STS Reviewer Midterm CHAP 1-6 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|48247016 STS Reviewer Midterm CHAP 1-6 Science, Technology, and Society (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded...

lOMoARcPSD|48247016 STS Reviewer Midterm CHAP 1-6 Science, Technology, and Society (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND man the opportunity to make life easier SOCIETY REVIEWER – (improving human conditions – food, shelter, clothing, health and wellness, MIDTERMS communication, transportation, medical and other being enhanced). Chapter 1: Science & Technology in 1.1 Early Civilization Ancient Civilization Stone age transpired about 2.5 million Science years ago, when early human learned to use stone tools for their survival. - De ined science as the cumulative inquiry into nature Nomands using the scienti ic method or system of veri iable concepts, - Early humans who lived in small tribes of hunter-gathers. methods, principles, theories and - They stayed in where there were laws which seek to phenomena bountiful resources of food. while technology is simply the - They are people who stay on the application of science (Abastillas (2006). move looking for food, without a permanent home. - Also pertains to the organized investigation of the structure and properties of the physical and natural world by thorough 1.2 Sumerian Civilization observation and experiment. Mesapotamia Technology - Began the foundation of human - Described as the application of civilization. knowledge and skills to address - Means “land between the rivers”. problems regarding nature to Meso (middle) and potam (river) improve and ease the everyday since it was located in between way of living. tigris and Euphrates rivers and it - The practical application of was also identi ied with fertile scienti ic knowledge for the crescent. intended use (Oxford Reference, - It now corresponds to the 2019). modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, northeaster of Syria and Based on Ramsey, society has a cyclical southeastern Turkey. co-independence on science and technology since these cannot exists North – Armenian mountains without man. South – Persian gulf Pursuing continuous advancement in West – Mesopotamian steppe, Syrian science and technology has been giving border Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 East – mountain ravines of western - primarily built as a temple to Iran Nanna, the moon of god Sumerian Civilization Agriculture - First people to settle in - Sumerian agricultural products: Mesapotamia and were able to wheat and barley, fruits and create a civilization. vegetables like grapes and - created a civilization by the onions, sheep, goats and cows development of methods and Irrigation System: Levees technologies in architectures, language, agriculture, - Levees: Dug wide canals from governance. rivers out to farms, dug small - Sumerians built cities along the ditches from canals to ields to rivers in South Mesopotamia in water all the crops, put gates on 4500 BCE: Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Larsa, the ditches to control the amount Isin, Adab, Kullah, Lagash, of water Nippur, Kish. - Brought water to farmland and controlled looding of the river City of Uruk Cuneiform writing - First true city in the world - No building stones used, Lumber - Claimed to be the greatest was limited, Mud / clay from the contribution of Sumerian river added with reeds and civilization. bricks, Houses made of sunbaked - irst writing system, pictures and bricks. triangular symbols, curved in mud/clay: tablet, using reed Ziggurats stylus. - cities had corresponding king - Its used are for trading, recording living in ziggurat, with temple at goods and livestock, temple the top reserved for their high activities, businesses, presenting priests to serve their patron gods stories, myths, and personal and goddesses. letters. The Great Ziggurat of Ur “Mountain of Sumerian Number System God” - Came up with the development - sun-baked bricks - inside of arithmetic pertaining to structure number system. - ired bricks - outside structure - The sexagesimal system, based - no inner chambers 60. - height of around 170 feet - took 12 years of excavation Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 Sailboats 1.3 Babylonian Civilization - Emerged near the Tigris and - Made of reeds, to travel along the Euphrates rivers. Great builders, river, to carry products for engineers and architects. trading - It was conquered by a man - Skin- loat or raft made of hides named samu-abum, who turned stretched over wood frames and it into a kingdom made up of the a broad, short boat made of city and a small amount of water-proof material nearby territory. Wheel - Babylonian remain this way until six kings has ascended. - The 1st wheels were not used for - Ruler named Hammurabi took transportation but for farm work over the throne and turned this in 2000 BC once small city into a great - Used for transporting empire. agricultural products - It is the most popular city in ancient mesapotamia. Plow Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil land where seeds would be - It was said to be a structure planted at faster pace. Mass made up of layers upon layers of produced food without taking too gardens. Species of plants, trees much effort and time. and vines. - It was bulit y King Medicine Nebuchadnezzar who ruled the - Sumerians believed that diseases city for 43 years starting 605 BC. were punishment from God: - Garden were for King committed sins, wrong-doing, Nebuchadnezzar’s wife, Amyitis. action of demons, bad spirits. - It was 75 feet high and - Priest - suf icient magic power to approximately 8,200 gallons of ight the mystic force of disease water each day to keep the plants and illness. watered. - Diseases due to supernatural - No physical evidence to prove causes such existence. Exact location is - Exorcists - drive away the spirits also unknown: No records and a by charms and spells. Mythical place. - Sumerian civilization lasted for short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians took charge in 2004 Weapons B.C. - Babylonian civilization transpired during Bronze age. Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 Weapons are bronze material soul should be recognized and and alloy of copper and tin. returned in the next life. Babylonian Number System Mummi ication Process - The sexagesimal system as 1. Washing of the body developed and used by 2. Removal of the different internal sumerians was not a pure base- organs by making a cut in the left side of 60 system, since it did not the abdomen. (intestines, stomach, liver, utilized 60 distinct symbols for and lungs). its numerical values. Instead the cuneiform digits used ten as a 3. Internal organs are placed in the sub-base in the fashion of a sign corresponding canopic jar. value notation. 4. Brain is removed through the nose by using hooked instrument then being thrown away. The heart is untouched as 1.4 Egyptian Civilization believed to be used for intelligence and - Egypt is located in North Africa. emotion in the next life. The heart also Around 3200 BCE, the creation of revealed evidence of the deceased’s true the Egyptian civilization began character. with Egypt brought together under one ruler, King Narmer. 5. The inside of the body is rinsed with wine and spices. Temples 6. Moisture from the body is eliminated - believed that temples were the homes of the gods and 7. Application of a salt called natron for goddesses. Every temple was 70 days is done to preserve the body. dedicated to a god or goddess, worshipped by temple priests 8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen and the pharaoh. cloth and placed in a sarcophagus. - Every day, temple priest: washed Hieroglyphics the god’s statues, changed cloths with ine linen, put jewelry, and - Egyptians developed writing offered food and wine. system called hieroglyphics that combined pictures of living Mummi ication creatures and symbols of objects - Egyptians believed in life after used in daily living. death - Hieroglyphics writings were - eternal life was only possible if well-preserved since these were the individual’s corpse remained carved at the walls of pyramids intact and other structures. - believed that if the body decayed, so as the soul and the deceased’s Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - The writing material similar to Wigs paper called papyrus from reed - Were worn for beauty, vanity and found in the Nile river. personal hygiene. Medicine and Physician - Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from - They had great deal of harmful sun rays. Symbol of knowledge of healing herbs and social status and Used by both repairing physical injuries. They sexes. knew how to stitch a wound, eye- surgery operation, and knowledge of Anatomy came 1.5 Greek Civilization from the practice of embalming - In 8th century BC: Government, the dead. Art, Architecture, Philosophy, - practiced dentistry; extracted Sport teeth, drained abscesses, and - Polytheistic society - Believed in made false teeth. Mythology to explain natural Irrigation System mysteries. - They built their houses close Theater together on high land and - Most art and literature farmers were focused on moving performances of ancient Greeks further inland. Farmers built were performed in theaters. canals and created irrigation - It is large, open-air structures, systems to water their crops. tiered seating area – theatron. A - They used “shaduf” a hand- circular space for the actors to operated device for lifting water perform - orchestra and a stage – from Nile river into buckets that skene poured into irrigation ditches. Water Mill Mathematics - Was used in agricultural - Addition, Subtraction, processes like milling grains. Multiplication, Division, fraction, Mass production of rice, cereals, decimals, and basic ideas of lours, and the likes. geometry. Greek Houses Calendar - Poor Greek - rural area or - 12 months = 30 days each crowded urban slums. They lived - 1 year = 360 days in multi-story blocks of - In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra days apartments. at the end of every year. Solar - Larger houses built around a year = 365 days. courtyard. Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - For well-to-do craftsmen or Pythagoras farmers: large and luxurious and - made important contributions in accommodation for a large the ield of mathematics. household including many slaves. Developed the Pythagorean Trade Theorem Empedocles and believed in the four fundamental - Sea for their livelihood. Then, elements ( ire, air, earth and 150 years after 750 BC, they water) found colonies on distant shores, Mediterranean Sea and the Black Democritus Sea. - established the concept of Greek Philosophers atomism. Everything in nature is made up of indivisible elements Socrates called atoms. - known to developed the "Socratic Archimedes Method" of analyzing good and justice. The problem is broken - known for his physical law of down into series of inquiries that buoyancy. would lead to answers to the problem. 