Study Guide FINAL PDF

GLOSSARY Race-> blood/kinship/family ties, tribal or ethic connections (biological matters) it refers to power/authority/politics/government (Law and politics) Social (Self and others) 1/8th black by law Ethnicity -> Language- race groups DON’T have a language...

GLOSSARY Race-> blood/kinship/family ties, tribal or ethic connections (biological matters) it refers to power/authority/politics/government (Law and politics) Social (Self and others) 1/8th black by law Ethnicity -> Language- race groups DON’T have a language Land Religion Customs/traditions Intersectionality Prejudice -> 4 different types of people 1. unprejudice non discriminators 2. prejudice discriminators- active bigots that preach intolerance and practice exclusion 3. unprejudice discriminators- bystanders who are free from prejudice but will not speak up against it openly. They remain silent. 4. prejudice non-discriminators- timid bigots, They believe in prejudice but will not speak up for it openly. Prejudice is an irrational negative attitude toward certain groups and their members Discrimination Discrimination differential treatment, usually unequal and harmful, accorded to individuals who are assumed to belong a particular group of people Minority Group -> A group of people who because of their physical and cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in society for differential and unequal treatment. Less access to power and resources Experienced previous episodes of prejudice and discriminator Modes of Relations -> 1. Assimilation- do everything you can to force your religion and culture on others ( makes you feel like an insider) 2. Segregation- make you feel like you are an outsider 3. Explusion- the process of forcing a group to leave the territory in which it lives 4. Subjugation- the subordination of one group through economic exploitation and political domination by the other 5. Annihilation- genocide. the deliberate extermination of a racial or ethnic group  6. Accommodation 7. Amalgamation- melting pot 8. Pluralism- Co-existence and diversity Sex and Gender roles-> Biological reproductive Cultural social construction Aristotle Confucius Virtuous (obeying) women She obeys her: Father Husband Sons Judeo Christianity Patriarchy-> Systemic institutionalized (family, religion, politics, economy, academia) pervasive domination of women by men (multi-cultural) 1. Gods and goddesses 2. Free men 3. Children and mothers 4. Slaves 5. Democracy was part of patriarchy Population growth -> 1800- 1 billion 1960- 3 billion Now- 8.2 billion This means we don’t have enough resources for all these people. Reasons behind Population Growth Natural factors Lowering mortality rates Higher fertility rates longer life expectancy due to nutrition and medicine Other factors Immigration- Moving into a country Emigration- Moving out of country Urbanization -> 1. Demography- how many people live in urban areas the more urbanization. 2. Economics- shift from agriculture to manufacturing services. 3. Cultural- cosmopolitanism (citizens of the world) Suburbanization-> 1. The invention of mass manufacturing (cars) 2. Interstate highway 3. Mortgages (FHA, VA) 4. Political unrest of the 1960s 5. Flight of the upper and middle class from major cities Consequences of Suburbanization -> Poverty Unemployment Crimes Schools systems collapsing HYPER- SEGREGATION- by class and race Ecosystem -> a complex interrelated network of life forms and nonlife forms that interact with one another to produce an exchange of materials between the living and the nonliving parts Environment refers to the conditions and circumstances surrounding and affecting a particular group of living creatures Impact = Population* Affluence* Technology Sustainability Health choice Carrying capacity-> Carrying capacity refers to an upper-size limit that is imposed on a population by its environmental resources that cannot be permanently exceeded. Exceeding the carrying capacity of an ecosystem means that people are depleting or destroying resources at a more rapid rate than they can be replaced. Affluence -> make out the environment way to much To achieve high levels of affluence and material comfort, people consume the earth’s resources and pollute its environment. Excessive consumption of fossil fuels ( hydrocarbons) which emit CO2 The rapid industrialization of India and China Technology Technological development and new products may bring an increased consumption of resources such as energy Technological developments can result in less pollution. Green Technologies Sustainable Energy Solutions Recycling Population Theories on Environmentalism Religion –> A system of beliefs, practices and philosophical values shared by a group of people. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1915) The sacred versus the profane The Sacred i.e. a place, a symbol, an object Functions-> 1. To define the sacred 2. To help explain life; 3. To offer salvation from the problems of human existence 4. Guidelines for everyday life 5. Social control- most of the moral elements of the Judeo-Christian tradition are written into civil and criminal codes 6. Adaptation- adjustment into new countries, host cultures as religious groups. Dysfunctions 1. Religion as justification for persecution From 1100-1790s the “inquisition” special commissions of the Roman Catholic church tortured heretics. In 1692-Protestant leaders in MA executed 21 women and men as witches. 