaknesses Books ‫اﻟﻌــﻠﻞ‬ Where the author collects the Hadith which have some doubts in its text (Matn) or its chain (sanad) The weaknesses by Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. 18 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Accepted Hadith Al-Sahih 1 ‫اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬ Al-Sahih Hadith is the hadith that is connected by a chain of reporters1 to the Prophet through the trustworthy2 and precise reporters, without irregularities4 or weaknesses5 3 ‫ﻣﺎ اﺗﺼﻞ ﺳﻨﺪه إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﺎه ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﺪل اﻟﻀﺎﺑﻂ ﺑﺪون ﺷﺬوذ أو ﻋﻠﺔ‬ 1. Chain of Reporters: are those men who narrated the Hadith starting with the Compoanion down to the person who delivered it to the scholar of Hadith to document in a book. 2. Trustworthy: 3. Precise: 4. Irregularity ‫ اﻟﺸـﺬوذ‬means: that the reporter did not contradict another, more famous/precise reporter. 5. Weakness ‫ اﻟﻌﻠﺔ‬means: that there is a hidden reason that might make it incorrect. This avoids the four types of Weakness; Al-Mursal (hurried), Al-Mudel (Pereplexed), Al-Munqati (Broken) and Al-Shath (Irrigular). Sahih (on its own) ‫اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﺬاﺗﮫ‬ Example: Al-Boukhari said Hadathana (told us) Abdul Allah Ibn Yousuf (trustworthy precise) said Malik (The most trustworthy and precise) told us, An Ibn Shihab Al-Zouhari (the most trustworthy and precies) An SalimIbn Abdul _llah (Trustworthy and precise) An his father (companion): that the Prophet passes by a man of Al-Ansar that was talking to a brother 1 Al-Tahhan 33, Al-Taqyeed Wal-Iedah 20, Al-Ba’aeth Al-Hatheeth 32. Tadreeb Al-Rawi V1 p63 19 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith of his about shy. the Prophet said: leave him, as shyness is of Emaan” ‫أﺧﺮج اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻹﯾﻤﺎن "ﺣﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﺑﻦ ﯾﻮﺳﻒ ﻗﺎل أﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ ﺷﮭﺎب ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﻋﻦ أﺑﯿﮫ ﻗﺎل ﻣ ّﺮ رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ وﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺼﺎر وھﻮ ﯾﻌﻆ أﺧﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﺎء ﻓﻘﺎل رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ "‫ دﻋﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﯿﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻹﯾﻤﺎن‬:‫وﺳﻠﻢ‬ The An-Ana ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﻌﻨﺔ‬of Malik is accepted as all the reporters before him does not known to do Tadlees (pretension of hearing). Sahih Li-Gairihi 2 (for others ‫) ﻟﻐﯿﺮه‬ Where the chain has the six conditions except that one of the reporter is only trustworthy, but not up to the level of being precise (as Hasan), but was also transmitted through other Sahih chains, which made this chain correct. Example: Al-Termedhi that Mohammed Ibn Amro, An Abi salama An Abi Hurayra, that (Ann) the prophet said: If I would not be hard on my Ummah, I would make the use of the (Suwak) obligatory”. :‫روى اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي "ﺣﺪﺛﻨﺎ أﺑﻲ ﻛﺮﯾﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮو ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺳﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ إﺑﻲ ھﺮﯾﺮة ﻗﺎل‬ "‫ ﻟﻮﻻأن أﺷﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺘﻰ ﻷﻣﺮﺗﮭﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮاك‬:‫ﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ وﺳﻠﻢ‬ Ibn Al-salah said that Mohammed Ibn Amro Ibn Alqama ‫ ﻋﻠﻘﻤﺔ‬is well known in being trustworthy and Good, but he was not known as precise in keeping the Hadith (as he hears it). But as the Hadith was reported through other chains that are all correct, this chain is 2 Tadreeb Al-Rawi v1 p67, Al-tahhan 45 20 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith lifted to the Sahih level as we know that he was not un- precise in this report of the Hadith”. Al-Hasan 3 ‫اﻟﺤﺴـﻦ‬ Al-Hasan Li-thatehi (on its own ‫) ﻟﺬاﺗـﮫ‬: It has more than one definition, however the one that is more descriptive of it is “Where the chain has the five conditions except that one of the reporters is only trustworthy, but not up to the level of being of high precision (Ibn Hajar). AL-Khatabi said “it is the Hadith where reporters are known and famous, and its source is known”. Example: Al-Termedhi: Hadathana Qutayba, Hadathana Jafar Ibn Suliman Al-Dabie, An Abi Imran Al- Gawni An Abi Bakr Ibn Abi Mosa Al-Ashari said: I heard my father (Abu Mosa Al- Ashari), in the war zone, that he heard the prophet saying: Doors of Paradise are under the shadow of swards” Al-Termedhi said: Hasan Gharib. ‫ "ﺣﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻗﺘﯿﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻀﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﺮان‬:‫روى اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬى‬ :‫ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ أﺑﻲ ﺑﺤﻀﺮة اﻟﻌﺪو ﯾﻘﻮل‬:‫اﻟﺠﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ اﻷﺷﻌﺮي ﻗﺎل‬ "‫ إن أﺑﻮاب اﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ظﻼل اﻟﺴﯿﻮف‬:‫ﻗﺎل رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ وﺳﻠﻢ‬ Hasan as all the men of the chain are trustworthy and precise except Jafar Ibn Suliman Al-Dabie, he was trustworthy but was not precise, and he has some Shiat inclination. Gharib as Jafar Ibn Suliman Al-Dabie is the only one who transmitted it to Al-Termidhi. 