1.6 Roman Civilization Plato It was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus, - became student of Socrates, laid the irst King and his brother Remus. In the foundations of Western 509 BCE, Rome became a republic philosophy and science. Founded govern by the senate and roman people. The Academy of Athens, the irst institution of higher learning in Roman Cities the Western world. - consist of forum - a large open Aristotle plaza, surrounded by important buildings such as main temple, - became student of Plato. basilica where the town council Developed Empirical approach in met and town administration studying nature and founded was carried on), the law courts Theory of Four causes (material, (if separate from the basilica), formal, ef icient , inal) markets, latrines and public Thales baths, fountains, porticoes, colonnades, arches, and fountain - believed that water was the only that beauti ied the cities. substance that was source of all things Building Materials Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - long before use of concrete, they - Old number systems could not made use of volcanic stone native keep up with high calculations -Tufa requirements due to increasing - during 2nd century B.C.E. trade among nations. travertine white limestone was - Roman numeral became the utilized in the late substitute for standard counting system for marble, and un-dried and ire- trade concerns. dried mud brick. - symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M - Used for communication and Roman Aqueducts trading. - Aqueducts -convey water from Other discoveries and inventions far away springs and mountains into cities and towns through Bound books gravity. The water through - record-keeping of politics, aqueducts supplied the city’s history, literature. Julius Caesar fountains, gardens, etc. started the tradition of stacking - Romans irst aqueduct, the Aqua papyrus to form pages of books. Appia was built in 312 BC which - Cover was made of wax but later was connected the spring that on changed to animal skin. was 16.4 km from Rome. Roman Architectures 1.7 Chinese Civilization The Pantheon - Oldest civilization in Asia - temple of all the Roman gods - Silk - Naturally produced by silk worms Colosseum - Tea Production - Tea leaves - largest amphitheater. Seating were harvested, processed and capacity of 50,000 compressed into cake form. The dried teacake known as brick tea Arch of Septimius Severus was ground with the used of stone mortar. Ancient tea was - monumental arch and built in produced by pouring hot water recognition of Roman victories to shredded or crushed tea over Parthians. leaves. Maison Carree - Great Wall of China - Said to be the largest and most extensive - the only temple that is infrastructure that such nation completely preserved up to this built. Was constructed to protect day. Chinese from invaders. Controls Roman Numerals borders of China. Made out of stone, bricks, woods, tamped Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 earth, etc. It took 200 years - There was a lack of scienti ic before it was completed. inquiry during the Dark Ages - Gunpowder - Originally, it was because most people cannot read developed by Chinese alchemists and write, except for the to achieve immortality. Used for members of the Clergy. ireworks to drive away evil - Intellectual activity was centered spirits. Used for artillery. on the study of the Bible and on Accidentally invented black the Christian faith. powder that generated large - Most clerics and scholars did not amounts of heat and gas in an have access to the vast amount of instant. scienti ic literature written in - Compass - an arti icial magnetic Greek before and during the pointing device made from Roman Empire. lodestone. The oldest south- HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 CE to 1300 pointing navigational device. CE) - The conditions of political Chapter 2: Science & Technology in stability necessary for the Western Civilization reestablishment of a vigorous commercial and urban life had been secured. 2.1 Middle Ages (500 CE to 1500 CE) - The next 500 years saw the renewal of large-scale building - it got the name because scholars in the and the re-establishment of Renaissance period saw this as a long sizable towns. Monasteries barbaric period that separated the became wealthy and became renaissance of the 16th century from the important centers of learning. classic age of ancient Greece and Rome. - By the 12th Century, centers of learning, known as the Studium DARK AGES (500 CE to 1000 CE) Generale, sprang up across - First half of Middle Ages consists Western Europe, drawing of 5 centuries of Dark Ages. scholars from far a ield and - Terrible political and economic mixing the knowledge of the turmoil in Western Europe, as Ancient Greeks with the new waves of invasions by migrating discoveries of the great Muslim peoples and Vikings and Saxons philosophers and scientists. from the North destabilized the - Oldest universities established Roman Empire. during the high middle ages: - It was a period of declining Oxford, Cambridge, Montpellier, human achievement, especially Padua, Sorbonne, Valladolid when compared to the Ancient - During this time, rival clerical Greeks and Romans. orders within the church began to battle for political and Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 intellectual control over these - Before the industrial revolution, universities. power came from three main - Christian scholasticism is a sources: humans, draft animals, method of learning that places a and water. strong emphasis on platonic - The irst instrument of this reasoning and deduction power revolution was the horse. working within a background of - The type of water mill that ixed religious dogma and lourished irst in northern Aristotelian. Europe was the Norse Mill, using - The scholastics (schoolmen) a horizontally mounted emphasized rigorous conceptual waterwheel driving a pair of analysis and in articulating and grindstones directly, without the defending dogma in natural intervention of gearing. phenomena. - The simple water wheel, without gears, provides the power to LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 CE to 1500 drive a millstone for grinding the CE) corn from which lour is made. - As progress and technology Agriculture and Crafts developed, philosophers continued the work of - The Teutonic tribes who moved scholasticism, adding to the into Western Europe were people philosophy of science. of the Iron Age and were the irst - Franciscan John Duns Scotus people to use iron plowshares on maintained that the world of forested lowlands and rich, heavy reason and the world of faith had wet soils of which had