STS Reviewer PDF

STS REVIEWER Mathematics Word fundamental to the physical and biological a combination of sounds that represent sciences, engineering and information something....

STS REVIEWER Mathematics Word fundamental to the physical and biological a combination of sounds that represent sciences, engineering and information something. technology, to economics and increasingly to the social sciences. The words are "informed" because they carry "information” Technology in the modern world is the fruit of Words can function across space and time science. without reducing their meaning. Technological World Thinking in terms of a common system describes a world that is based in science being and applied to everyday life to solve generated by a speaker and received by the problems. listener is useful in the pursuit of knowledge. Printing Press The scientific search for truth recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it Johannes Gutenberg gave to make sense of nature Preservation of words Information The World Wide Web ​ facts about a situation, person, event, etc.: A way of addressing data processing and ​ facts provided or learned about information sharing needs among scientists something or someone. for the European Organization for Nuclear ​ what is conveyed or represented by Research. CERN a particular arrangement or sequence of things. (WWW) is combination of all resources ​ communicate meaning and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Language "The World Wide Web is the universe of traditionally seen as consisting of three network-accessible information, an parts: signs, meanings, and a code embodiment of human knowledge.“ connecting signs with their meanings. Information Age Cuneiform is the first known form of written language, but spoken language predates ​ began around the 1970s and is still writing by at least many tens of thousands going of years. on today. It is also known as the Computer production line. Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which ​ allowed for faster transfer of people could access information and people and ideas knowledge easily ​ a period of great economic growth ​ with an increase in productivity, a ​ historic period in the 21st century surge in unemployment since many factory characterized by the rapid shift from workers were replaced by machines. traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, Third Industrial Revolution to an economy based on information technology ​ the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was ​ slowdown of industrialization and first introduced by a team of scientists technological advancement developing a high-tech strategy for the ​ started with production of the Z1 German government. Klaus Schwab, computer, which used binary floating-point executive chairman of the World Economic numbers and Boolean logic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a ​ The next significant development in wider audience in a 2015 article published communication technologies was by Foreign Affairs. the supercomputer ​ with extensive use of computer and First Industrial Revolution communication technologies in the production process ​ marked by a transition from hand ​ machinery began to abrogate the production methods to machines need for human power. through the use of steam power and water power. Fourth Industrial Revolution ​ Its effects had consequences on ​ the trend towards automation and textile manufacturing, which was first data exchange in manufacturing to adopt such changes, as well as technologies and processes. iron industry, agriculture, and mining ​ characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and Second Industrial Revolution biological spheres. ​ also known as the Technological 4IR Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 Cyber-physical systems: to enable ​ installations of extensive railroad realtime monitoring, analysis, and control of and telegraph networks physical systems, leading to increased ​ increasing electrification allowed for efficiency, productivity, and automation factories to develop the modern Internet of Things (IoT): to enable real-time data collection and analysis, and are being used to optimize processes and improve efficiency Cloud computing: a model for delivering computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence, over the internet. Artificial intelligence: to automate a range of tasks, from manufacturing to customer service, and are expected to have a profound impact on the way we work and live. Augmented reality and virtual reality: to create immersive experiences, such as training simulations, and are expected to have a significant impact on industries such as education, entertainment, and healthcare. Gene Theory Biodiversity (biological diversity) fundamental concept in biology that the total variety of life on Earth explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring. measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and It provides a framework for understanding ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) genetics, heredity, and evolution. Taxonomy Gene the scientific study of naming, defining and are segments of DNA that contain the classifying groups of biological organisms instructions for making proteins. based on shared characteristics. Proteins Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778) are the building blocks of life and carry out Swedish botanist many functions in cells and organisms. Systema Naturae: a classification scheme DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that used morphology to group organisms into hierarchical categories is a double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic information of an organism.It is Domain made up of four nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and The broadest, most inclusive, taxonomic thymine. category RNA (ribonucleic acid) Bacteria Archaea is a single-stranded molecule that carries Eukarya genetic information from DNA to proteins There are three types of Domain Archaea RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA Microscopic, unicellular prokaryotes (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA Superficially similar to bacteria, but (rRNA). significant genetic differences exist Many archaea are extremophil Proteins Domain Bacteria are the building blocks of life and carry out many functions in cells and organisms.They Microscopic, unicellular prokaryotes are made up of chains of amino acids that Some species are autotrophs, while are folded into specific shapes to carry out others are heterotrophs their functions. Domain Eukarya transferred naturally, or by any of a number Includes unicellular and multicellular of genetic engineering techniques, from organisms that all have eukaryotic cells one organism to another. Includes the plant, animal, fungus kingdoms Humans have modified crops and animals Also includes the protists, a highly for thousands of years using traditional diverse group of organisms that breeding practices(selective breeding or includes algae, slime molds, and artificial selection) much more Evolution Benefits of Genetic Enginee by the mechanism of natural selection, ​ Enhanced nutrition provides a logical explanation for how ​ Increased food supply (cheaper populations change over time. production cost) ​ Increased pest and disease Evolutionary theory was codiscovered by resistance (reduced pesticides) Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, working ​ Grow food in harsh climate separately. ​ Make drugs Biotechnology Potential Concerns of Genetic Engineering is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop ​ Interbreeding with native species or make products. ​ Consumers right to choice ​ Long term ecological