3 Tadreeb Al-Rawi v1 p152 21 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Hasan Li-Ghairihi 4 (for other ‫) ﻟﻐﯿﺮه‬ Example: A Hadith that is Dai’f, but not because of a reporter is a liar or a crock Al-Termithi, and said it’s a Hasan reported through Shouba An ‫ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ‬A’asem Ibn Ubaidullah An Abdullah Ibn A’amer Ibn Rabiea An his father Ann (that) a woman from Fizara (a tribe) married (a man) with a dowry of a pear of shoes, so the prophet said: would you take a pair of shoe for yourself, she said: yes. So, he allowed it”. ‫ ﺛﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺑﺸﺎر ﺛﻨﺎ ﯾﺤﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﯿﺪ وﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻣﮭﺪي‬:‫روى اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎب اﻟﻨﻜﺎح‬ ‫وﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﻟﻮا ﺛﻨﺎ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﯿﺪ ﷲ ﻗﺎل ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ ﺑﻦ‬ ‫أرﺿﯿﺖ‬ ‫رﺑﯿﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ أﺑﯿﮫ ﻋﻦ إﻣﺮأة ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻓﺰارة ﺗﺰوّﺟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻌﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻘﺎل رﺳﻮل ﷲ‬ ‫ ﻗﺎل ﯾﺤﻲ ﺑﻦ‬،‫ ﻗﺎل اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي ﺣﺪﯾﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ وﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻌﻠﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻗﺎل ﻓﺄﺟﺎزه‬ ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ روى ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬:‫ وﻗﺎل اﻟﺒﺨﺎري‬،‫ ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺤﺠﺔ‬:‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﻓﺤﺴﻨﮫ‬،‫وأﺑﻲ ھﺮﯾﺮة وﺳﮭﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ وأﺑﻲ ﺳﻌﯿﺪ وأﻧﺲ وﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ وﺟﺎﺑﺮ وأﺑﻲ ﺣﺪرد اﻷﺳﻠﻤﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬي ﻟﺘﻌﺪد طﺮﻗﮫ‬ A’asem Ibn Ubaidullah is accused of bad memory, Yahia Ibn Saed said: His Hadith should not be taken as evidence, but Al- Termithi made this Hasan as it was reported – in other words – through Omar, Abi Hurayra, Aisha and Abi Hadrad and others. Mukhtalif Al-Hadith ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ In Some Riwayah of hadith, words might seem to have conflicting meaning, such as: 1. “The adulterous does not commit adultery while he is a believer (Mu’men)” 2. “Whoever said that there is no God but Allah, he shall enter paradise.” And: 4 Al-Tahhan 51, see Al-Baith Al-Hatheeth P47 for definition of Hassn according to Al-Termizie. 22 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 1. “There is no Contagiousness ‫ﻋﺪوى‬, nor there is superstition ‫ ” طﯿﺮة‬AlBoukhari,Muslim 2. “Escape from the infected person like you escape from a lion” Al-boukhari In the above examples, each hadith sahih has a viable meaning on its own. In the first example; Hadith #1 refers to an adulterous sinner not to a Kafir. Ahlul Sunnah believs that sins are not Kufr. In Hadith #2, The Prophet pbuh refers to the limit between Islam and Kufr which is the understanding and announcing of the testimony. So, the two hadiths have different boundries. In Hadith #1 of the second set, the prophet pbuh explains that no event can take place without the permission of Allah , contrary to what some people claim that the chain of causality is the real vehicle beyond all events. However, as the chain of causality does exist and work within and by the Will of Allah Muslims should be caucious and take all necessary procutions to prevent sickness or any other bad incidents. It simply states that the chain of causality does not work in isolation from the Will of Allah. The most famous book written in this subject is “Explanation of Mukhtalef Al-Hadith” of Ibn Qutaiba ‫ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻹﺑﻦ ﻗﺘﯿﺒﺔ‬ However, Ibn Khuzaima said: “there are no two Hadith Sahih that have any conflicting meaning, if any one knows such as case, let him bring it to me and I will explain both in the right way”. 5 4F Abrogated Hadith: ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮخ‬ Abrogation of Hadith means that it was elevated for another Hadith to rule. Scholars know the abrogation by several methods such as: 1. Explicit saying of the Prophet : Hadith Buraida ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪة‬ that the Prophet said: I used to forbid you from visiting the graves, now you can visit it as it is a reminder of the hereafter” Muslim. 5 Al-Taqyeed Wal-Iedah p285 23 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 2. Explanation of a Companion: Jaber Ibn Abdellah said: The latest of the Prophet’s instructions was not to make Wadu from whatever was cocked (cured by fire)” In Sunnan books AlNesaie, Ibn Maja and Ahmad ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫و اﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﺔ وأﺣﻤﺪ‬ Reasons of Abrogation: Scholars of Fiqh stated that Al-Mutawater ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺗﺮ‬ The Mutawater is a Hadith that was reported to us by a number of people that is large enough to be sure they would not agree on lying, in all the levels of chain. It can be Mutawater by the text, or Mutawater by the meaning. Example: Mutawater by text: Hadathna Abu Al-waleed saidHadathna Shuba An Jamie Ibn Shadad An A’amer Ibn Abdellah Ibn AlZubair An His father said that The Prophet said “Who ever lies on me will get his chair in hell fire” was narrated by over 70 companions. Example: Mutawater by meaning: such as the act of lifting the hands in prayers, was reported in over 100 Hadith but all not meant to report that specific incident. Consensus is that the Mutawater proves the unshakable theoretical knowledge of its subject. Al-A’ahad (Single) ‫اﻵﺣﺎد‬ The Hadith that was not reported by a number of people enough to be a Mutawater. Scholrs divide Hadith Al-A’ahad into three