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SECTION 3 – GOOD LIFE IN S&T - Human flourishing or prosperity - Distinguished from merely feeling good - Concepts from Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics ▪ Transcends all aspects of life for...

SECTION 3 – GOOD LIFE IN S&T - Human flourishing or prosperity - Distinguished from merely feeling good - Concepts from Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics ▪ Transcends all aspects of life for it about living - Examines contemporary S&T well & doing well in whatever activity - Eudaimonia, arête, Golden Mean 2 HALLMARKS OF EUDAIMONIA ARE WE LIVING THE GOOD LIFE IN TERMS OF S&T? 1. Virtue - Human flourishing & agreed that it is imperative 2. Excellence to accept S&T; not deny it in pursuit of the reward of the good life EUDAIMONIA: UNIQUELY HUMAN? Universal human concern – do we live in a good life even in rapid scientific progress & dev’t - Uniquely human function - Achieved through: rationally directed life AIM: have a good life - Humans possess the 3 degrees of the soul; ARISTOTLE’S NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS & THE GOOD - Capable of life guided by reason LIFE - Reflections must be made on 2: 1. What standard could be used to define good life 2. How can the standard serve as a guide toward living the good life in the midst of scientific progress & technological dev’t Ethical basis of C.S Lewis’ “science must not solely be the basis, needs considerations from other disciplines” - Lived from 384 to 322 BC o Notion of Tripartite Soul illustrated a nested - Most important ancient Greek Philosopher & hierarchy of the functions & activities of the scientist soul - Student of Plato (student of Socrates) o Degrees & Functions of Soul has all of the lower - Big 3 of Greek Philosophy: Aristotle, Plato, degrees Socrates o Nutritive Degree: all living things require Fundamental basis of Aristotelian ethics (10 nourishment & able to reproduce books) o Sensitive Degree: animals & humans has Treatise on the nature of moral life & human locomotor happiness based on unique essence of human o Rational Degree: humans able to think nature Useful in defining what the good life is ARÊTE & HUMAN HAPPINESS - Eudaimonia defines the good life ARISTOTLE’S 2 TYPES OF GOOD: - To live a good life is to live a happy life - NE Book 2 C2 - Aristotle: living a life of virtue 1. INSTRUMENTAL GOOD Arête: excellence of any kind; moral virtue - Means to achieving something else or some o Virtue is what makes us function well other end 2 TYPES OF VIRTUE: 2. INSTRINSIC GOOD - Good itself - Achieved through education, time, experience - Not means to an end - To achieve Eudaimonia: Both should be in Ultimate Good >> instrumental good accordance w/ reason - Leads humans away to eudaimonia: EUDAIMONIA: THE ULTIMATE GOOD Indifference w/ these virtues Good itself Ruined by: any excess & deficiency in how one - Pleasure is NOT – transitory, it passes; does not lives & acts encompasses all aspects of life Pre-requisite of virtue: balance of 1 & 2 - Wealth is NOT – not self-sufficient & does not o Mean relative to the person, stop one from aiming for some “greater” goods circumstances, right emotional - Fame & Honor is NOT – based on others response in every experience ❖ Virtue of Courage is ruined by excess of needed HAPPINESS (welfare) is the ultimate good emotion & proper action to address situation - Living well & doing well (eudaimonia) 1. INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE - Eu: good; daimon: spirit Nidocakes 1  - Wisdom: guides ethical behavior & understanding; - Gained from scientific endeavors & contemplation - Achieved through formal & non-formal means - Acquired through self-taught knowledge & skills - Capacity is innate, brought into completion by practice 2. MORAL VIRTUE / VIRTUE OF CHARACTER - Achieved through habitual, repeated practice— skill - Generosity, temperance, courage WHAT THEN IS THEE GOOD LIFE? - Being happy, healthy, prosperous in the way of thinking, living, acting Path to GL: needs virtues of thought & character – mediators b/w 2 extremes of excess & deficiency Happiness is brought by living a virtuous life ❖ S&T ruined by under/over-appreciation of the scope & functions it plays in the pursuit of uniquely human experience of happiness ❖ Refusing S&T to improve human life is problematic as allowing it to entirely dictate reason & action w/o regard for other considerations/disciplines GOLDEN MEAN - Ideal moral behavior is found in the middle b/w 2 extremities, - One of excess; one of defiance Nidocakes 2  SECTION 4 – WHEN TECHNOLOGY & HUMANITY CROSS - Senior lecturer in Political Theory & History of Religions at Paris Institue of PolSci - Human rights as prerequisite of human flourishing HR-based approach to S&T & dev’t - Role in making informed decisions in use of tools, prods, innovations of S&T - Sets parameter for the appraisal of S&T & dev’t & impacts of human well-being HUMAN RIGHTS & S&T - HR placed at the heart of how int’l community engage w/ urgent global challenges HUMAN RIGHTS NATURAL RIGHTS o Leads to better & more sustainable Basic rights & freedom Freedom existing whether outcomes belonging to people or not a gov’t acknowledges it o Analyzing & addressing inequalities, From the day they were discriminatory practices & unjust power born until death relations (at the