Biology 2260 Fall 24 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Final Exam 75 questions 40 Dig & Repro. 35 remainder of systems Endocrine - Hormone function ADH, Aldosterone, Calcitonin, PTH, Growth Hormone, Insulin, glucagon. Hormone types protein Based and cholesterol Blood – Cardiovascular Composition of blood – plasma and formed elements...

Final Exam 75 questions 40 Dig & Repro. 35 remainder of systems Endocrine - Hormone function ADH, Aldosterone, Calcitonin, PTH, Growth Hormone, Insulin, glucagon. Hormone types protein Based and cholesterol Blood – Cardiovascular Composition of blood – plasma and formed elements Types of cells and their function Volume of blood in the human body Hematocrit values - RBC, buffy coat and WBC content and % Life span of blood cells What is blood doping? What is anemia and polycythemia? ABO blood system – antigens and antibodies associated with system- H antigen What is the “D” antigen and it significance Circulatory System Structure of the heart and circulation through the heart Associated valves of the heart and pulmonary circulation Differences in arteries and veins structurally The electrical system of the heart SA note through Purkinje fibers PQRST waves – what each represents Types of capillaries Normal and abnormal blood pressure – hypertension, hypotension What is plaque? Ventricular and Atrial fibrillation – what happens and what are the impacts on the body The Immune System Define – Innate and Adaptive immunity What are external and internal defenses What is phagocytosis ? Basic cell actions – What do these cells do? Neutrophils Macrophages  Natural Killer Cells Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells B cells Lymphocytes B’s and T’s – where are they generated and what are their basic roles in adaptive immunity The Respiratory System Basic structures from nasal cavities through alveoli- upper and lower respiratory tract How is the respiratory system warmed, humidified, and cleaned of particulate and small dust particles Separation structures between nasal cavity and oral cavity What is a nasal septum, and what causes a deviated septum Where are the olfactory nerve endings located? What are sinus infections, and how are they connected with the respiratory tract? What are the regions of the pharynx? What is the physical structure of the larynx?- 3 cartilages of the larynx? What are the structural differences between the esophagus and the larynx? What is bifurcation and how does it apply to air distribution? What are the differences in asthma and emphysema? What is COPD – examples Functions of type I and II alveolar cells. What drives the movement of CO2 and O2 across the alveolar and capillary membranes. How is O2 and CO2 transported in the circulatory system? What is the significance of carbonic anhydrase? Location of parietal and visceral pleura. Urinary System Basic structure of the kidney and nephron? What makes up the tissues of the cortex and medulla? Function of the kidneys filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Podocytes make up what portion of the nephron? What material actions take place in each section of the nephron Specifically where is glucose reabsorbed?  What two hormones directly impact ion and water movement in the kidneys? What role does the vasa recta play in the nephron unit? Digestive System Parts of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus, know specific sections of small and large intestines.. Why is chewing important?? Number of adult teeth Functions of molars vs incisors What is the function of uvula and soft pallet? What is peristalsis and where does it begin? What constitutes a bolus of food? What two sphincters close off the stomach? What cells produce stomach acids, and pepsinogen? Why doesn’t stomach acid eat through the wall of the stomach? Name and locate the primary salivary glands. What is the peritoneum and mesentery tissue? What makes the pancreas so vital to your body systems? Digestive enzymes, where is each produced and what actions do each carry out? Why are brush boarder cells important? What is the prime function of the large intestines? Where are sugars, fats and lipids absorbed into the body? Fluids and Electrolytes What are the two basic fluid categories in the body? What is an electrolyte, and how are they named? What are the primary regions of water loss from the human body? What is osmolality? How does it change as water increases or decreases in the body? In you are receiving I.V. infusion, what is the significance of isotonicity of the I.V. solution. What are the 3 hormones which regulate ion (Na, and Cl) and water movement in the kidneys. ADH Aldosterone, Atrial nat. peptide.  Why are CO2 and bicarbonate “soooooo” important in regulating the bodies acid base balance? What is the normal range of pH in your body? Which Ions are most prevalent in the ICF and EC Reproductive System Anatomical structures associated with both male and female system Hormone activity associated with gonads and function of each Menstrual cycle time table and phases which are associated Hormones levels of estrogen and progesterone in the 28 day cycle HCG where does it originate Specific cells in the male which are responsible for sperm generation and the production of testosterone. Composition of semen Sperm levels fertility Fertilization and activity associated with implantation of blastocyst Chromosomal abnormalities associated with aneuploidy, also those associated with male female anomalies - XO, XXY, XXX and OY