categories. Opinions of Scholars are divided in regards to what it proves. However, the majority (Jumhour) of the scholars said that it depends on the chain of the reporters rather than 24 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith the number of them. If the chain is accepted, then the Hadith is Sahih and it proves unshakable fact. The Famous‫( اﻟﻤﺸﮭﻮر‬Al-Mashour) : Hadith that was reported by over two reporters, not necessarily in the first layer (companions) is considered Mashour (Famous). Example: Al-Bukhari Hadathna Ismaiel Ibn Abi Uowais ‫ اﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻞ اﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ أوﯾﺲ‬said Hadathni Malik An Hisham Ibn Urwa An his father An Abdullah Ibn Amro Ibn Abi Al’aas said” I heard the prophet saying that Allah Does not remove knowledge by extracting it out of peoples brains but He takes it away by taking away the scholars until no scholar is left then people will take an ignorant for a scholars/leaders and they ask them (about Deen) and the ignorant gives Fatwa with no real knowledge so they go astray and they make the people go astray too”. However, the Mashhour can be Sahih or Daif depending on the reporters. Al-Aziz ‫اﻟﻌﺰﯾﺰ‬ Hadith that was reported by at least two in each level of the chain is considered Aziz. Example: Al-bukhari An Abi Huraira that the Prophet said: “no one of you will be a Momen unless he loves me more than he loves his father, his son and every body else”. Two companions, two successors and two followers reported it. 25 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Al-Ghareeb (Strange) ‫اﻟﻐﺮﯾﺐ‬: Hadith that was reported through only one Companion and one follower. Example: Hadith narrated in Muslim by Omar Ibn Al-Khatab “Actions only by Intentions”, was only reported by Omar, An Alqama, An Mohamed Ibn Ibrahim Al- Taimie An Yahia Ibn Said, and from Yahia was reported by Sufian and Al-Laith Ibn Saad, and it’s Sahih. However, there conditions to accept the A’ahad Hadith: the reporters is an adult ‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ‬when he heard it 1. to be a Muslim ‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬ 2. to be trustworthy ‫ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬which means that he does 3. not commit Major sins, and also does not fall into some minor sis that can make him less than trustworthy, such as eating in the street while walking. 4. Precision ‫اﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬: which means the reporter can convey what he heard exactly as was said. However, there is another meaning of Being Ghareeb (strange) which is when the Hadith has a strange word that is not known to common people such as the Hadith of the Prophet : “the naighbour deserves his own ‘saqab’”, the word ‘saqab’ is known to the arabs as the adjacent thing. However, great Imams can only track this science. Rejected Hadith First: Rejected Because of Drop (missing Link) in Isnad Drop in Isnad can be either one of Two Types: 26 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 1. Obvious Drop: can be recognized only by those who possess knowledge in Hadith science. It is four kinds: a) Al-Mu’aalaq (hanged) ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ‬ b) Al-Mursal (sent/hurried) ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ c) Al-Mu’del (perplexed) ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻀﻞ‬ d) Al-Munqati (cut/broken) ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬ 2. Hidden Drop: can only be known to scholars of Hadith. a) Al-Mudales (Concealed) ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻟﺲ‬ b) Hidden Morsal ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﻔﻲ‬ Obvios Drop Al-Mu’aalaq ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ‬hanged): Where: all Isnad is dropped, as in: The prophet said”…”. Only the top of the Isnad (the companion only or with the successor) is mentioned and the rest is dropped, as they say” An Omar Ibn Al- Khatab said that the prophet said:”…”. Example: Al-Bukhary said “Abi Mosa Al-Ashari said that the prophet covered his knees when Osman entered his room”. In this Hadith, Al- Bukhary only mentioned the companion in the Isnad (Abu Mosa Al-Ashari). In general, the Mu’aalaq Hadith is rejected, as Isnad is not complete. But if the Mu’aalaq is mentioned in one of the two Sahih books of Bukhary and/or Muslim, then we have to look at the Isnad, if the Imam used the word “said”, or “told” or.. the like it is then a strong word 27 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith which indicates that he is sure that the companion heard it from the prophet. If he related the Hadith with a weaker word such as: “it was said, or it was mentioned..” then we deal with the Hadith in the same manner we deal with any other Mu’aalaq, as it indicates that the Imam is not sure of its correctness. Al-Mursal ‫( اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬hurried): Where the Isnad is dropped from between the Follower to the Prophet , or, in other words, the follower has sent it or hurried with it to the prophet Example: Muslim:”Hadathani Mohamed Ibn Rafi, Hadathana Hujain, hadathana Al-Laith , An Aqeel, An Ubn Shihab, An Saied Ibn Al- Musayeb that the prophet has forbidden from the “Muzabana” trading” 6 This type of Hadith is rejected, as the Isnad is not complete. However, we notice that the drop in Isnad is very special, as the follower referrs to the prophet. In this case, the name of the dropped companion does not count, as all of the companions are equally trustworthy. Rulings on the Mursal: 1. Ruling of the majority of scholars: weak and rejected. 