HIST 2112 Study Guide for Final Exam PDF

Study Guide for Final Exam Unit 6 Labor Activism in the post-WWI period o Causes and outcomes, gains and losses o Strikes of 1919 o The Red Scare Prohibition o Historical and social foundations of prohibition o Arg...

Study Guide for Final Exam Unit 6 Labor Activism in the post-WWI period o Causes and outcomes, gains and losses o Strikes of 1919 o The Red Scare Prohibition o Historical and social foundations of prohibition o Arguments for and against prohibition o Enforcement of the 18th amendment o Corruption and organized crime Racial violence post-WWI o The Red Summer of 1919 o 1921 Tulsa Race Riots o 1923 Rosewood, Florida Residential Segregation The National Urban League and the NAACP Marcus Garvey and the UNIA The Harlem Renaissance o W.E.B. Dubois, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurtson The Russian Revolution o The Emancipation Edict of 1861 o Tsars Alexander II, Alexander III, and Nicholas II  o The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 o Bloody Sunday o The Russian Empire in WWI and the ascent of Bolshevism under Lenin Unit 7 The Treaty of Versailles o The League of Nations o Consequences of World War I The “car revolution” and the American Economy o Effects on other industries o Impacts on daily life o Impacts on the natural landscape Electrification of the American household o “labor saving” appliances The rise of advertising and the consumer-oriented economy o Clothing o Food o Installment credit o Department stores The Great Depression o Black Tuesday o Causes of the Depression o The Depths of the Depression ▪ Unemployment  o The political consequences of the international Great Depression o Attempts to ameliorate the Depression by Hoover and FDR o Herbert Hoover ▪ Rugged individualism ▪ “Hoovervilles” ▪ The Bonus Army ▪ The legacy of Hoover as president o Franklin D. Roosevelt ▪ State of the American economy when FDR took office ▪ The “New Deal” Programs The Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Authority, Public Works Administration, Civil Works Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and Works Progress Administration The Social Security Act Differences between New Deal reformers and Progressives ▪ The Three R’s Relief Reform Recovery ▪ Fireside Chats ▪ Bank Holiday and the First 100 Days Unit 8 Adolph Hitler’s rise to power and the Nazi war machine o Reorganization of the German Economy o Domestic policies ▪ The Nuremberg Laws ▪ Kristallnacht ▪ Political opponents ▪ Concentration Camps o League of Nations o Violations of the Treaty of Versailles o The Rhineland, Austria, and the Sudetenland o Anti-Comintern Pact o Rome-Berlin Axis ▪ Benito Mussolini and Italian designs in Africa o The Non-Aggression Pact o The invasion of Poland o Blitzkrieg o April 1940 – Norway and Denmark ▪ The resignation of Neville Chamberlain o The Nazi advance in Western Europe ▪ The Maginot Line ▪ Dunkirk ▪ French Resistance ▪ Vichy France ▪ The Bombing of Britain (“The Blitz”)  o The Nazi advance in Eastern Europe ▪ Hitler’s goals in the invasion of the Soviet Union ▪ Hitler’s strategy in Ukraine, Moscow, and Leningrad ▪ December 6th, 1941and the German attack on Moscow ▪ September 1942, the Battle of Stalingrad, and the Red Army Japanese imperialism o Manchuria o Invasion of China o The Bombing of the Panay ▪ U.S. response o Japanese expansionism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific o Pearl Harbor Isolationism in the United States amidst the Great Depression o Student Strike for Peace o Senator Gerald Nye and Charles Lindbergh o Isolationism in American political culture o Congressional Neutrality Acts o Why did isolationism begin to fade? o FDR’s support for Britain prior to America’s entry into WWII ▪ “Cash and Carry” ▪ “Lend-Lease” U.S. entry into WWII o Operation Overlord  ▪ “D-Day” o Allied attack on the Germans and Italians in North Africa o The Battle of the Bulge o VE Day o “Island hopping” campaign in the Pacific ▪ The Battle of Midway ▪ The two-pronged Allied strategy to defeat Japan o The dropping of the nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Unit 9 German occupation of Eastern and Western Europe o Concentration Camps o The “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” and