frustrated to be kept apart. And, William of the agricultural techniques. Ockham, proposed the principle - Spinning jenny - a machine for of parsimony or the famous spinning with more than one Ockham’s Razor. spindle at a time, patented by - New approach liberated scienti ic James Hargreaves in 1770. speculation from away for new - Waterpower was used to drive approaches. fulling stocks. Technology in the Middle Ages Gunpowder - It is not really dark, much of tis - Time of raids from the ierce era involved the recovery, Vikings. preservation, and modi ication of - Constant wars spurred the earlier technical achievements of invention of gunpowder and the ancient world. development of casting metals, especially iron. Power Sources Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - Gunpowder appeared in western Spectacles (1280s) – from Florence, Europe although it was known in Italy, convex lenses to help far-sighted east Asia. people. Near-sighted people weren’t - carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter developed before 15th century (potassium nitrate) – from charcoal, deposits of volcanic sulfur and decaying refuse. Alchemy Mining and Metallurgy - It was an ancient branch of natural philosophy, which has a - metallurgy developed with the long philosophical and pseudo- manufacture of cannons used in scienti ic tradition warfare. - Alchemy in the Middle Ages was - The manufacture of cast iron is a mixture of science, philosophy, the great metallurgical and mysticism. At the heart of innovation of the middle ages. medieval alchemy was the idea - The demand for gold and that all matter was composed of coinable precious metals started four elements: earth, air, ire, and the mining industry. water. With the right - The extent of this revolution was combination of elements, it was summarized by gerogius Agricola theorized, any substance on in his De re metallica. earth might be formed. - They tempted to purify materials by the transmutation of base Other Notable Inventions metals to noble metals. Artesian well (1126) – a thin rod with - It accidentally laid the foundation a hard iron cutting edge is placed in a of modern chemistry bore hole and repeatedly struck with a Astrology hammer. Underground water pressure forces the water up the hole without - It is a pseudoscience that claims pumping. to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial Wheelbarrow (1170s) – useful in events by studying the construction, mining, and farming. It movements and relative appeared in stories and pictures positions of celestial objects. between 1170 and 1250 in north- western Europe. Medieval Mathematics Mirrors (1180) – irst mention of a - Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci - mirror was made in 1180 by alexander Hindu-Arabic numeral system neckham who said “take away the lead - Nicole Oresme - used rectangular which is behind the glass and there will coordinates system be no image of the one looking in” Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - Nicholas of Cusa - ideas on the establishment of brass in inite and the in initesimal manufacture. 2.1 Renaissance (1350-1600) Agriculture - The Renaissance which means - In 17th to 19th century, it was an “Rebirth” marked the transition of unprecedented increase in Europe from the Middle Ages to agricultural productivity in great modernity. Britain which came to be known as the second agricultural - it began partly because of the revolution or British agricultural migration of Greek scholars and their revolution. texts to Italy following the fall of - Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Constantinople Tull - science and art were intermingled in Invention of Printing the early renaissance. - Printing Press by Johannes Age of Discovery / exploration Gutenberg. The irst version - Europe embarked on the colonial producing a suf icient quantity of domination of the world’s accurate type to print a vulgate oceans. bible. - It had a signi icant impact on 2.3 Scienti ic Revolution (1543 – geography. 1687) - The Spanish and Portuguese explorers create the world’s irst - it was an intellectual movement that nautical maps. accompanied the renaissance. One characteristic of this new knowledge The emergence of western was that they were developed using the technology evolving scienti ic method. This “natural - The use of telescope by galileo to philosophy” would be progressive and observe the moon of Jupiter was self-correcting building upon the work an example of enhanced power of of others. instrumnets. More new sciences - it is emerged in both theoretical and to technology had a theoretical experimental, and its practitioners preparation for the invention of refused to base their conclusions on the steam engine. traditional and established sources. Metallurgy and Mining Revival of the study of nature - Developed mineral resources: - The explorers brought back copper – zinc – tin – lead – gold. many specimens and new - Queen Elizabeth I introduced observations. This led to the german miners to England in order to develop the Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 revival of the study of nature, in religious perspective to it included the ields of botany and anatomy. mathematics and physics. Planetary - Otto Brunfels and Leonard Fuchs model – Laws of Planetary Motion. – botany irst began in Germany Galileo Galilei - "father of observational in early 16th century with works astronomy" "father of modern physics" of the said tow inventors. "father of the scienti ic method” "father - Andreas Vesalius – the father of of modern science”. He was the most modern anatomy of Belgium. The well known and successful scientist of irst great modern work of the scienti ic revolution. Spyglass from science and the foundation of lenses Lens grinding powerful modern biology was the ‘De telescopes – 30x magni ication. humani corporis fabrica’ (on the fabric of the human body) Astronomy and New Physics