6 Muzabana trading is when owner of a date-palms sells the date early before it shows on the palm and agree with the buyer on a specific quanitity, which he expects that the palm will give. If the palm gives less than the specified quantity, he adds whatever difference. If the palm gives more he takes the difference 28 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 2. Ahmad, Abu Hanifa and Malik ruled that it could be accepted on the condition that it was sent through a trustworthy successor. The successor has to meet the followinmg conditions: a. He has to be an old successor. b. The person whom he sent from is a trustworthy reporter. c. Other trustworthy precise scholars did not contradict him in that Hadith. d. It either be reported through another Mursal way, or agrees with a fatwa of a companion, or fatwa of a famous scholars. Al-Mu’del ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﻀﻞ‬Perplexed) Perplexed is where two or more consecutive reporters have been dropped from the Isnad, no matter where they might be on the chain. Example of B: Mudel & Mua’alaq: Malik: I was informed that the Prophet has left inherentence for the Grand mother. Al- Muwata Example of C: Al-Hakem reported that Al-anubi ‫اﻟﻘﻌﻨﺒﻲ‬, An Malik, that he was informed hatAbu Huraiyra said that the prophet said that the slave has the right to get food and cloth in good faith, and not to be asked to do what he can not carry out”. 29 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith This Hadith, with this Isnad is perplexed by Malik (Malik is the one who hurried to Abi Huraiyra) as two of his Isnad where dropped. Scholars found out which two as the same text was reported through another Isnad, not in the Muwata of Malik, that “Malik, An Mohamad Ibn Aglan, An his father Aglan”. So, Mohamed and his father were the reason why this Isnad is considered perplexed. The Perplexed is a rejected Hadith. It is also considered worse than the hurried and the hanged. We have to notice that the Mu’del can be Mu’alaq if the two reporters whom the person dropped were in the start of the chain of the Isnad of the Hadith. Al-Munqati ‫( اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬broken): The Broken is any Hadith with Isnad that is not continuous, no matter where the broken link happened. This type of Hadith is rejected and weak. Considering this definition, we notice that the three previous types of missing links (Mursal, Mu’del, Mu’aalaq) are included in it. However, scholars of later time (Lhalaf) perseived it as Hadith with a broken link, on the condition that it is not one of the three mentioned types. Example: Abd Elrazek informed, An Al-Thawri, An Abi Is-haq, An Zaid Ibn Yathie ‫ﯾﺜﯿﻊ‬, 30 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith An Huzaifa elevated (to the prophet ): if you gave it (Khilafa) to Abi Bakr, he is then the strong and the trustworthy”. In this Isnad, one reporter was dropped in the middle between Al-Thawri and Abi Ishaq, which was Shurayk. Al-Thawri heard it from Shorayk and Shorayk heard it from Abi Ishaq, but in the Isnad, it is mentioned that Al-Thawri, An Abi Ishaq directly. Hidden Drop Al-Mudales ‫( اﻟﻤﺪﻟـﺲ‬concealed): The Arabic origin of the word is “Dallasa”, which means concealing the bad quality of goods when selling it. It means, in this context, is to cover a bad quality of Hadith by either do it to the Isnad or to the Reporters (shaiks). Tadlees in Isnad: “is that a reporter tells a Hadith on the authority of some one which he actually did not hear that particular Hadith from, although he make it sound as he heard from him”. The Tadlees comes in words like “An” (that) or “Qa’al”(he said) not in obvious words like “he informed me or he told me”. Example: Al-Hakim: on the authority of Ali Ibn Khashram,” said Ibn Auyayna told us, An Al-Zuhari, he then was asked: have you heard it from Al-Zuhari? He said: no, not even from the one he heard it 31 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith from Al-Zuhari, I was told by (Hadathani) Abd Elrazak, An Ma’amar, An Al-Zuhari.” In this example Ibn Auyayna had performed the Tadlees by dropping two of the reporters between him and Al-Zuhari. Tadlees Al-Taswiya: Another type of Tadlees, which is called ”Equality cancellation”: is that a reporter tells a Hadith which he heard from his trustworthy shaik, and his trustworthy shaik heard it from a weak reporter which heard it from a trustworthy. The Mudalees reporter, then, drops the weak reporter between the two trustworthy, and make it sound that the two trustworthy reporters heard from each other, although they have never even met. The Isnad then is equal and consists of trustworthy reporters. They consider this the worst kind of Tadlees. Example: Ibn Abi Hatem: the Hadith which Ishaq Ibn Rahawayh An Baqiya (Mudalles), Hadathani Abu Wahb Al-Asadi, An Nafie An Ibn Omar” Do not ontradict the Islam of a new muslim until you recognize his opinion” Abi hatem said that this Hadith is reported An Abaid Ibn Amr (trustworthy) An Ishaq Ibn Abi Farwa (weak) An Nafie (successor). Baqiya dropped Ishaq Ibn Abi Farwa (the weak reporter), and did not use the real name of Abaid Ibn Amr (the trustworthy) but only used his 32 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Kunia (nickname) so that when he tells the Hadith as if Abaid Ibn Amr heard it from Nafie people would not know that Ishaq Ibn Abi Farwa is in the Isnad. Abaid Ibn Amr never met with Nafie. Tadlees in the Skaiks: it means that a reporter hears a Hadith from his shaik but he, from one of the reasons for Tadlees, uses a nickname (Kunia) to make his shaiks name covered. Example: Abi Bakr Ibn Mujahed (one of the most famous readers of Quran, and has one of the readings named after him), said Hadathana Abdullah Ibn Abdellah, he means Abi Bakr Inb Abi Dawood Al- Sagestani. Ruling on Tadlees: Tadlees Isnad: It is very bad. Shuba