STS Notes PDF

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Scientia - knowledge Science: Idea Intellectual Activity Body of Knowledge Personal and Social Activity Thus, science is a process of investigation into the natural world and knowledge generated through that process. Scientific Method: pr...

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Scientia - knowledge Science: Idea Intellectual Activity Body of Knowledge Personal and Social Activity Thus, science is a process of investigation into the natural world and knowledge generated through that process. Scientific Method: process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. Observation Question Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion Technology: applied science. It is a collection of techniques, skills, and methods in the accomplishment of the scientific investigation. It is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.) Process of finding solutions to human problems to make life easier and better. Changes the environment and society. Advantages of Science and Technology in Society Life became easy and comfortable. Travelling has become easy and fast. Communication became cheaper/ easier. Standard of living has increased with the increase in technology. Help treat more sick people and save many lives and fight against harmful viruses and bacteria. Disadvantages of Science and Technology in Society It can be easily manipulated by irresponsible people. We’ll be too dependent on it. It affects our health and lifestyle. Terrorists are using modern technology for their destructive work. It destroys our natural world. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Alembic Still: heated wine from this still released a flammable vapor crystals. ANCIENT TIMES Paved the way for advances in science and 3. Eyeglasses technology. An inverted V shape that could be balanced Advances allowed civilizations to flourish by on the nose. Convex Lens- farsighted ; finding better ways of communication, Concave lens- nearsighted/ myopia. transportation, self organization, and of 4. Spinning Wheel living. Replaced the earlier method of hand spinning. Fibers were drawn out of a mass 1. Transportation of wool to form a strand. To go to places and discover new horizons. 5. Quarantine They need it for trading. Ships must be isolated for a period of time 2. Navigation to allow the disease to manifest and to Assisted in journeys to unfamiliar and dissipate the infection brought by the strange areas in the world. persons/ goods. 3. Communication 6. The Printing Press of Gutenberg Facilitate trade and prevent possible A movable type that first appeared in china, conflicts. Older methods of these were cave but it was in europe that this was first paintings, smoke signals, symbols, pigeons, became mechanized. and telegraph. 7. Telescope An optical instrument that helps in the Record Keeping: observation of remote objects. Ship Ancient Egyptian Papyrus (Cyperus captains need to see far and wide for them Papyrus) - to keep records of history, to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. culture and communication. Voynich Manuscript- an old document that MODERN TIMES is written in code in an unknown language. Efficient means of transportation. It is heavily illustrated with weird pictures. Machines that require agricultural means to Rongorongo Manuscript- system of operate must be upgraded. glyphs/ symbols as a form of writing or Faster and easier means of communication. proto-writing. 1. Pasteurization 4. Weapons and Armors Invented by Louis Pasteur. It is the process Establishments of new alliances with other of heating dairy products to kill the harmful tribes. For security and protection. bacteria. 5. Conservation of Life 2. Telephone Illnesses and diseases occurred. S&T Developed by Alexander Graham Bell. A played a major role in discovery of cures way to easily maintain these connections and preventions. and communicate with each other real time. 6. Engineering 3. Calculator Allowed to build structures that would A faster way to compute more complicated address their specific needs and wants. equations. Easy to carry computing devices. 7. Architecture Establish the identity of a nation. Signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES Age of exploration. It is marred by massive invasions and migrations. 1. Hour Glass One of the few reliable methods of measuring time. The force of gravity never change. It is widely used in the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. 2. Distillation: Purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. First evidence of this came from Babylonia. Mongolian Still: The first method that involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and removing water crystals. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE 2. Maria Orosa: Banana Catsup PHILIPPINES Filipino Food technologist. Before the Spaniards, indigenous technology already existed. 3. Rolando dela Cruz: Mole Remover & Anticancer Cream Evidence on the use of technology Developed from cashew nuts and local 1. Farming (rice) herbs. Banaue Rice Terraces: ifugao’s used stone and mud walls to carve terraces that could 4. Diosdado Banatao: 16-bit Microchip hold flooded pond fields for the cultivation of Developed the first single chip graphical rice. user interface accelerator that made computers a lot faster. 2. Handicrafts Bul-ul: rice guards/ gods. It protects rice 5. Danvic Briones: Rescue 72 from pests and from being destroyed by It is equipped with compartments where you calamities. can put waterproof bags with first-aid kits , water, light, etc. Hagabi: wooden chair made of narra which signifies royalty and power. 