Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society PDF

10/09/2024 Science comes from the Lat...

10/09/2024 Science comes from the Latin word scientia meaning “knowledge”. It refers to a systematic and methodical INTRODUCTION TO activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation SCIENCE, or both. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, laws TECHNOLOGY AND and principles to produce services, materials, tools and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes SOCIETY from the Greek word techne meaning art, skill or cunning of hand. Nowadays, advancement in science and technology have become pervasive. They are Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology manifested in the activities that humans pursue and the tools they use everyday. The beauty of this is that an advancement builds upon itself. As such, humans today live more productive and more exciting life than their predecessors. The Ancient Period The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in However, the dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological progress also pose challenges and drawbacks to ways humans live. science and technology. These advances allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, As problems and technology continue to rise and become observable, the need to pay to their interactions with various aspects of human life becomes even more necessary. self-organization and of living in general. Science, Technology and Society combines the discipline history of science, philosophy of Ancient Wheel people from ancient civilization used animals for science and sociology of science. In general STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately transportation long before the invention of wheels. There is really judge their value and place in the society. no record of who and when wheel is invented. However, it is STS bridges the gap between humanities (interpretative culture) and natural science (rational agreed that the ancient wheel was from a mechanical device culture)- so that humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical and existential called the “potter’s wheel”- a heavy flat disk made of hardened dilemmas brought by the continued developments in science and technology clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.  10/09/2024 It is believed that the Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel after 3500 BC. The wheel was first used on carts 1500 years later. Paper roughly around 3000BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to paper that is made from the pith of a papyrus plant. Before the use of papyrus, writing was done in stones. With the advent of papyrus, documentation and record-keeping became efficient, widespread and vast. Information dissemination became exponentially faster and records were kept and stood the test of time. Shaduf, also spelled Shadoof, hand- operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient times and still used in India, Egypt, and some other countries to irrigate land. Typically it consists of a long, tapering, nearly horizontal pole mounted like a seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a rope from the long end, and a counterweight is hung on the short end. The operator pulls down on a rope attached to the long end to fill the bucket and allows the counterweight to raise the bucket. To raise water to higher levels, a series of shadufs are sometimes mounted one above the other. In India the device is called a denkli, or paecottah.  10/09/2024 Aeolipile, Aeolipyle, Or Eolipile, from the Greek Antikythera mechanism is an Ancient "αιολουπυλη", also known as a Hero's engine, is a Greek hand-powered orrery, described simple, bladeless radial steam turbine which spins as the oldest example of an analogue when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine. The computer used to predict astronomical Greek-Egyptian mathematician and engineer Hero positions and eclipses decades in of Alexandria described the device in the 1st century advance. It could also be used to track CE, and many sources give him the credit for its the four-year cycle of athletic games invention. However, Vitruvius was the first to describe this appliance in his De architectura (ca. 30-20 BCE). which was similar to an Olympiad, the cycle of the ancient Olympic Games. The aeolipile is considered to be the first recorded steam engine or reaction steam turbine, but is not a practical source of power, and is not a direct The instrument is believed to have been predecessor of the type of steam engine invented designed and constructed by Greek during the Industrial Revolution. scientists and has been variously dated The name – derived from the Greek word Αἴολος to about 87 BC, or between 150 and and Latin word pila – translates to "the ball of Aeolus", 100 BC, or to 205 BC Aeolus being the Greek god of the air and wind. Paper money/bills were first used by the Chinese, who started carrying folding money Middle Ages during the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-907) — mostly in the form of privately issued bills of credit After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw or exchange notes — and used it for more than 500 years before the practice began to a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in catch on in Europe in the 17th century. While it took another century or two for paper money to spread to the rest of the world, China was already going through a fairly the ways of managing traditional means of production, and advanced financial crisis: the production of paper notes had grown until their value economic growth. The period saw major technological plummeted, prompting inflation to soar. As a result, China eliminated paper money entirely in 1455 and wouldn't adopt it again for several hundred years. Another not-so-well-known advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention fact: the word cash was originally used to describe the type of round bronze coins with of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly square holes commonly used in the Tang Dynasty, called kai-yuans. improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).  