The New Astronomy (1510 – 1600) Sir Isaac Newton – the greatest igure of the scienti ic revolution. – Laws of Nicolas Copernicus – he was a polygot Motions. His book Phillosphiae Naturalis and polymath and obtained a doctorate Principia Mathematica was the capstone in canon law and was also a of the scienti ic revolution and is the mathematician, astronomer…. He was most respected work of all time. not a practical astronomer but more of a theoretician. He inished the description Advancements of Mathematics of his heliocentric theory in De Revolutionibys Orbium Coelestium. Francois Viete – the origin of modern algebra and trigonometry was said Tycho Brahe – he differed from began when French lawyer Vite who Copernicus in that he was foremost a used letters as symbols to represent practical astronomer who spent his time unknown quantities and applying this observing heavens. His greatest algebraic method to geometry. contribution was this collection of data. John Napier – he invented the Giordano Bruno – was a renegade logarithms which was the most Italian monk who published in 1584 important advance in mathematics. three books explaining his philosophy. He argued that not only does the earth Rene Descartes – he presents the move, but so does the sun, and there is modern cartesian coordinate system. He no such thing as a point absolutely at discussed how motion may be rest in the universe. His contribution to represented as a curve along a graph, science was a philosophy that opened de ined by its relation to planes of the scienti ic mind to the possibility of reference. new and strikingly different explanation John Wallis – oxford professor, his irst of reality work, Artithmetica In initum. Johannes Kepler – his irst model was heliocentric but had a mystical and Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 Johann Kepler – founder of modern continuous systemic circulation and optics. He also did a great deal of work properties of blood being pumped to the in geometry. brain and body. Christiaan Huygens – he is widely Giovanni Alfonso Borelli – Italian regarded as one of the greatest scholar who used new physics of Galileo scientists of all time. He was irst to on the mechanics of animals locomotion derive the now standard formula for the Franciscus Sylvius – introduced the centripetal force and the irst to idea of chemical af inity to explain the formulate the correct law of elastic human body use of salts. collision theory. He is also best known for his wave theory of light, Treatise on Marcello Malpighi – Founder of light. microscopical anatomy and histology and Father of physiology and embryology. The Physical Sciences (1509-1666) Edme Mariotte – plant biology by Robert Boyle – he is recognized as the questioning the ancient belief in a father of chemistry. He worked vegetative soul. extensively with chemical experiments, Antoine van Leeuwenhoek – the father The Skeptical Chymist, debunks the of microbiology. aristotelian view of the four elements. Antoine Lavoisier and John Dalton – put modern chemical science on a irm 2.4 The Industrial Revolution theoretical basis. - was a period during which Evangelista Torricelli – he is the large predominantly agrarian, rural and step in understanding of the properties preindustrial societies in Europe and of gases that was invented of the America. barometer, to measure air pressure. - The textile industry was the irst to use Blaise Pascal – who inally explained modern production methods. Prior to the results concerning the Torricelli this era textiles were made in people mercury tube. Vacuum exists in nature. homes (cottage industry). Otto von Guericke – invented the air James Hargreaves – invented the pump. spinning jenny (jenny – engine). Spinning jenny was improved by Biology (1600-1680) inventory Samuel Compton’s spinning Santorio Santorio – he irst introduced mule. the quantitive approach into medicine. - another innovation is the power William Harvey – irst to demonstrate loom, which mechanized the by dissection and in detail, the process of weaving cloth, was Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 developed by inventor Edmund Franklin (static electricity), Alessandro Cartwright. Volta (electric currents using voltaic piles or batteries), and Michael Faraday Steam engine – also integral to (electricity and magnetism). industrialization. Thomas Newcomen developed the irst practical steam Thomas Edison – did not invent the engine. The, James Watt had improved incandescent bulb but he was the irst to the steam engine that went on to power ind new uses for electricity. machinery, locomotives and ships during industrial revolution. Puf ing Devil – Richard Trevithick constructed the irst railway steam locomotive. Petroleum Steam Turbine – invented by Sir Charles Parsons. - Chinese were the irst to discover crude oil and used bamboo Internal-combustion engine – heat pipelines to transport. engine where the burning of a fuel and - The irst application of the new air mixture occurs combustion chamber. engine to locomotion were made in Germany, where Gottlieb Prime mover – any machine that Daimler and Carl Benz equipped converts from an energy source into the irst motorcycle. Benz’s mechanical energy. “horseless carriage” became the Other discoveries and inventions prototype of the modern automobile. - Telegraph - Steam turbine by Sir Charles Parsons Chapter 3: Intellectual Revolutions in - electric currents by Alessandro the History of Science Volta - electricity and magnetism - use of coal gas - Filament bulbs by Thomas 3.1 Paradigm Shifts and the Nature of Edison Scienti ic Revolutions - Combustion engine - Transitions are characterized by a - Gas engine by Etienne Lenoir fundamental change in basic concepts - First gasoline automobile by and practices Daimler and Benz Thoman S. Kuhn – identi ied such Electricity transitions as paradigm shifts in his These three person were the irst work The structure of Scienti ic