6. Edgardo Vazquez: Vazbuilt Modular Housing System Palayok: used for cooking/ food containers. A system or an easy way of building fire, termite, typhoon and earthquake proof Manunggul Jar: secondary burial jar for houses using prefabricated posts and palawan. Represents the journey of after panels. life. 7. Abelardo Aguilar: Erythromycin Jewelry: used by the people in upper class A macrolide antibiotic to stop the growth of or royal families. bacteria. This is used to treat infections. Boaya: Bontoc Warrior’s Head Hunting 8. Brainchild of Green Renewable Independent necklace made of shell, boar tusk, rattan, Power Producers + Mr. Robert Puckett: fiber and bone. Worn by datu, raja, sultan. E-jeepney Utilizes electricity instead of more expensive 3. Weaving diesel. Environmentally friendly. To make cloth and other objects. Threads or strands of material are passed under and over each other. Example: Malong. 4. Boat Making Balangay: first wooden watercraft excavated. 5. Literature Written: ○ Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocano) ○ Indarapatra at Sulayman (Muslim) Oral: ○ Salawikain (Maxims) ○ Bugtong (Riddles) ○ Talindaw (Boat Song) ○ Tagumpay (Victory Songs) ○ Uyayi (Lullaby) ○ Ihiman (Wedding Songs) ○ Kumintang (War Songs) Filipino Inventors and their Discoveries 1. Fel del Mundo: Medical Incubator Created to address the needs of rural areas with no electricity that is needed to regulate newborn babies’ body temperature. First asian to enter the Harvard University School of Medicine. SPANISH AND AMERICAN INFLUENCES Spanish Influences Claveria decree in 1849 ○ Filipino surnames and change of native names Spanish language influence Catholicism and its patriarchal politics and cultures Fiesta culture Established schools for boys and girls ○ Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595, Cebu) ○ Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1589, Manila) Galleon Trade: allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. American Influences Free education English Religious freedom Clothing Food Democracy World War II INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINES Josiah Wedgwood (grandfather) – Unitarian SOCIETY pottery industrialist Erasmus Darwin – physician and poet Intellectual Revolution Charles Darwin joined the five-year voyage Scientific revolution was the period of through the HMS Beagle on the Galapagos enlightenment when the developments in Island the fields of mathematics, physics, Book: On the Origin of Species, about astronomy, biology, and chemistry evolution and natural selection. transformed the views about nature. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection People are more driven by the new All life on Earth is connected and related to discoveries in science and technology and each other. cultural relativism resulting from the Modifications of populations by natural explorations. selection, where some traits were favored in and environment over others. Survival of the fittest ○ It is not the strongest nor the most intelligent, but the one that is most adaptable to change. 3. Sigmund Freud Neurologist and Psychiatrist Founding father of Psychoanalysis ○ explains human behavior ○ revolutionize Psychiatry Suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals. The Intellectual Revolution emphasizes the ○ these notions were particularly idea of universal human progress, the most caught in the crossfire of whether his pragmatic systems in science as well as study fit in the study of brain and free use of reason, logic, and critical mind thinking. 3 systems of the mind: ○ Id Scientists: ○ Ego 1. Nicolaus Copernicus ○ Superego Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed and formulated the heliocentric The Scientific Revolution changed the modern era model. by introducing important scientists such as formalized his model in the publication of his Copernicus, Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin. treatise - The Revolution of Celestial Spheres The discoveries that Galileo made using his telescopes helped to prove that the Sun was the center of the Solar System and not the Earth. Geocentric Model ○ Claudius Ptolemaeus or Ptolemy ○ Earth-centered ○ It was generally accepted until the 16th century, after which it was superseded by heliocentric models Heliocentric Model ○ The Revolution of Celestial Spheres ○ Sun-centered ○ Copernicus wanted a model of the universe in which everything around a single center at unvarying rates. 2. Charles Robert Darwin Father of Evolution Robert Waring Darwin (father) - Society Doctor SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC Examples of Id, Ego, Superego THEORY OF PERSONALITY (ID, EGO, 1. Buying an expensive item SUPEREGO) Id- I want this luxury bag now because it’s stylish Main focus: Exploration of unconscious desires and will make me feel good. and conflicts. Superego- I shouldn’t spend so much on a bag when I could save or use that money for more Freud’s Structure of the Human Psyche essential things. 1. ID- Instincts Ego- I’ll save a portion of my salary for a few 2. EGO- Reality months, and if i still want it, I’ll buy the bag as a 3. SUPEREGO- Morality reward. 1. ID- Psychotic Psyche 2. Reacting to criticism A part of the unconscious that contains all Id- I’m upset and want to snap back immediately the urges and impulses, including what is because they hurt my feelings. called the libido- a kind of generalized Superego- I should remain calm and composed, sexual energy that is used for everything taking criticism professionally and not personally. from survival instincts to appreciation of art. Ego-.I’ll consider the feedback, see if there’s any truth to it, and respond diplomatically, asking for Impulsive part of our psyche that responds clarification if needed. directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires. OTHER INFORMATION: Freud's Stages of Human Development Example: The personality of the new born child is The 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development by all ID, and only later does it develop an ego and Age superego. 1. The Oral Stage: Mouth 2. EGO- Healthy Psyche Age Range: Birth to 1 Year A part of the conscious personality. It’s what During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of the person is aware of when they think interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting about themselves and what they usually try and sucking reflex is especially important. to project toward others. 