said” it is the sibling of Laying”. Tadlees Taswiya: is is worse than Tadlees in Isnad. Tadlees Al-shaiks: it is less harmful than Tadslees Al-Taswiya, but it is still bad as it results in losing a reporter in the Isnad and makes it difficult to find him out. Reasons for Tadlees: Reasons for Tadlees of the shaiks: 33 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith a. The reporter is weak or not trustworthy. b. The reporter dies late so some other younger reporter has heard from his shaik as well. Therefore, he drops this shaik not to be equalized with those who are younger. c. He is younger than the one he reported from. d. The name of the shaik has repeatedly used in his Hadith so, he does not want to keep using the name all the time, and uses the Kunia some times. Reasons for Tadlees Al-Isnad: a. A, b, c of the above. b. Make a delusion of a higher Isnad. Ruling on the Hadith of Al- Mudalles. 1. Reject the Hadith. 2. Detail the case: a. if the Mudalles said: “I heard” or the like, than the Hadith is accepted. b. If he said: An or the like, the Hadith is rejected. How we recognize the Tadlees: 1. The Mudalles tells about himself, such as Abn Auyayna. 2. one of the famous scholars rules on the person that he is a Mudalles. 34 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith The Hidden Mursal ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﻔ ّﻲ‬: Is that a reporter narrates a Hadith on the authority of some one which he did not hear the Hadith from, although he actually met him and narrated other Hadith on his authority. This makes it very difficult to uncover. Example: Ibn Maja: through Omar Ibn Abdel Aziz An Uqba Ibn A’amr elevated to theprophet : Allah SWT guards the Guards” Al-Mizi said that Umar Ibn Abdel Aziz did not meet Uqba. How do we recognize Tadlees? 1. Scholars say that the reporter never met the shaik. 2. He actually tells on himself that he did not meet the shaik. 3. The Hadith is reported through another chain with one more reporter between the one that is accused of Tadlees and his shaik. But, this might be just an addition to the Isnad. The Hidden Mursal Hadith is considered weak. It might also be Munqati (broken) if the person in between is not identified. 35 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Second: Rejected Hadith Because of Defect of a reporter: Reasons of defection of reporters, and type of related Hadith: Defect of Trust Defect of Precession Defect of Trust a. Lying Fabricated (Mau’du) b. Accused of lying Ignored left (Matrouk) c. Sinful person Denounced (Munkar) d. Innovator (Bida’a) Denounced (Munkar) e. Ignorance Denounced (Munkar) Defect in precession a. Grand err. Denounced (Munkar) b. Lack of memorization Denounced (Munkar) c. Thoughtlessness Denounced (Munkar d. Misapprehension Defected (Mu’allal) e. Conflict with trustworthy.Mudraj (interpolated) f. Maqloub (reversed) g. Mazeed (Appended) h. Mudhtarib (shaky) i. Musahhaf (reversed letters) 36 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Fabricated Hadith ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬: Where the reporter lies on the prophet. Ways of fabrication: To create the Matn and create the appropriate Isnad. To use the words of wisdom, by some wise people, and create an Isnad for it. How to know about fabrication: a. The fabricator tells about himself, such as Noah Ibn Abi Maryam, he told on himself that he created Hadith in the benefit of each and every Sura of the Quran. b. If he reports on the authority of a shaik which died before he was born. c. If he belongs to a sect that is known of lying such as the shiat, and the Hadith is about people of the House of prophecy. d. If the Hadith itself is very weak linguistically, or goes against the obvious senses or the clear Quranic Aayas. 37 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Why fabricating Hadith? a. To motivate people to make good deeds. Maysara Ibn Abd Rabbu ‫ ﻣﯿﺴﺮة ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ رﺑﮫ‬was asked: from where did you get these Hadith “whoever read this shall be rewarded this and that..” he said: I fabricated it to motivate people. b. To help spread a sect, especially the political sects such as the Khawarij and shiat. c. To hurt Islam such as Mohamed Ibn saeed Al-shami, who was killed as a “Zindeeq”. He reported on the authority of Humaid, elevated: I am the last (ring) of the prophets there is no prophet after me, except what Allah wishes”. Of course, this last exception indicates that there might be a prophet after the prophet. d. To be accepted by the rulers and governers, as in the story of Giath ‫ ﻏﯿﺎث‬Ibn Ibrahim and the Khalifa Al-Mahdi (no race exept of arrows, Khuf ّ‫ ﺧﻒ‬Hafer ‫ ﺣﺎﻓﺮ‬he added “or Wings ‫”ﺟﻨﺎح‬, as he found Al-Mahdi hunting pegons. e. To make living, as the story tellers, such as Abi Saeed Al-Madaini f. To gain fame. Such as Ibn Abi Duhia 38 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Ignored Hadith ‫( اﻟﻤﺘﺮوك‬Matrouk): If the reporter is accused of being a liar, his Hadith is considered Matrouk. Reasons why a reporter might be accused of being a liar: a. if the Hadith is only reported on his authority, and it contradicts a well established general rule in shariat. b. if he is known as a liar in his public life, even he was not accused of being a liar in Hadith. Example: Amru Ibn shamr Al-Gafi An Jaber, An Ali and Ammar said: the prophet used to make Qunoot in Fajr prayer, and make Takbeer in the day of Arafat from the Duha prayer, and contradict the Asr prayer at the last day of Mina”. Al-Nisaie and Al-darqutni said that his Hadith is ignored. Denounced Hadith (Munkar) ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺮ‬ a. Hadith is considered Munkar (denounced) if the reporter is sinful, Innovator, Ignorant, Commits grand errors, being thoughtlessness or commits misapprehension. b. Another definition: is the Hadith where the reporter is weak and he conflicts with other Hadith of a more trustworthy or acceptable reporter. 