pioneers of electricity: Benjamin Revolution Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 Paradigm shifts – constitute a scienti ic stars, and the plonets revolve revolution which contrasts with normal around the Earth. Additionally, science. each planet moved in two systems of orbits. its deferent Paradigms – refer to the common sets and its epicycle. of tools shared by a community. It is what de ines a coherent tradition of - These systems were added in investigation. order to explain variations in the speed and direction of the - A plausible or scienti ically apparent motions of the planets acceptable general principle or as well as their apparent body of principles offered to retrograde or backward motions. Ptolemy included this model in explain phenomena his. mathematical and - Shift - To exchange for or replace astronomical treatise Almagest by another. (Ptolemy and Toomer, 1984). - Paradigm shift - an important change that happens when the Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) usual way of thinking about or - is a Renaissance-era astronomer doing something is replaced by a who is well known for his new and different way. heliocentric model. The said Scienti ic Revolution – speci ic events model is an antithesis of the in the progression of science that led to geocentric model. The a complete change in explaining heliocentric model has existed as phenomena from natural world. early as 3rd century BCE; Aristarchus of Samos: considered Kuhn discussed extensively the scienti ic the sun as the center of the development associated with universe and that the planets Copernicus, Newton, Lavoisier, and revolve around the sun. Einstein. However, it was Copernicus who 3.2 Kuhn’s Scienti ic Revolutions: described the heliocentric model in from Copernicus to Einstein greater detail. In addition, Copernicus asserted that: The Copernicus Revolution 1. The motions of heavenly bodies are - Geocentrism started early in the unform and circular astronomy of ancient Greeks but 2. The sun is near the center of the it was Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 universe to c. 170) who standardized the 3. The following revolves around the geocentric model in the 2nd sun, in order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, century Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. 4. The Earth undergoes three motions: - In the Ptolemaic model, the Earth daily rotation, annual revolution, and was a sphere in the center of the annual titling of its axis. universe: the Sun, the Moon, the Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - Copernicus first published his began his study on the role of oxygen on model in Commentariolus which combustion. was only shown to his friends. He has finished De Revolutionibus Joseph Priestley – before the discovery orbium caelestium. of oxygen, the dominant theory on the - His model will be revised and nature of combustion is the phlogiston expounded upon by astronomers theory. Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Phlogiston – a fire-like element contained in objects. The Newtonian Revolution After Copernicus death, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – published his most outstanding Isaac Newton work, Traite elementaire de – he wrote his law of universal chimie which contained gravitation that governs the essentially all of his paths of heavenly bodies. Law of contributions to chemistry. motion will become the - His standardize chemistry, foundation of classical mechanics revising chemical nomenclature which allows us to describe and and establishing standards for understand motion. conducting experiments – made hi the undeniable figurehead of - He was considered as the chemical revolution and the developer of infinitesimal ‘Father of Modern Chemistry’ calculus along with Gottfried Leibniz. The Einstein Revolution - He also developed theory of color which observed the colors of Albert Einstein object by the selective - considered one of the greatest interaction with different colors physicist after Newton’s time. of visible light spectrum. - His special theory of relativity - His work Philosophiae Naturalis serves as one of the pillars of Principia Mathematica, discussed modern physics. his laws and theories including - he was also able to publish other the suggestion that all matter in papers of great importance – the universe that will be affected about photoelectric effect (nobel by the force of gravity in the prize), Brownian motion, and same manner. mass-energy equivalence. - All of these papers were called as The Chemical Revolution the Annus mirabilis (miracle year) papers. Robert Boyle – he is not considered as the figurehead of the chemical 3.3 Other Intellectual Revolutions revolution even if he was the father of chemistry. Darwin Revolution Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – he Charles Darwin sparked the chemical revolution. He Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 - Voyage on HMS Beagle that was able to contemplate on the Chapter 4: Science and Technology in diversity of the plant and animal the Philippines life on the planet. - He theorized the process of evolution which according to him and Alfred Russel Wallace, is 4.1 Pre-Colonial Science and driven by natural selection. Technology - He published his theory in the work On the Origins of Species Slow pacing of the spread of science and by Means of Natural Selection, or technology in the Philippines because of the Preservation of Favoured the following obstacle (Bernard 2016): Races in the Struggle for Life. - His work became the foundation 1. Archipelagic Condition of The of evolutionary biology. Country 2. The Different Dialects Which Freudian Revolution Show Diversity Sigmund Freud 3. Not Open to New Ideas For - First attempted to explain human Agriculture behavior in term of physiological 4. The Strong Belief to events in the brain. He would Superstitious later abandon this in favor