effects Genetic engineering ​ Human health risk ​ Intellectual property rights (also called genetic modification), is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. GMO genetically modified organism: organisms whose genetic characteristics have been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. Transgene is a gene that has been Nanometer  speech given by Richard Feynman a unit of length in the metric system, equal (American physicist, 1918-1988) in 1959. to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- with the parent Nanotechnologies involve the design, unit name metre. characterization, production, and application of nanoscale structures, devices, and Technology systems that produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one is machinery and equipment developed novel/superior characteristic or property. from the application of scientific knowledge. The branch of knowledge dealing with Application in Energy engineering or applied sciences Energy Production Nanoscience Betteries and Fuels refers to the study, manipulation and engineering of matter, particles and Application in Medications structures on the nanometer scale. ​ Provide new options for drug Important properties of materials, such as delivery and drug therapies. the electrical, optical, thermal and ​ Enable drugs to be delivered to mechanical properties, are determined by precisely the right location in the the way molecules and atoms assemble on body and release drug doses on a the nanoscale into larger structures. predetermined schedule for optimal treatment. Nano Technology ​ Employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other is the application of nanoscience leading to substances to specific types of cells the use of new nanomaterials and nanosize (such as cancer cells). components in useful products. “Nanocameras” can provide close up is a part of science and technology about visualization of the surgery, Less the control of matter on the atomic and chance of any mistakes or faults molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometres across. Nanotechnology includes making products that use parts this small, such as electronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc. Origin of Nanotechnology The earliest systematic discussion of Gene Therapy nanotechnology is considered to be a It is tremendously rewarding to see how our work, starting with the test tube, can an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of positively impact the society, by creating the the genome of an organism. groundwork for new medicaltreatments. “- Christine Karim Somatic Gene Therapy involves the manipulation of genes to fight Involves introducing a "good" gene into or prevent diseases targeted cells to treat the patient. it introduces a "good" gene into a person More conservative, safer approach because who has a disease caused by a "bad" gene it affects only the targeted cells in the patient and is not passed on to future Cells generations. the basic building blocksof all living things used to correct the disease causing genetic sequence. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. ex vivo, Genes which means exterior (where cells are modified outside the body and then the basic physical and functional units of transplanted back in again). heredity in vivo, made up of DNA. which means interior (where genes are Some genes act as instructions to make changed in cells still in the body) molecules called proteins. Germline Gene Therapy Genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. which involves modifying the genes in egg or sperm cells, which will then pass any provide the information for the production of genetic changes to future generations. specific proteins and enzymes that make muscles, bones, and blood, which in turn Possible Effects of Gene Therapy support most of our body’s functions, such as digestion, making energy, and growing. The viruses and other agents used to deliver the "good" genes can affect more Genetic Disorder than the cells for which they're intended. If a gene is added to DNA, it could be put in the Disease that is caused by an abnormality in wrong place, an individuals DNA which could potentially cause cancer or other damage. Mutation Genes also can be "overexpressed," Is the increase of the Earth’s average meaning they can drive the production of so surface temperature due to a build-up of much of a protein that they can be harmful. greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. a virus introduced into one person could be Impacts of Sea Level Rise in the transmitted to others or into the environment Philippines Weather By 2030, sea-level rise will affect 74.16 million people, over half of the refers to day-to-day temperature, projected population. precipitation, and other atmospheric 60% of Filipinos live in coastal areas, conditions. making them highly vulnerable. Settlement Nightmare: Government faces Temporary behavior of atmosphere difficulties in accommodating Small geographic area the affected population by 2030. Can change rapidly Coastal Areas at Risk: Major cities and coastal towns will experience Climate severe problems, with 37% of coastal areas (167,000 hectares) facing is the long-term weather pattern in an area, submersion. typically averaged over 30 years. More Health and Nutrition Crisis: Over half of the rigorously, it is the mean and variability of population will suffer from meteorological variables over a time malnutrition as marine fisheries, which spanning from months to millions of years. contribute to 50% of animal protein intake, are impacted. Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+ years) ​ Orbital Causes Large geographic area ​ Atmospheric Causes Very slow to change ​ Continents and Ocean rearanging ​ Change in greenhouse level Climate Change Milankovitch Cycles the long-term changes in climate, (Milankovitch Parameters) including average temperature and precipitation. describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over It recognizes that, although the average thousands of years. surface temperature may increase, the regional or local temperature may named for Serbian geophysicist and decrease or remain constant. astronomer Milutin Milanković. Global Warming hypothesized (1920s) that variations in eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession combined to result in cyclical variations in the distribution of solar reach ‘net zero’ by 2050. This means that radiation at the Earth's surface, and any carbon emissions will need to be strongly influenced the Earth's climatic balanced by removing carbon dioxide from patterns the air. Volcanic Eruptions Tectonic Plates Green House Gasses Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), fluorinated gasses, ozone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) aregreenhouse gases that are found in the atmosphere. Impacts of Sea Level Rise in the Philippines By 2030, sea-level rise will affect 74.16 million people, over half of the projected population. 60% of Filipinos live in coastal areas, making them highly vulnerable. Settlement Nightmare: Government faces difficulties in accommodating the affected population by 2030. Coastal Areas at Risk: Major cities and coastal towns will experience severe problems, with 37% of coastal areas (167,000 hectares) facing submersion. Health and Nutrition Crisis: Over half of the population will suffer from malnutrition as marine fisheries, which contribute to 50% of animal protein intake, are impacted. Paris Agreement COP21 In 2015, at COP21 in Paris, the nations signed an agreement that set out an ambitious plan to tackle climate change. In the Paris Agreement, nations agreed to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. To do this we will need to