2. War and Terrorism. From 1000- to 1300 the church in Europe did nine crusades to “free” the Holy Land from Jews and Muslims. 9/11 and the Rise of Political Islam Elements of Religion-> Ritual and Prayers- ceremonies or processions Emotion- meditation, worship, consciousness Belief- Belief systems include : principles on who the Divine is; the mediums of communication; rituals and processions Organization- the structure recruits beleivers; the clergy are inducted; religious meetings conducted; and interaction is facilitated Conflict Theoreticians on Religion 1. Man makes religion, religion does not make man. 2. Religion is the sentiment of a heartless world. It is the Opium of the people. 3. Religion alienates. Alienation is the process by which people lose control over the social institutions they themselves invented. 4. Religion legitimizes social inequalities/injustices. E.g. divine right to rule, divided Christian theology on slavery, Hinduism and the cast system, Islam and women’s rights. Education – Functions 1. Cultural Transmission - Traditional roles in the family are extended by schools in modern societies. a. the major portions of society's knowledge is passed on from one generation to the next 2. Academic and vocational skills 3. Research and Innovation 4. Child Care- a post-War responsibility of many public schools 5. Postponing job hunting Hidden Curriculum-> CONFLICT THEORY Social Captial/Hidden curriculum - the social attitudes and values taught in school that prepare children to accept the requirements of adult life and fit in. Credentialized Society -> The Credentailzed Society - Universities and colleges acting as GATE KEEPERS for or away from opportunity Policy Issues – access, budgeting, segregation, drop out rates, school violence Global Inequality FOCUS ON COLONIALISM Types of colonialism-> Colonies of Settlement – To eliminate indigenous people ( such as the destruction of the Aztec and Inca civilizations by the Spanish) and settle in their territory Colonies of Rule- Colonial administrators reorganizing existing cultures by imposing new INEQUALITIES to facilitate exploitation E.g. the British INDIRECT RULE of creating Zamindars, confiscating personal and communal land, elevating ethno-racial differences in India Adverse Impacts of colonialism 1. Physical and cultural genocide of the indigenous cultures 2. Introduction of new tensions around race, ethnicity, religion, and caste 3. The extraction of labor, resources, cultural treasures to enrich colonial power 4. Ideologies justifying colonial rule e.g. racism and notions of backwardness 5. Adverse responses from colonial subjects – from death to internalization of inferiority to everyday forms of resistance all the way up to mass mobilization and political resistance Colonial division of labor Social organization of labor Decolonization-> Decolonization (1940s on…) 1792 - the Blak Jacobin and the Haitian Revolution 1896 - Menelik and the Battle of Adwa 1947 - The independence of India 1957 - the Liberation of Ghana and the Wave of African Independence 1994 - the Fall of the Apartheid From 1948 to 1981, 105 new states joined the UN as the colonial empires crumbled swelling membership from 51 to 157; now there are 181 states Decolonization: The Three Worlds 1. The Western World - the First World - Under US hegemony 2. The Communist World - the Second world - Under Soviet Union hegemony 3. The Third World - the Postcolonial bloc of nations Decolonization: Rethinking Development Development TENETS as: The Pursuit of ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY (now that independence is achieved) The Project of Turning Subjects into CITIZENS (both economically empowered and politically active) Economic Development for SOCIAL JUSTICE (to reverse past inequality or the CDL) The project of Creating Continental Blocs and ALLIANCES (Non- Aligned Movement, the organization of African Unity Development STRATEGIES that emphasize: INDUSTRIALIZATION as the high point of Economic Growth NATIONAL ECONOMIC growth as the MAIN indicator of Development (Boosting GNP, Per Capita I, reversing the trade balance) Strong belief in National PLANNING and Import Substitution Industrializations(IZI) - Protectionism  Stubborn Reliance on FEW EXPORT COMMODITIES (coffee, cotton, cocoa, crude oil, gold, diamond, etc) Third World Economies Dependent on Export Commodities and VULNERABLE to global market shocks (both import and Third World: 50 Years Later: High Poverty and Income Inequality Civil Wars, Coup De Etat’s, Intra- and Inter-State Conflicts Vulnerable to national disasters and shocks like famines and earthquakes Massive outmigration of both unskilled and skilled manpower to the development world - Brian Drain Inequality in Post-colonial societies-> persistent inequalities in wealth, access to resources, and social power that often remain in countries that were once colonized, largely stemming from the economic and social structures put in place during colonial rule