10/09/2024 At the time of the invention of Mechanical Spinning Wheel, early machine for Clocks, the primary use turning fiber into thread or yarn, was in the monasteries. which was then woven into cloth They were typically used on a loom. The spinning wheel to keep track of hours was probably invented in India, for daily prayers, to help though its origins are obscure. It monks calculate solar reached Europe via the Middle and lunar eclipses, and East in the European Middle Ages. to determine feast days with accuracy. Modern Ages A Dutch father-son team In the past 200 years, the world has been transformed by a named Hans and Zacharias succession of innovative new machines, inventions and gadgets. Janssen invented the first so- Great modern inventions include electric motor, telephones, called Compound Microscope computers, plastic and aeroplanes. in the late 16th century when they discovered that, if they put a lens at the top and bottom of a tube and looked through it, objects on the other end became magnified. The device laid critical groundwork for future breakthroughs, but only magnified by between 3x and 9x.  10/09/2024 Invented by Joseph Jacquard and demonstrated in 1801, the the first Telescope was made by Hans Lippershey in the Jacquard Loom is an attachment for powered fabric looms. It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct the loom on how to early 1600s. Lipperhey was a German-Dutch glass make intricate textiles. For example, a loom could have maker, and he managed to reduce the amount of hundreds of cards with holes corresponding to hooks that can be raised or lowered to make a textile brocade. light in his telescope while focusing it. His model inspired other scientists to work on perfecting the The Jacquard Loom is important to computer history because it is the first machine to use interchangeable punch cards to telescope. instruct a machine to perform automated tasks. Having a machine that could perform various tasks is similar to today's computer programs that can be programmed to perform different tasks. The Jacquard Loom was also an inspiration to Charles Babbage planning to use perforated cards in his analytical engine. Herman Hollerith also used the idea of punch cards to not only store information, but to input information into a computing device, helping to create the company IBM. Today's textile looms no longer use punch cards. Instead, they can use a digital scanner to create a pixelated digital version of any image. This digital version is used to create instructions for the loom to make a textile version of the scan. On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville The world’s First Electronic Television was created by a 21 year old inventor named Philo Taylor Farnsworth. That inventor lived Wright made four brief flights at Kitty Hawk with in a house without electricity until he was age 14. Starting in high school, he began to think of a system that could capture their First Engine Powered Aircraft. The Wright moving images, transform those images into code, then move those images along radio waves to different devices. brothers had invented the first successful airplane. Farnsworth was miles ahead of any mechanical television system invented to-date. Farnsworth’s system captured moving images using a beam of electrons (basically, a primitive camera). The first image ever transmitted by television was a simple line. Later, Farnsworth would famously transmit a dollar sign using his television after a prospective investor asked “When are we going to see some dollars in this thing, Farnsworth?” Between 1926 and 1931, mechanical television inventors continued to tweak and test their creations. However, they were all doomed to be obsolete in comparison to modern electrical televisions: by 1934, all TVs had been converted into the electronic system.  10/09/2024 Invention by Filipino Scientist In the year 1949, a Filipino scientist rose to fame after discovering an antibiotic derived from a strain of bacteria found in his own property. While testing The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a recent development in the samples of soil from his own backyard, Dr. Abelardo Philippines that provides a sustainable, clean form of public Aguilar isolated a strain of bacteria which lead to the development of Erythromycin, a transportation. broad- spectrum antibiotic used universally today. Erythromycin is used to treat and prevent a wide range of infections in the body. These infections include infections of the respiratory tract and skin; acute pelvic inflammatory disease, pertussis, Legionnaire’s disease and syphilis. It is also prescribed as a replacement drug for patients allergic to penicillin. Erythromycin is classified as a macrolide antibiotic and works by killing bacteria or preventing further growth. Mole Removerwas invented by Food technologist Maria Rolando de la Cruz who is a multi- Ylagan Orosa is credited with awarded Filipino scientist and inventing Banana Ketchup. inventor who developed an During the 1930s, Orosa ingenuous formula that could dedicated herself to bolstering easily remove deeply grown moles the Philippines by working to or warts from the skin without create dishes that could replace popular imported leaving marks or hurting the foods. patient. His formula was extracted from cashew nut (Annacardium occidentale), which is common in the Philippines and locally known as "kasoy".  Module 1 Introduction to Science and Technology In this module, you will learn: a. discuss the general concepts related to science and technology. b. explain the scope of the study of Science, Technology and Society. c. demonstrate preparedness and readiness in the study of Science, Technology and Society. What is Science? Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning 'knowledge.’ It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. According to the famous American science historian, John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), “Modern science is a discovery as well as an invention.” Heilbron considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by principles and laws. He also explained that science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions. What is Technology? Technology, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes from the Greek root word techne, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand.’ During a live public Q&A in December 2014, one member of the audience asked CEO of Facebook responded: "What defines a technological tool-one historical definition is something that takes a human's sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better." Science, Technology and Society Wolpert (2005) made an interesting comparison between science and technology that is helpful in the study of their interaction with society. In his landmark paper, The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? Wolpert explained that reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. It is meant simply to explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligation of scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. Along this line, Wolpert made it clear that science is not the same as technology. Scientists are not responsible for the application of knowledge in technology. He further explained that the very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied. While scientists are responsible for the reliable conduct of scientific inquiry and its honest interpretation and dissemination, technological applications of science are influenced by other sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business. With this distinction, one can surmise the need for the study of the various ways in which science and technology act and are enacted in society. This is a particularly timely and relevant concern because of the advancements in science and technology today. Nowadays, advancements in science and technology become pervasive. They are manifested in the activities that humans pursue and the tools they use every day. The beauty of this is that an advancement builds upon itself. As such, humans today have productive and more exciting lives than their predecessors. With the way things go, it could be expected that this generation's children, and the children of their children have the chance to lead even better lives than this generation already does. However, the dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological progress also pose challenges and drawbacks to the way humans live. The introduction of machines created a tremendous need for the human workforce and gave rise to questions about whether machines will eventually replace humans. The invention of drugs that cured the previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drugs that once fought them-take an antibiotic-resistant strain of gonorrhea as an example. The rise of social media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact, and share information; however, this tends to put people's privacy at risk. Indeed, science and technology have served a predominantly double-edged function. This is succinctly captured in a famous line of popular American scientist, Carl Sagan, quoted in Tom Head's (2006) book: "We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That's a clear prescription for disaster.” As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more observable, the need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of human life, e.g., social, political, and economic, becomes ever more necessary. How the different aspects of society shape and influence the progression and further development of science and technology is the area of concern of a relatively new academic discipline called Science, Technology, and Society. Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is a relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. As an academic field, STS, according to Harvard University's Kennedy School (2018), traces its roots from the interwar period and the start of the Cold War. It was during this period when historians and scientists found interest in the interconnections of scientific knowledge, technological systems, and society. The rise of STS as an academic field resulted from the recognition that many schools today do not really prepare students to respond critically, reflectively, and proactively to the challenges posed by science and technology in the contemporary world. In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society. As an interdisciplinary field, the emergence of STS was a result of questions about science and technology's dynamic interaction with various aspects of society and was thus viewed as a socially embedded enterprise. Thus, as the Kennedy School effectively encapsulates, STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures-humanities (interpretive) and natural sciences (rational) so that humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas brought by the continued developments in science and technology. The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values of the University of Notre Dame is responsible for listing the ten emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology every year. Below is the list for 2018: 1. Helix - A digital app store designed to help you read your genome. 2. The Robot Priest - BlessU-2 and Pepper are the first robot priest and monk, respectively. 3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition - Optimizing retail experiences by assessing your reactions. 4. Ransomware - Holding data hostage until you pay up, whether you're an individual or a large corporation. 5. The Textalyzer - A new tool in the battle against texting and driving that tells cops if you were on your phone before an accident. 6. Social Credit Systems - China will debut theirs in 2020, but do we already live in a world where online reputation is king? 7. Google Clips - This little camera will watch you all day and capture your most picturesque moments. 8. Sentencing Software - There are already Americans being sentenced with the help of a mysterious algorithm. 9. The Rise of Robot Friendship - Can we create a chat bot out of our loved ones' old texts and social media posts? 10. The Citizen App - Live crime reporting may lead to vigilante justice. Even though several items in the list sound unfamiliar to many, it can be a useful springboard in the study of science and technology. The list points to the ever growing challenges, questions, and issues that need to be addressed and resolved when science and technology and humanity intertwine. However, methods of critiquing these emerging ethical dilemmas may come from similar methods used in previous critiques of science and technology issues. For example, one can use methods used in critiquing the rise of clinical trials of gene therapy in the 1990s. Today's approach in critiquing emerging science and technology issues, such as the ones listed above, may be influenced by how scientists and non-scientists evaluated the positive and negative implications of clinical trials of gene therapy in the 1990s. For this purpose, one can continue to specifically draw from the tenets  of history, philosophy, and sociology in making informed and critical judgments of the ethical and moral values of these innovations in science and technology. Reflection On the space below, paste a picture of an article from a magazine, newspaper or blog screenshot/printscreen of any photograph that depicts an issue or problem in science and technology. Then, answer the picture that follow: 1. What is the issue or problem depicted in the photograph? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How does this particular issue or problem impact the well-being of human today? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________  3. Why is it important for people to study and learn about STS as an academic field, especially in addressing the issue or problem depicted in the photograph? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Your view of Science and Technology Create a poster in a short bond paper that reflects your view of science and technology. It should specifically state whether you view science and technology as good or bad, both, or neutral. Be creative. You can use different art materials to make it visually appealing and impactful. Take a picture and paste your picture here. Below is the rubric for your poster. Category 4 3 2 1 Score Illustrates Thorough, detailed illustr Somewhat detailed Lacking detailed Little to no science and ation of theme and man illustration of theme illustration of illustration of technology y detailed example and few if any theme, lacking theme and little or given. examples given. detailed no examples given. examples. Content ‐ The text and graphics us One or two elements The text and grap No original text or g Originality ed on the poster reflect of text and graphics u hics are made by t raphics made an sed on the poster refl he student, but ar by the student exceptional degree of st ect student e based on the \ are included. udent creativity in their c creativity in their cre designs or ideas o reation and/or display. ation and/or display. f others. Graphics − Graphics are all in focus Most graphics are in Most graphics are Many graphics are Clarity and the content easily focus and the in focus and the not clear or are too viewed. content easily content are small. small. viewed. Graphics ‐ All graphics are related t All graphics are relate All graphics relate Graphics do not rel Relevance o the topic and make it e d to the topic and mo to the topic. ate to the topic. asier \to understand. st make it easier to u nderstand. Attractiveness The poster is exceptional The poster is attracti The poster is acce The poster is distra ly ve in terms of design, ptable ctingly messy or ver attractive in terms of des layout and neatness. attractive though y poorly designed. ign, layout, and neatness Color and space use i it may be a bit me It is not attractive.. The overall organizatio s good but a little dis ssy. n and use of color and sp organized. ace make the poster inte resting. Total Score:  Module 2 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In this module, you will learn: a. to discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across time. b. to explain the importance of studying the history of Science and Technology. c. to plan and draw a draft of your invention. An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding of existence of something. Thus, historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today. Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today. By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in science and technology, today’s generation can come up with informed decisions on the proper application of science and technology to daily life. Diagnostics Instructions: Watch an 18-minute TEDx Talk by Hannu Rajaniemi titled The Big History of Modern Science (video in LMS). Afterwards, write a 200 to 250-words essay on the topic, “Why is it important to study the history of Science and Technology?” Come up with a five-to seven-word title for your essay. __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Ancient Period The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general. Sumerian Wheel Potter’s Wheel Ancient Wheel. People from ancient civilizations used for transportation long before the invention of the wheel. N0 knows exactly who invented the wheel and when. There is, h. a general agreement that the ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical device called the potter's wheel – a heavy flat disk made of harder clay which was spun horizontally on an axis. It is believed that Sumerians invented the potter's wheel shortly after 3500 BC. The invention of the ancient wheel is often credited to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization used a similar device at the time. It could be that a potter thought of shifting the potter's wheel to a 90-deg angle for the purpose of transportation or the wheel was reinvented for this purpose. Nonetheless, it would not be until 1000 to 1500 years later that the wheel was first used on carts. Paper. Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable. Before the Egyptian invented the papyrus, writing was done on stone. Because of the difficulty of writing on stone, writing was reserved only for very important occasions. With the advent of the papyrus, documentation and record- keeping became efficient, widespread, and vast. Through its use, information dissemination ports became exponentially The Edwin Smith Papyrus faster. Records were kept and stood the test of time.  Shadoof. The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. Among Egyptians who lived near the Nile River, irrigation was necessary to water their crops. The shadoof, also spelled as shaduf, is a hand-operated device used for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. Because of this invention, irrigation and farming became much more efficient. The shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more sophisticated irrigation tools. Antikythera mechanism. Even before the invention of the antecedents of the modern computer, the Greeks had already invented the ancient world's analog computer orrery. Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece, the Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock. Upon its discovery, the bits of wood seen on its fragments suggest that it must have been housed in a wooden case. It is akin to a clock in the way that the case has a circular face and rotating hands. A knob on the side makes it possible for it to be wound forward or backward. As this knob moves forward or backward, its mechanism allows it to display celestial time. Thus, it is widely believed that the Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological A prototype purposes. It is also believed that the Antikythera mechanism, which is one of the oldest known antecedents of modern clockwork, was invented by Greek scientists between 150 –100 BC. Aeolipile. Also known as the Hero's engine, the aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine. Hero of Alexandria is credited for the demonstration of the use of the aeolipile during the 1st century AD. The aeolipile is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine. It is not clear whether the aeolipile served any practical purpose, but it is believed to be one of many "temple wonders” at the time. Nonetheless, Vitruvius, a  Roman author, architect, and civil engineer, described the aeolipile as a scientific invention through which “the mighty and wonderful laws of the heavens and the nature of winds” may be understood and judged. B. Middle Ages Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place. These include steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method. The middle Ages was not as stagnant as alternate terms such as the 'Medieval Period' or 'Dark Ages' suggest. In fact many medieval universities at the time stirred scientific thinking and built infrastructures for scientific communities to flourish. As such some of humanity's most important present-day technologies could be traced back to their historical antecedents in the middle Ages. Heavy Plough. Perhaps one of the most important technological innovations during the middle ages is the invention of the heavy plough. Clay soil, despite being more fertile than lighter types of soil, was not cultivated because of its heavy weight. However, through the invention of the heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil. Professor Thomas Bernebeck Andersen of the University of Southern Denmark succinctly describes the impact of the invention of the heavy plough: "The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head. Suddenly, the fields with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay soils became those that gave the greatest yields." Because of this, Europe, particularly its northern territories, saw rapid economic prosperity. The heavy plough stirred an agricultural revolution in Northern Europe marked by higher and healthier agricultural yields and more efficient agricultural practices. Gunpowder. Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended byproduct of attempts made by the Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly translated as "fire potion." Prior to the invention of the gunpowder, swords and spears were used in battles and wars. Towards the end of the 13th century, the explosive invention crept into most parts of Europe and Asia. Since its invention, the gunpowder has allowed for more advanced warfare. From fiery arrows to cannons and grenades, the gunpowder has prompted foundation for the functionality of almost every new weapon used in war since its invention. It ushered in an unprecedented advancement in warfare and combat throughout the middle Ages. Paper Money. Although it was not until the 17th century that banknotes began to be used in Europe, the first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping. Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were used as currency. However, the idea of assigning value to a marked piece of paper did not immediately become popular. In fact, when the Mongols attempted to introduce paper money into the Middle East market in the 13th century, it did not gain immediate success. Nonetheless, traders and merchants eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper money because it was easier to transport around compared to the previous forms of currencies. Mechanical Clock. Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung from the ancient times, such as the Antikythera mechanism, it was not until the Middle Ages that clockwork technology was developed. The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track of time. The sophistication of clockwork technology of the mechanical clock drastically changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities. Spinning Wheel. Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel, a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Although no consensus could be made regarding the origin of the spinning wheel. It is theorized that the Indians invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century AD. Prior to the invention of the spinning wheel. Weaving was done  predominantly through the more time-consuming and tedious process of hand spinning. According to White (1974), the invention of the spinning wheel sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by a factor of 10 to 100 times. Thus, White argued that this invention ushered in a breakthrough in linen production when it was introduced in Europe in the 13th century AD. C. Modern Ages As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed. Compound Microscope. A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1590. Together with his father Hans, Zacharias began experimenting with lenses by putting together several lenses on a tube. This led to an amazing discovery that an object, when placed near the end of the tube, can be magnified far larger than what a simple magnifying lens can do. Janssen's compound microscope was an important progression from the single lens microscope. It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an important instrument in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics. Telescope. Perhaps the single, most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei. This invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries, and identified the presence of craters and mountains on the moon. Galileo's remarkable technological contribution drastically changed the study of astronomy. For the first time, it became clear that the universe is far larger than previously imagined and the Earth far smaller compared to the entire universe. Jacquard Loom. As the Industrial Revolution reached full speed, the Jacquard loom was considered as one of the most critical drivers of the revolution. Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to the invention of the Jacquard loom, a drawloom was used which required two individuals to operate the weaver and a "drawboy”-if figured designs on textiles were needed. As such, intensified manual labor and greater effort had to be exerted to produce complex designs. In 1801, Jacquard demonstrated the ingenuity of his version of a loom in which a series of cards with punched holes automatically created complex textile designs and made mass production easier. The Jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks, i.e., making different textile patterns. Engine-Powered Airplane. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft. The Wright brothers approached the design of powered aircraft and flight scientifically. Orville and Wilbur proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings. They demonstrated this in their original Flying Machine patent (US patent #821393), showing that slightly-tilted wings, which they referred to as aeroplanes, were the key features of a powered aircraft. Their pioneering success marked an age of powered flights. Sans modern knowledge on aerodynamics and a comprehensive understanding of the working of aircraft wings, the Wright brothers were brilliant scientists who paved the way for modern aircraft technology. Television. The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926, and projected colored images in 1928. Baird's television technology caught on really swiftly. In fact, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) used this for its earliest  television programming 09. Despite being the first television invented, Baird's television later on criticized for its fuzzy and flickering images, primarily use it was mechanical compared to electronic versions that were developed much later. D. Inventions by Filipino Scientists The Philippines boasts of its own history and tradition of scientific and technological innovations. Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity. As with all other inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine inventions. Most of these inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation. Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and even cultural inventions. The following are some of the most important inventions by Filipino scientists. Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney). The jeepney is perhaps one of the most recognizable national symbols of the Philippines and the most popular mode of public transportation in the country. It is also perhaps one of the most enduring symbols of Filipino ingenuity. Jeepneys were designed and improvised from scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in the country after World War II. As demand for more responsive transportation technology arose, the e-jeepney was introduced in Metro Manila and Bacolod City. The e-jeepney is the inventive response to criticisms to the traditional jeepney that belched smoke, directly causing air pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical. E-jeepneys are designed to be environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on electricity. They are also more economical for electricity is far cheaper than ordinary diesel, allowing jeepney drivers to earn more profit. Erythromycin. Perhaps one of the most important medical inventions is the Erythromycin. The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus, from which this drug derived its name. As with the case of several other local scientists, however, Aguilar was not credited for this discovery by Eli Lilli Co., Aguilar's US employer, to whom he sent the strain for separation. The US company eventually owned the merits for this discovery. Medical Incubator. World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is credited for the invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to the prestigious Harvard University's School of Medicine. She is also the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the country. Her pioneering work in pediatrics that spanned a total of eight decades won her the 1977 Ramon Magsaysay Award, Asia's premier prize granted to outstanding individuals whose selfless service remarkably contributed to the betterment of society. Her original improvised incubator consisted of two native laundry baskets of different sizes that are placed one inside the other. Warmth is generated by bottles with hot water placed around the baskets. A makeshift hood over the baskets allows oxygen to circulate inside the incubator. Del Mundo's incubator was particularly outstanding as it addressed the state of Philippine rural communities that had no electricity to aid the regulation of body temperatures of newborn babies. For this purpose, del Mundo's invention was truly ingenious. Mole Remover. In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove moles and warts on the skin without the need for any surgical procedure shot to fame. Rolando dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a local mole remover that made use of extracts of cashew nuts (Annacardium occidentale), which are very common in the Philippines. The indigenous formula easily caught on for its accessibility, affordability, and painless and scarless procedure. Dela Cruz won a gold medal for this invention in the International Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design, and Technology Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000. Banana Ketchup. Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana ketchup, a variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup. Her invention appeals particularly to Filipinos who love using condiments to go along with their food. Historical accounts posit that Orosa invented the banana ketchup at the backdrop of World War II when there was a huge shortage of tomatoes. As a result, Orosa developed a variety of ketchup that made use of mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices, which were all readily available. Orosa's banana ketchup is brownish-yellow in natural color, but is dyed red to resemble the color of the most loved tomato ketchup. Activity Instructions: In this section, you learned that necessity is the mother of inventions and innovations. Inventions are not simply made, but are motivated by various social, political, cultural, and economic contexts. In this task, you will address the question: “If you were and inventor, what would you invent?” In thinking about an invention, make sure that you come up with one that has not been invented yet but is possible to be invented in the near future. Draft a sketch of your invention in a peace of white paper, and take a picture of it. On the space below, paste the draft of your invention then answer the questions that follow. 