Death Camps in Europe ▪ Heinrich Himmler ▪ Nazi death squads and Nazi collaborators ▪ Populations targeted by the Nazis ▪ Evidence of Nazi death camps ▪ America’s response to evidence of the death camps Anti-semitism in American politics "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of this Government in the Murder of the Jews" War Refugee Board The domestic impact of WWII in America o Fashion o Women ▪ On the home front Employment Shifting social attitudes “Rosie the Riveter” ▪ In the war effort Auxiliary units and uniforms o Black Americans ▪ The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters NAACP intensifies its legal campaign against discrimination ▪ The Tuskegee Airmen ▪ The 92nd Infantry Division (The “Buffalo Soldiers”) ▪ Black troops in the armed forces and segregation ▪ The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) o Mexican Americans ▪ Jobs in industry ▪ Farm workers ▪ The “Zoot Suit Riots” ▪ Discrimination and segregation in the American southwest o Japanese Americans ▪ Pearl Harbor and Executive Order 9066 The “public perception” of danger and Japanese American communities  “Assembly centers” The West Coast military zones Public Proclamation No. 4 Internment Camps o Life inside the camps The experience for Japanese Americans in Hawaii The postwar experience for interned Japanese Americans Unit 10 The devastation of Europe and Japan in WWII o Black markets o Migration The “Iron Curtain” o Competing visions for postwar Europe ▪ Consumer Capitalism and Democratic Politics ▪ Communism and Soviet Politics ▪ Soviet “Buffer Zone” in Eastern Europe Soviet Annexation of Baltic States Albania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia ▪ Nuclear tensions ▪ Post-war Economic Assistance Greece and Turkey The Marshall Plan o Advertising and importing Consumer Capitalism  o Amount provided vs. actual long-term cost of the Marshall Plan ▪ The “Truman Doctrine” ▪ The Containment Policy o The creation of West Germany ▪ Soviet blockade of Berlin ▪ The Berlin Airlift o Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb ▪ The Hydrogen bomb and the arms race o The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ▪ The Soviet response to West Germany’s admission to NATO Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas o Details of the case o Arguments made by Topeka Board of Education Lawyers o Arguments made by Brown’s attorneys, including Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund o Attitudes toward integration before the Brown v. Board of Education decision ▪ Fred Vinson ▪ President Dwight D. Eisenhower ▪ The compromise that allowed for a unanimous decision The Little Rock 9 and early efforts at integration The Montgomery Bus Boycott o The purpose and strategy behind the boycott  o Martin Luther King Jr. and the Montgomery Improvement Association ▪ Nonviolent mass protest and civil disobedience The Freedom Riders o Purpose and strategy o Attacks on the Riders ▪ Police response ▪ Montgomery ▪ John F. Kennedy’s response to violence Autherine Lucy James Meredith and Ole Miss o Governor Ross Barnett o Riots o Local vs Federal response Unit 11 Integration after Brown v. Board o Atlanta public forums on integration – March 1960 o Timeline of desegregation The Birmingham Campaign o Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) o Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) o Goals and strategies of the campaign  ▪ Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, and arrests ▪ Cash bond fund o State circuit court injunction against protest ▪ King’s arrest and the “Letter from Birmingham Jail” o The Children’s Crusade ▪ Response by local police/fire departments and Commissioner Bull Connor ▪ National media coverage o Negotiations between the Senior Citizen’s Council and the Birmingham Campaign leadership ▪ Moratorium and compromise ▪ Fred Shuttlesworth and MLK Jr.’s opinions on negotiations ▪ Outcomes of the negotiations o Response to the resolution of the Birmingham Campaign by Birmingham segregationists ▪ Bombings and terrorism Social activism in the American Southwest o Mendez v. Westminster o Hernandez v. Texas o The Chicano Movement ▪ Cesar Chavez ▪ Dolores Huerta ▪ Larry Itliong ▪ Organizing