2. The Anal Stage: Bowel and Bladder Control It is the rational part of the psyche that Age Range: 1 to 3 years mediates between the instinctual desires of The major conflict at this stage is toilet training—the the if and the moral constraints of the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. superego. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. Like the Id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain, but unlike the Id, the ego is 3. The Phallic Stage: Genitals concerned with devising a realistic strategy Age Range: 3 to 6 Years to obtain pleasure. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females.​ Ego has no concept of right and wrong. Something is good simply if it achieves its Oedipus Complex: boys begin to view end of satisfying without causing harm to their fathers as a rival for the mother’s itself or the id. affection. Electra Complex: used to describe a Often, the ego is weak relative to the similar set of feelings experienced by young headstrong id, and the best the ego can do girls. is pointing the id in the right direction. 4. The Latent Period: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive 3. SUPEREGO- Neurotic Psyche Age Range: 6 to Puberty The moral component of the psyche, Children develop social skills, values, and representing internalized societal values relationships with peers and adults outside of the and standards. It contrasts with the id’s family. desires, guiding behavior towards moral righteousness and inducing guilt when 5. The Genital Stage: Maturing Sexual Interests standards aren't met. Age Range: Puberty to Death During the final stage of psychosexual The superego incorporates the values and development, the individual develops a strong morals of society, which are learned from sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage one’s parents and others. It develops begins during puberty but lasts throughout the rest around 3-5 years during the phallic stage of of a person's life. psychosexual development. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND 10. RA 10612 (Fast Tracked S&T Scholarship NATION-BUILDING Act of 2013) Expand S&T scholarship and improve Major Development Programs and Personalities science and mathematics education in in Science & Technology in the Philippines secondary schools. - To empower the people and prepare the Agencies: CHED, DOST, LGU, DEPED entire country to meet the demands of a technology-driven society. 11. RA 7687 (Science and technology Scholarship Act of 1994) Government Policies and Laws Pertaining to Given to deserving students whose family Science and Technology does not exceed the cut-off values. 1. RA 2067 (Science Act of 1958) 12. RA 10844 (Department of Information and scientific and technological research and Communications Technology Act of 2016) development & foster invention To make sure technology and the internet National Science Development Board (NSDB): are used well. responsible for allocation funds for research. Major Science and Technology Development 2. RA 3589 Plans Strengthen and expand support for scientific research and development like tax 1. Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) exemptions & government fundings 2. Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) 2000 3. RA 5207 (Atomic Energy Regulatory Act of 3. National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP 1968) 2002-2020) Licensing of atomic energy facilities and establishing rules of liability for damages. Famous Filipinos in the Field of Sciences 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba: Tissues & Mangoes 4. Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso: Satellite Images Established by PAGASA to provide 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.: Electrical Engineering environmental protection and to ensure 4. Edgardo Gomez: Marine Scientist safety of the people through forecasting, 5. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz: Sea Snail Venom typhoon tracking, etc. 6. Fabian Millar Dayrit: Herbal Medicine 7. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III: Tilapia Culture 5. Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 8. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.: Meconium Drugs Established by PNOC Philippine National 9. Lilian Formalejo Patena: Plant Biotechnology Oil Company to promote industrial and 10. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz: Graph Theorist economic development. 11. Gregory Ligot Tangonan: Comm Technology Malampaya Natural Gas Project: sole source of natural gas in the Philippines. Science Schools/ Education in the Philippines 1. Philippine Science High School System 6. RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act of 2000) Service institute of DOST To modernize commerce and boost the Free scholarship basis growth of the digital economy like online 2. Quezon City Science High School banking. Students talented in Science and Math Give opportunities for science-gifted 7. RA 9367 (Biofuels Act of 2006) students Promote the sustainable and environment 3. Manila Science High School friendly use of biofuels reducing fossil fuels. The first science HS in the Philippines 4. Central Visayan Institute Foundation 8. RA 9513 (The Renewable Act of 2008) Dynamic Learning Program pioneer Encourages the use of clean and Research Center for Theoretical Physics sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, 5. University of the Philippines-Los Banos and hydroelectric power. Agriculture, forestry, veterinary , etc. Fiscal: Income Tax holidays 6. University of the Philippines-Visayas Non Fiscal: Access to Financing National center for marine science, fisheries, etc. 9. RA 10175 (Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012) Deals with online crimes like hacking, fraud, cyberbullying, etc and internet safety.