39 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith We have to notice, in the second definition, the difference between the Munkar (denounced) and the Shaz (irregular). Although both of them represents a conflict with a more acceptable reporter, but the difference is that in the case of the Munkar, the reporter is weak, while in the case of the shaz, the reporter is also acceptable but not as much as the other reporter. Example: of the first definition: Al-Nisaie & Ibn Maja reported through Abi Zakeer Yahia Ibn Mohamed Ibn Qais An Hesham Ibn Urwa, An his father (Urwa Ibn Al- zubair) An Aisha, elevated: Eat dates with Tamr, as Satan gets angry when humans do so” Al-Nesaie said: “this is a Munkar Hadith, only reported through Abi Zakeer, and he is a good person, but he did not get to the level where his Hadith (only reported through him – Fard) is acceptable”. Example of the second definition: Ibn Abi Hatem through Habib Ibn Habib Al- zayat, An Abi Ishaq, An Al-Aizar Ibn Harith, An Ibn Abbas, An the prophet said:” whoever prayed, gave Zakat, Make Haj, fasted, and offered welcome to the guest shall enter paradise”. Abu hatem said: “it is Munkar as other trustworthy reporters narrated it as “Mauquf (stopped)”7 on Abi ishaq, and this text is the “recognized” 8 chain”. 7 Mauquf (stopped): is a Hadith that was stopped at the level of a companion or group of companion, without explicitly elevated to the prophet. 8 Recognized: the following type of Hadith. 40 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith This places the Munkar (denounced) as the third of the Rejected Hadith, after the Mau’du (Fabricated) and the Matruk (Ignored) The Recognized ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬Al-Marouf) It is the opposite of the Munkar, which is the Hadith that was reported by a trustworthy opposing a weak reporter. Example: is the same example of the last Hadith Munkar, through Ibn Abi hatem, but as Mau’quf as Ibn Abi Hatem mentioned above. The Mua’llal Hadith ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻞ‬: Definition in Mustalah: It is the Hadith that has a hidden and mysterious defect (Illah, Plural: Illal), although it explicitly does not show, and results in shaking the acceptance of the Hadith. Other Definitions of defects (Illal): Defect does not have to be hidden, according to some scholars, a. It might be a defect due to the reporter being liar or foolish, to the extent that Al-Termezi called abrogation an “Illa”. b. Illah that does not turn the Hadith to be rejected, such as Mursal for what was elevated by a trustworthy. It is a very fine type of knowledge as it require an indepth knowledge of all defects of Hadith. That is why only the top of the Hadith scholars were able to detect such defects 41 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith (illal), such as Ahmad, Ibn Al-Madiani, Al-Boukhari, Ibn Abi Hatem, Al-Nesaie. Signs that indicate the defection of Hadith: a. Reported by a single reporter, who is not a trustworthy; b. Conflicts with other trustworthy reporters. This might lead the scholar to expose a defect such as continuity in a stopped Hadith, or stopped Hadith that was reported as continuous, or including Hadith in another or other delusions that might make Hadith un-acceptable. What Illal apply to? 1. Isnad: where the majority of defects happen. Example: Ibn Guraig An Musa Ibn Uqba An Suhail Ibn Abi Saleh An his father An Abi Hurayra elevated: whoever sit in a group where nonsense is being committed and said before leaving the gathering: Subhanak, there is no God but you, I ask you forgiveness and repeant to you, he will be forgiven before he leaves the gathering”. This Hadith is actually not elevated to the prophet as Al-Bukhari said: we do not know of any incident where Musa heard from Suhail. The correction of this Hadith is that it was narrated through Wouhaib Ibn Khalid An Suhail An Awoun Ibn Abdellah, from his own sayings (Awoun). 42 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith We have to note that the Illah in Isnad might not necessarily make the Matn incorrect. Example: Ibn Guraig An Imran Ibn Abi Anas An Malik Ibn Awuis Ibn Al-Hadthan An Abi Zar said: the prophet said: Sakat (means zakat) is on camels, and on cheep and on cows and on xxxx”. This Hadith actually fouled Al-hakim and he called it correct according to the criteria of Al-Bukhari and Muslim, and Al-Zahabi also agreed with him!! In fact, although the Matn is correct because it was Reported through other correct chains, the Isnad is defected as Al-Boukhari said: Ibn Guraig never heard from Imran Ibn Abi Anas. 2. Matn: it is rare and very fine Example: Ibn Masoud said: the prophet said: superstision is Shirk, and every one of us.., but Allah SWT taking it away through Tawakul”. Al-Boukhari said: The interrupted sentence of “and every one of us.. “ without being completed and what follows it is Ibn Masoud’s. It was also narrated through other trustworthy reporters without the addition. Contradicting the Trustworthy ‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎت‬: Sometimes, a reporter is criticized because his contradiction with trustworthy reporters. The type of Hadith is named in accordance with the type of contradiction: 43 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 1. If the contradiction is changing the Isnad or adding to the Matn, it is called “Al- Mudraj” ‫ –اﻟﻤﺪرج‬Interpolated. 2. If the contradiction is pulling ahead or pushing back some of the Matn, it is called “Al-Maqloub” ‫ –اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب‬reversed. 