farm workers and the Delano Grape Strike  ▪ The Community Service Organization (CSO) ▪ The National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and United Farm Workers (UFW) ▪ Student walkouts in East Los Angeles in 1968 The Educational Issues Coordinating Committee ▪ The Chicano Moratorium Rosalio Muñoz Police response The FBI and COINTELPRO in response to social activism in the 1960s o Targeting of social activist groups Malcolm X Kwame Ture (formerly Stokely Carmichael) o Black Power o Background and work in the South Black Panther Party for Self-Defense o Bobby Seale, Huey P. Newton, Richard Aoki, and Fred Hampton o Black Panther stance on self-defense and self-reliance o The Black Panthers in their own words (Fred Hampton video) o COINTELPRO surveillance The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and pressure on social activists in the late 1960s Stonewall Inn o Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera  o Police raids on gay bars ▪ Role of organized crime ▪ Dehumanization and humiliation o Legal status of LGBTQ+ people as of 1969 o Riots/Uprisings in response to Stonewall raid ▪ Protesters throw coins/trash ▪ Violence spreads Unit 12 The Korean War o Cairo Declaration o Yalta Conference o Truman’s gamble, Red Army in Korea o Truman’s eleventh-hour proposal and the 38th parallel o U.S. military occupation of southern Korea Occupation versus the desires of Koreans post-WWII o Soviet military occupation of northern Korea Changes enacted o 1947 UN Resolution on Korean elections o Formation of the Republic of Korea Syngman Rhee o Formation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Kim Il Sung o UN Resolution on Soviet and American withdrawal  o Opposition to the ROK under Syngman Rhee o U.S. military advisors in South Korea o North Korean forces launch military offensive on June 25, 1950 U.S. commits ground forces First three months of the war and the Inchon landing South Korean forces push north across 38th parallel o China threatens to commit troops to the war effort Chinese and U.S. troops in North Korea o General Douglas MacArthur relieved of command o The four lessons from the Korean War for the future of the Cold War. o Consequences of the Korean War 1954 CIA-backed coup in Guatemala o United Fruit Company Role and influence in Guatemala “Banana republics” o CIA operations to undermine the democratically elected President Jacobo Arbenz o Long-term consequences of the 1954 coup Cuban Revolution o Fulgencio Batista American influence in Cuba o Fidel Castro Communication with Washington Economic support from the Soviet Union  o U.S. trade embargo o The Bay of Pigs Goals and significance o The Cuban Missile Crisis Naval blockade and the threat of global nuclear war Outcome The Vietnam War o French Indochina Japanese invasion Attempts to reassert colonial control Dien Bien Phu Viet Minh and Ho Chi Minh American financial support 1954 Geneva Accord o North and South Vietnam Presidency of Ngo Dinh Diem U.S. military advisers arrive in 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower Domino Theory The Viet Cong John F. Kennedy Foreign policy based on two premises Eisenhower and Kenndy’s perspectives on defense spending  Kennedy’s mistakes/policies in Cuba and Vietnam Protests against Ngo Dinh Diem government Overthrow of Diem Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential campaign promises Gulf of Tonkin incident o Gulf of Tonkin resolution o Johnson’s actions after the resolution Five options in Vietnam and Johnson’s strategy in Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Trail The Tet Offensive Richard M. Nixon Strategy in Vietnam War o Ho Chi Minh Trail o Christmas Bombings o U.S. withdrawal Anti-Vietnam War protest movement in the United States Campus protests and other protest strategies o Kent State 1968 Democratic National Convention The Vietnam War in the American consciousness Television and movies The image of the “Vietnam vet”  Casualties and losses suffered in Vietnam and the overall cost The Space Race o Sputnik I and II Intercontinental ballistic missiles o Initial American attempts to launch a satellite o Soviet launches manned mission o American space program Mercury program Gemini program Apollo program