of the psychoanalytical theory. The Use Of Science And Technology In - In this theory, interaction of the Pre – Colonial Era: conscious and unconscious dimension on human mind. - Planting crops that provided - Unconscious – part of the mind them food that cannot be controlled nor - Taking care of animals cannot be directly understood. - Food production - Psychological repression – - Predict seasons and climates unpleasant thoughts and memories were being put out of - Medicinal uses of plants the mind, only be hidden in the - Building technology unconscious. - Irrigation systems - Mental disorders can be - Tools for hunting and security understood by the - Musical instruments interpretation of dreams, - This area has been known as examination of verbal slips, and analyzing of free association. ‘metal age’- uses gold and silver - Free association – patient were for jewelry allowed to speak whatever is in their mind without restrictions. Writing System - Freud’s theories were grounded Baybayin on hypothetical concepts such as the Oedipus complex – an - The pre-colonial beautiful unconscious sexual yearning for ancient writing script of the the parent of different sex and hatred for the other parent. Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 islands of the Philippines. Galleon Trade Incorrectly known as Alibata. - Means of communication - One account of a Fr. Pedro between Spain and Philippines Chirino S.J., from his book called colony and serve as an economic the Relacion de las Islas Filipinas. lifeline - Contributed to the change of culture, language, and Concept of Time environment for both Philippines - Moon phases act as “time and Mexico markers” - It was a government monopoly, - Gimata (moon seems to open its only two galleons were used: one eyes), Katin (third quarter) and sailed from Acapulo to Manila Malasumbang (the new phase vice versa moon). - Spanish chronicles noted re ined - Bukang Liwayway (Sunrise), plank warships called caracoa. Katanghalian (high noon), - It had negative effect on Lulunod na (sunset) economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. Early Filipino Weights and Measures Governador Jose Basco y Vargas - They used ornaments of seashells and pottery. - Founder of Real Sociedad Economica De Los Amigos Del Pais De Filipina. Encouraged research in agriculture and industry. Leon Ma. Guerrero - Father of Philippine Pharmacy Some signi icant tertiary educational 4.2 Science and Technology During institutions: the Spanish Regime Colegio de Manila - Spaniards brought their own culture and practices to the - Was one of the irst colleges country - Considered the irst royal and ponti ical university in Asia - Founded in 1590 located in Intramuros, manila - It was renamed as Colegio de San Ignacio in 1626 and became Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 Universidad de San Ignacio in primary research center of the 1621 Philippines until world war 2. - It was forced to close in 1768 - In 1908, University of the Philippines was founded through Colegio de San Idefonso act no. 1870 of Philippine - Founded in Cebu City on 1595 Assembly. - It was closed on 1769 and - The Philippine General hospital reopened on 1783 under the in 1947. name Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos. - It became a university of San 4.4 Science and Technology during Carlos in 1948 the Commonwealth Period - In this period, new agencies were University of Santo Tomas created such as Bureau of Mines - Known as Colegio de Nuestra which offered valuable help to Senora del Rosario and Filipino businessmen who established in 1611 venture into mining exploration - Holds the record of the oldest - However, it was unable to existing university in asia achieve its goal due to foreign trade and tariff policies under the control of American government. 4.3 Science and Technology during - Philippines was occupied by the American Regime (1898- Japanese troops 1935) - World war 2 stands as one of the - They mainly focused on darkest chapters of human agriculture, health, and food history processing - The country has dif icult time to - This period known as rebuild itself from the ruin of the “Americanize” war - They built roads, streets, bridges, boulevards, zone districts, and center of leisure - In 1901, Philippine Commission 4.5 Science and Technology since established the Bureau of Independence (1946-1965) Government Laboratories which - There is no signi icant innovation replaced the Laboratorio in the education and training of Municipal, it was replaced again scientist and engineers by the Bureau of Science. - In 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established, it became the Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE B. Philippine Coconut Research Institute INDEPENDENCE ARE THE (1964) FOLLOWING: C. Philippine Textile Research Institute - There has been an increased in (1967) the creation of government D. Forest Products Research and science agencies since 1946 - In 1947, The Bureau Of Science E. Industries Development Commission was organized into an institute of (1969) science - In the same year, The Institute Of - several existing agencies were also in Nutrition was created and in the accordance with NSDB policy year 1952, the Science coordination such as: Foundation Of The Philippines a. the NRCP, Metals Industry Research (SFP) was also established and and Development Center (MIRDC) put along with the institute of science. b. the SFP, Philippines Science High - In 1952, the commission on School (PSHS_ and Philippine Council volcanology was also created and for Agriculture and Resources (PCARR) placed under the national research council of the Philippines (NRCP) 4.6 Science and Technology During - Scienti ic work in government Marcos Era suffered from a lack of support, planning and coordination a) January 23, 1967 SONA , during the early postwar years emphasized science was - The institute of Science was essential for