3. If the contradiction is by adding to the Matn, it is called “Al-Mazeed” ‫ –اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ‬the Appended. 4. If the contradiction is by exchanging a reporter by another, it is called “Al- Mudtarib” ‫ –اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮب‬the shaky. 5. if the contradiction is changing letters of a word it is called “Al-Musahhaf” ‫–اﻟﻤﺼﺤﻒ‬ّ changed letters. Al-Mudraj” – ‫ اﻟﻤﺪرج‬Interpolated: Mudraj Al-Isnad: where the Isnad is changed so that it seems to be for another Matn. Example: Thabet Ibn Musa intered the class of Shuraik Ibn Abdellah, while he was dictating:”Hadathana Al-A’amash, An Abi Sufian, An Jaber said, the prophet said..” then shuraik stooped dictating to allow for the students to write, then he saw Thabet, with his face glowing from parying, so he said: whoever his prayers in the middle of the nigh increased, his face becomes more beautiful at day time”. Thabet thought that this is the Matn of the Isnad which he was dictating, and used to report it An the prophet 44 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith b.Mudraj Al-Matn: where a part of a text is interpolated in it, either in the beginning, or the middle or the end, without distinguishing it from the original Matn. Example of the Mudraj at the beginning of the Hadith: The reporter say words of his own, and then tell the Hadith to substantiate his words, without distinguishing his words form the Hadith. Al-khateeb, through Abi Kutn and Shubaba, An Shuba An Mohammed Ibn Ziad An Abi Hurayra said: the prophet said: Make comprehensive Wadu, Woe for the ankles from hill fire”. As Al-Bukhari mentioned, it is reported through A’dm, An Shuba An Mohammed Ibn Ziad An Abi Hurayira” make comprehensive Wadu, as Ab Al-Qasim (the prophet ) said: Woe for the ankles from hill fire”. Example of the Mudraj at the middle of the Hadith: Al-Zuhrie An Aisha, that the prophet used to make “Tahanuth” – means worshiping – in Hera cave”. The explanation – means worshiping – are words of Al-Zuharie. Example of the Mudraj at the end of the Hadith: Abi Hurayra elevated to the prophet : 45 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith The owned slave has gets two prizes, I swear on the name of the One whom my soul is between his hands if it was not for Jihad and Haj and doing good for my mother, I would loved to die is a slave.” Of course, the last sentence starting, with I swear.. are the words of Abi Hurayra. Why Using the Idraj: to explain a rule, to come up with a rule before the reporter completes the Hadith, or to explain an irregular word in a Hadith. How do we know Idraj: 1. to be reported without the Idraj in another Hadith. 2. to be told about by authority scholars. 3. telling of the reporter that he did the Idraj. 4. being impossible to be the words of the prophet. Idraj is Haram to be done, except if there is a legitimate reason, such as what Al-Zuharie did. Al-Maqloub – ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب‬the Reversed: Maqlub Al-Isnad: such as reversing a name of a reporter. Examples: i. the reporters name is Ka’ab Ibn Mura, then it is reported through Mura Ibn Ka’ab. ii. To exchange the name of a reporter by another reporter to make the Hadith has a an exiting Isnad: 46 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Example: what Hammad Al-Nasibi an An Al-A’amash An Abi Saleh An Abi Hurayra elevated: If you face the Kufar in the streat, do not be the ones who starts greeting”. This Hadith is known through Suhail Ibn Abi Saleh, but Hamad reversed the name to be hamad. This is called steeling the Hadith. Maqlub Al-Matn: has also two ways to happen: Example of the first way: the reporter changes in the Matn: Abi Hurayra in Muslim, about the Hadith of the seven which will be covered by the shadow of Allah, one of them is the one who “spreads money to the extent that his right hand does not know what his left hand gives. The correct Matn is that “his left hand does not know what his right hand gives”. Example of the second way: is to attach an Isnad to a different Matn to test the scholar, as what happened with Al-Bukhari in Bagdad, where the scholars there reversed hundred Isnad with different Matns. He corrected all of them without a mistake. Why reporters do Iqlab? a. to make it more exiting to his Hadith (Haram) 47 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith b. To test the scholar (allowed) c. By mistake (excused). Al-Mazeed – the Appended ‫اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ‬: This is to add a reporter in an Isnad that appears to be continues. Example: Ibn Al-Mubarak: said: Hadathana Sufian An Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed, Hadathani Basr Ibn Ubaid Allah said: I heard Aba Idrees said: I heard Wathela said: I heard Aba Marthad said: I heard the prophet said: do not sit on graves and do not pray toward it”. In Muslim with Aba Idrees in the Isnad and without him. In this Hadith there are two additions, which were both added by Ibn AlMubarak, as he deloused: as the Hadith was reported by many trustworthy reporters through Abn Albubarak An Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed directly without Sufian, and sometimes it was reported by “Akbarana” at this link (Abn Albubarak An Abd Alrahman Ibn Yazeed) and also it was reported through Basr Ibn Ubaid Allah An Wathela directly and sometimes with explicit “I heard” statement. Conditions of rejecting the addition: 1. those who added it are less trustworthy than those who omitted it. 48 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith 2. a direct statement of hearing “I heard” at the questioned addition. Some scholars made Reservations: 1. if the Isnad where the addition is omitted has the word An, it should then be a Munqati (broken) Hadith. 