heart of dev’t issues) Virtue of being human o Center of nat’l dev’t debate & clarifies purpose Freedom existing; of capacity dev’t acknowledged by gov’t o Int’l HR entitlements & claims of the SIMILARITIES: people (right-holders) & corresponding - Used interchangeable due to: obligations of the state (duty-bearer) - Both acknowledge that freedoms come from - ^ approach identifies science as: “socially one’s humanity organized human activity; value-laden & shaped - Ex. Right to life (both) by organizational structures & procedures” - HR: citizens possess this by solely being a o Form the very heart of sustainable features human (gov’t acknowledged); nobody can end it - Requires answer to whether gov’t & other - NR: whether an external entity exists or not, stakeholders can craft & implement S&T lahat pa rin may karapatan mabuhay policies o S&T policies: ensure safety, health, livelihoods, includes people’s needs & priorities o Rights are NOT absolute – Must not be taken away But is restricted – due to reasons more important than upholding indvl rights S&T & HR - S&T acts as a double-edged sword - Some S&T solve the problem, some start o Ex. Satellite & GPS; useful in monitoring peace & order & bringing perpetrators to justice; but may cause breach & violation of rights to privacy - Some S&T tools used for upholding HR; - Some impinge on HR – the need to mitigate risks & control the usage - Ethical use of innovation HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO S&T & DEV’T Eudaimonia – good life - HR should be considered b4 dev’t of S&T to reach eudaimonia How to achieve human flourishing in S&T? o Practicing the Right to accept/reject; minimize/maximize; evaluate/decide the scope & functions of S&T Core of continued S&T dev’t & progress: o Protecting the well-being & upholding the dignity HR (Mukherjee) S. ROMI MUKHERJEE Nidocakes 3 o Integral to the journey toward ultimate good o Guide for human flourishing & assist flourishing as a unit (society) o Rights to sustainability o Golden Mean (functionality) – by protecting the weak & poor from deficiencies & excess of S&T o Bridging the gap b/w poor & rich countries on concrete & abstract aspects - Concrete: services, natural resources - Abstract: well-being, human dignity o By imposing moral & ethical duty to protect HR Bigger responsibility of being voice for those who cannot speak about the abuses of S&T: o privileged indvls w/ easy access to scientific knowledge & technological innovations Interest groups (political, business) made accountable for: o Abusing power o Discretion in S&T & dev’t o ^^ ensure human flourishing in S&T Nidocakes 4 S1/M3 – HISTORICAL DEV’T & ETHICAL ISSUES OF INFO - Cheaper worldwide comms (new phone system AGE & Internet) - Changed the way people work – ADVENT OF INFORMATION AGE o Information-based ❖ Computer Age; Age of New Media; Digital Age o Business trends - Beginning: mid-20th century o Global banking Rapid shift from tradition industries to economy of o Scientific research easy info access & control PROBLEMS W/ INFO AGE Rapid growth of info – traditional media (newspaper, TV, radio) & computers & comp Infringement of personal privacy networks Excessive use of PC in teaching young children – Focus of STS became info itself = handling & may weaken intellectual capabilities dev’t conveying - “knowledge” replaced by mere “data” Info as important commodity – progress in - Ideas contain data; data has no idea electronics & computers ⮚ Advances in biology FACTS ON INFO AGE o Genetics – info science revolution - Complete info (recombinant DNA) - Newer is equated w/ truer o Immune system – info processing - Selection is a viewpoint system - Media sells what the culture buys - Early word gets the perm - You are what you eat, so it your brain - Anything in great demand will be counterfeited - Ideas are seen as controversial - Undead info walks ever on - Media presence creates the story - Medium selects the message - Whole truth is a pursuit INFORMATION LITERACY ⮚ John Waters, Pres. & Creative Director - Ability to: - Info Age –humankind are unprepared to handle a. Access needed info the rapid growth of info b. Evaluate info found c. Organize info ⮚ Beginning of Info Age d. Use info from a variety of sources TRANSISTORS (1947), John Bardeen & Walter Brattain OPTICAL AMPLIFIER (1957), Gordon Gould ❖ Necessary for dev’t of computing & computers & fiber-optic comms, setting the stage for the explosion of info through efficient methods of transmitting info ⮚ BUILDING BLOCKS OF I.A - Far back in the past Dev’t of writing systems across civilizations - Ancient Sumerian cuneiform from 3000 B.C; Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics from 2900 B.C; Ancient Chinese small seal script during the Qin COMPUTER LITERACY Dynasty in 200 B.C; - Ability to – use computer hardware & software - Ancient antecedents of the modern book – Ancient Egyptian papyrus roll around 500 B.C; necessary to accomplish routine tasks Parchment codex of Roman Empire around 100 A.D; Ancient Chinese wood-block printing & paper in 105 A.D PRINTING PRESS – Johannes Gutenberg (1440) - pressure applied to an inked surface lying on a INFO & GLOBALIZATION medium (cloth, paper to transfer ink) - Led to the creation of metal movable type Nidocakes 5  ❖ PP & MMT made printing faster & drastically - allows to build own computers reduced the