research and reorganize in 1951. Renamed development programs institute of science and b) January 22, 1968 Third SONA, technology acknowledged that technology - Consequently, congress enacted was the foremost factor in the science act of 1958 economic development and - The act also created the channeled additional funds in Philippine Atomic Energy order to support projects in Commission (PAEC) and the applied science and science National Institute of Science and education. Technology (NIST) c) January 27, 1969 Fourth SONA, funds were allocated to private In the year 1960s several sciences universities and urged them to research oriented agencies were create courses in science, established by Philippine laws “: technology and research. A. Philippines Inventors Commission d) April 6, 1968 He proclaim 35 (1964) hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 as the site of the Philippine science community - Proclamation of executive order e) January 26, 1970 Fifth SONA, no. 128 - Known as the emphasis on the enhancement “Reorganization Of The National and improvement of science Science And Technology curricula Authority”, Thus creating the 1. Philippine Coconut Research technology application and Institute was integrated with promotion institute (TAPI) NSDB to upgrade the coconut - Republic act 6655 - Science for industry the masses program aimed at 2. The NSDB also established the encouraging children who had Philippine Textile Research passion in science and Institute. technology to study for free 3. The Philippine Atomic Energy - Presidential task force - For Commission of the NSDB science and technology explored the uses of atomic alleviating and envisioning the energy for economic status of the Philippines to be the development. next industrialized country 4. Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to April 28, 1992 - President Corazon C. modernize the coconut industry Aquino signed Republic Act no. 7459, titled “an act providing incentives to f.) JANUARY 24, 1972 Seventh SONA Filipino inventors and expanding the he spoke about his major functions of the technology application development projects in reforming and promotion institute, appropriate sectors of education. funds therefor, and for other purposes”. 1976 He enacted a law under The law also known as the “ Inventors Presidential Degree no. 1003-a, s. 1976 and Invention Incentives Act of the to establish the National Academy of Philippines”. Science and Technology, which is Fidel Ramos composed of scientists with innovative achievements in the basic and applied During His Term, He Was Able To sciences Establish Programs That Were Signi icant To The Field Of Science And Technology 4.7 Science and Technology During - In 1993, science And Technology the Fifth Republic (1986 to Agenda For National present) Development (Stand) Was The major contribution of the President Established Which Prioritized Corazon Aquino for the development of The Following Areas: science and technology are the following: Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 1. Exporting winners identi ied by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo the dti; Bestowed as the “golden age” era for 2. Domestic needs identi ied by the science and technology by then president’s council for countryside secretary Estrella Alabastro. development; 1. R.A. 9367 or the “biofuels” act. This 3. Support industries and act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the 4. Coconut industry development country - Congress, During His Term, Was 2. R.A. 10601 WHICH IMPROVES THE Able To Enact The Following AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES SECTOR Laws That Were Signi icant For THROUGH MECHANIZATION (AFmech). The Field R.A. 10601 covers research, 1. Magna carta for science and development, and extension (RDE) technology personnel (Republic Act No. 3. R.A. 10055 otherwise known as the 8439) technology transfer act of 2009 2. Science And Technology Scholarship SONA in 2001, president Arroyo Law Of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687) emphasized the role of technology in 3. Inventors and inventions incentives future economic development. act (Republic Act No. 7459) President’s efforts resulted in the 4. The intellectual property code of the accomplishment of ive broad tier of Philippines (Republic Act No.8293). S&T programs (“PGMA’s support to science community”, 2010). These Joseph Estrada programs include: Signed Two Major Legislations, Namely, 1. Research and development programs, 1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 2. S&T Human Resource Development (Republic Act No. 8749) which was Programs designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable 3. Scienti ic and Technological Services development of its natural resources 4.S&T Promotion and Information 2. Electronic Commence Act of 2000 Services, And (Republic Act No. 8792) which ban 5. Scienti ic Linkages and International computer hacking and provides Cooperation. opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internetdriven new economy Downloaded by kathrine jewel imperio ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|48247016 President Benigno Aquino III - Emphasizing Teaching In The Mother Tongue (RA 10533) In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III - Developing School Infrastructure conferred four new national scientist for (RA 10931) their contribution in the scienti ic ield, - Providing For ICT Broadband namely (RA 10844) 1. ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. - Integrate, Coordinate And TRONO - Helped a lot of families Intensify Scienti ic And in the coastal populations Technological Research To Foster through the extensives studies he Invention (RA 2067) made on seaweed species - Ensuring Compliance Of Drug – 2. ANGEL C. ALCALA - Advocate of Manufacturing Firms With Asean coral reefs aside from his – Harmonized Standards By Full contribution in the ields of