1. What is your invention? What does it do? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies in terms of function? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a better place to live in? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________  Module 3 Intellectual Revolutions and Society This module review the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people perceive the influence of science on society in general. It focuses on three of the most important intellectual revolutions in history: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. In this module, you will learn: a. To identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society across time. b. To explain how intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society about dominant scientific thought c. To research on other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and scientific thinking. A. Scientific Revolution Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society. Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. There are no doubt that it ignited vat human interest to rethink how they do science and view scientific processes. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that lead to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. Science Ideas Scientific Revolution Humans Society  Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. The scientific revolution also led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science. In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural world and the world ideas. B. Copernican Revolution The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift names after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At the time, the belief was that the Earth was the center of the Solar System based on the geocentric model of Ptolemy. Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model. In his model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis. The model illustrated the Earth, along with other heavenly bodies, to be rotating around the Sun. The idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe instead of the Earth proved to be unsettling to many when Copernicus first introduced his model. In fact, the heliocentric model was met with huge resistance, primarily from the Church, accusing Copernicus of heresy. At the time, the idea that it was not the Earth, and, by extension, not man, that was at the center of all creation was unthinkable. Copernicus faced persecution from the Church because of this. Nonetheless, despite problems with the model was soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly by Galileo Galilei. The contribution of the Copernican Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from age long views about the position of the Earth relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. Although very slowly, the heliocentric model eventually caught on among other astronomers who further refined the model and contributed to the recognition of heliocentrism. This was capped off by Isaac Newton’s work a century later. Thus, the Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important intellectual revolution. C. Darwinian Revolution The English naturalist, geologist, biologist, Charles Darwin, is credited for stirring another important intellectual revolution in the mid- 19th century. The Darwinian Revolution benefitted from earlier intellectual revolutions especially those in the 16th and 17th centuries, such that it was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe. For his part, Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as natural selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favoured survival and reproduction. Darwin’s theory of evolution was, of course, met with resistance and considered to be controversial. Critics accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process or dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God. The Darwinian Revolution can be likened to the Copernican Revolution in its demonstration of the power of the laws of nature in explaining biological phenomena of survival and reproduction. The place of the Darwinian Revolution in modern science cannot be underestimated. Through the Darwinian Revolution, the development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly process of change underpinned by laws of nature. D. Freudian Revolution Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud, is credited for stirring a 20th- century intellectual revolution named after him, the Freudian Revolution. Psychoanalysis as a school of thought in psychology is at the center of this revolution. Freud developed psychoanalysis – a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded with in one’s personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual. Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized the existence of the unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions, and memories are contained outside of one’s conscious mind. Freud suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals. These notions were particularly caught in the crossfire of whether Freud’s psychoanalysis fit in the scientific study of the brain and mind. Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century. Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis. Activity Aside from the three intellectual revolutions discussed in this section, other intellectual revolutions also took place across history in many parts of the world, such as in North America, Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Research on a particular intellectual revolution that took place in the four geographical locations, mentioned above. Use the following guide questions for your answers in this activity. 1. What is the intellectual revolution all about? 2. Who are the key figures in the revolution? 3. How did the revolution advance modern science and scientific thinking at the time? 4. What controversies met the revolution?