2. it is possible that the person who reported the addition heard it from some one then heard it from another person through the previous person as well. This is possible unless there is a proof of delusion, rather than double hearing. Al-Mudhtarib (Shaky) ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮب‬: where a Hadith is reported with different chains or text while all are of the same strength. a. Mudhtarib Al-Isnad (shaky in Isnad): Hadith Abi Bakr, that he said: that he said to the prophet: Oh prophet of Allah you have turned gray! The prophet said: My hair turned gray because of Hud and its sisters”. This Hadith was also reported in Al-Termizie with the words: I turned gray by Hud and Al-waqia and Al-mursalat…Al-Termizie said it is good strange (Hasan Ghareeb). This Hadith was reported through Abi Ishaq, and was contradicted in over ten different ways. Some reported it as Mursal, some as continues, some put it in Abu Bakr’s Musnad, some of Saad Musnad, some of Aisha. 49 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith b. Mudhtarib Al-Matn (shaky in Matn): Al-Termizie An Shuraik An Abi Hamza An Al- shabie An Fatima Bint Abi Kais: that the prophet was asked about Zakat and he replied: there is right (of Allah) in money except Zakat”. Abn Maja reported it with the words: there is no right (of Allah) in money except Zakat. It is clear that the two Hadith are completely opposite. Al-Iraqi said: they are contradicting beyond any possibility of reconciliation. Al-Musahaf ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﻒ‬ ّ (change in letters): where change in the letters of a word due to hearing or reading of the reported. It has three categories: where does Tasheef happens: a. in Isnad: Hadith shuba An “Alawam Ibn Murjim” Ibn Maien made tasheef of it to “ Al –Awam IbnMuzahem”. b. In Matn: Hadith of Zaid Ibn Thabit: “the prophet had Ihtajara (stayed – locked) in the Masjed..” was reported mistakenly by Ibn Luhaya as “the prophet Ihtajama (performed blood releasing from the head) in the Musjed..” How Tasheef happens: a. by hearing mistake: Hadith “who ever fasted Ramadan and followed it by six (Sitt’an) days of shawal..” 50 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith was changed by Abi Bakr Al-sawli as “.. and followed it by some (Shai’an) of Shawal..) b. by reading error: Hadith through Aasim Al-Ahwal was changed by some as “Wasel Al-Ahdab”. Whether change is in meaning or wording: a. in wording: either in Isnad or Matn, as all the above axamples. b. In meaning: as Hadith of Abi Musa Al-Anzi: he used to say that” we (Anza tribe) are honered as the prophet had carried out prayer facing our tribal location! He was referring to the Hadith that the prophet had prayed toward Anza (Anza in this context is the pieceof wood which one stick to the ground and pray toward it to prevent people from passing in front of him. The Irrigular (Shath) ‫ اﻟﺸــﺎذ‬and the Preserved (Mahfouz) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮظ‬ Irregular is the Hadith where the accepted reporter is contradicted by some one who more accepted or trustworthy (notice that this is not the case of the Munkar (denounced) as the denounced is when the weak is contradicted by a trustworthy. Irregularity in Isnad ‫ اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬: Example: 51 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Al-Termezie & Al-Nesaie & Ibn Maja through Ibn Uyiayna An Amro Ibn Dinar An Ausaja An Ibn Abbas that a man died at the time of the prophet and did not leave any one to get his heritage but a slave which he freed. Ibn Guraig followed Ibn Uyiayna in reporting it continuous. Hamad Ibn Zaid reported it through Amro Ibn Dinar An Awsaja without Ibn Abbas. Scholars said the “Preserved Hadith is the one through Ibn Uyiayna, in spite of the fact that Hammad Ibn Zaid is a precise trustworthy reporter, but he was contradicted by many of the same level. Irregularity in Matn ‫اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻦ‬: Example: Abu Dawood and AL-Termizie of the Hadith Abd Elwahed Ibn Zaid An Abi Saleh An Abi Hurayra elevated: if one of you prayed Fajr he might want to lay on his right side”. This Hadith was actually reported through many who contradicted Abd Elwahed as it was reported as an action of the prophet not as of his sayings. 52 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith Un-Known Reporter: It means not to know the name of the reporter and/or his status. It might happen because of: 1. the reporter has many nick names. 2. The scarce of the Hadith of the reporter of scarce of whom he reported through him. If only one reported through him he is called (Majhool Al-Ayn) the self un-known. If more than two reported through him but his status was not stated by Hadith critics, he is called Mastoor (covered). Both of them are rejected. 3. His name is not mentioned as in saying (a man reported). Reporter who has Bida’a:  if his Bidaa is Kufr, his Hadith is rejected.  If the Bidaa is not, and he is head of Bidaa, his Hadith is rejected.  If he is reporting a Hadith that substantiating his Bidaa, his Hadith is rejected.  If none of the above, his Hadith might be accepted. Chapter on Fabrication of Hadith 1. Reasons Of Fabrication: 53 Islamic Science Series Terminology of Hadith a. Political Differences & Sects and Parties b. Hidden Kufr & hate for Islam c. Racism & Pro-Madhab & Nationalism d. Promoting Good deeds and Warning of Bad deeds on false grounds e. Hypocrisy with Governors and Kings to gain money and position f. Story Tellers wanting to be famous and tells strange things g. Other reasons: such as promoting particular trade or p

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