printing cost of docu ❖ The Press – introduced from this invention; new ⮚ STEVE WOZNIAK branch of print media - Built a single computer around the 8080- - Ushered in the era of mass comm. microprocessor; - Permanently reformed the structure of society - hooked up to a keyboard & TV (1976) - Growing literate population = threatened the ⮚ STEVE JOBS, friend of ^^ political & religious authorities - Called computer as Apple 1 - Distinguished middle class from elite educated - Sold replicates to a Silicon Valley Shop & learned class domination ⮚ BILL GATES, 1977 - Proto-nationalism grew due to rapid increase of - realized that PCs needed software & vernacular languages in EU - sold his Microsoft programs o Trade & Industry advancement needed calculations INTERNET COMPUTERS (back then) - Developed for scientists’ communications - Main issue: speed - WW2, Allies were challenged by serious - Phone lines transmit info at limited rate shortage of human computers for military - Dev’t of fiber-optic cables allowed for billions of calculations info to be received/minute - 1973, paved way for social networking & gave HARVARD MARK 1 rise to the creation of socmed - US’ solution to the problem ^^ WWW (early 90s) - 50ft long electromechanical computer - For: calculations in seconds; British needed - Developed for commercial purposes mathematicians to crack German navy’s Enigma code NEW FORMS OF COMMS - Enigma - coding a.Electronic Mail/E-mail o Enigma code – transcribe messages in - Convenient way to send messages encryption using a machine (enigma); - Receive in minutes like an oversized typewriter; Enigma M4 - Internet service provides set up electronic chat Cypher Machine rooms ALAN TURING, English mathematician ⮚ Advantages o Limitless commercial possibilities - Hired in 1936 by British top-secret Gov’t Code & o Improved convenience Cipher School o Converse w/o hindrance - To: break the enigma code o Enhanced educational opportunities – wealth - Code-breaking work became an industrial of knowledge process having 12,000 people working 3- o 1973, paved way for social networking & gave shifts/day in & out rise to the creation of various socmed – - Counter of Nazis: >complicated w/ 10114 plethora of functions: possible permutations instant-messaging apps, conferencing & Designed BOMBE, electromechanical machine bulletin-board forum, exchanging emails, allowing to read daily German naval Enigma traffic game-based social networking, by searching permutations - decode enigma messaging, VC services, blogging, & - Saved millions of lives image & video hosting ⮚ CLAUDE E. SHANNON, mathematician, electrical owners brought these socmed to engr., cryptographer another & modified based on dynamic - Proposed that all info can be encoded as series needs of ones & zeroes - Demonstrated that all info media can be transmitter w/o error using the framework ⮚ Disadvantages - Created divide, increasing the gap b/w the ELECTRONIC BRAINS (1970) haves & have-not - Can’t afford = limited access - Generation wanting own PCs - Impersonal nature of electronic comms - 1975, members of Homebrew Computer Club compared to telephone & handwritten became eager w/ the potential of new silicon - Open for unregulated browsing (pornography, ships hate speech, scam) Nidocakes 6 EVOLUTIONS OF INFO AGE IN 2010s Offers faster insights, improved response times, & better bandwidth availability, o Decade of Disruption delivering strong business benefits - This era saw greater leaps in 2010 Driven by the continued decline of - Significant technological advancements & computing costs, network infrastructure societal shifts improvements, & AI algorithms o Shifts capitalized on the more sophisticated info Age of robotic surgery autonomous theory & technologies vehicles, gaming, & smart factories are ⮚ Mobile comms upgraded from 3G to 4G networks expected to reach new heights o 4G offered Internet speeds up to 10x than its ▪ To flourish: robust local digital predecessor infrastructure & extensive 5G build out o DL speed increased from 1.5 to 15 megabits per across a geographic location is required sec. ▪ Industries that will benefit: Cloud o Sped up mobile application technology; do infrastructure companies, device more on phones makers, AI developers, smart factories, - Benefited greatly: Smartphone manufacturing, streaming gaming industry, socmed, e-commerce, & streaming services autonomous vehicle producers, robotic - Translated to a drastic increase on digital surgery screentime - Healthcare may go digital – AI diagnoses & ⮚ Social media brought ppl’s lives online telemedicine o Virtual scrapbook Aging population will cause increasing o >possibilities pressure to make HC >effective & efficient ⮚ 2019, emergence of digital advertising Welcome: AI-driven dev’t; real time MRI - b/w 2010 & 2020, number of socmed users interpretation & AI chat bots for triage & tripled from 970M to 2.98B basic medical services ⮚ Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Big Data S&T o Ppl transact online, gigabytes leave digital INFORMATION AGE & FOURTH INDUSTRIAL footprint – REVOLUTION/ 4IR / Industry 4.0 Digital trail can be mined & sifted through to spot patterns, create instructions for - Evolutions of S&T during the last 2 decades led search engines, offer real-time directions & to for advertisements o Argument that the world may be well amidst Algorithm the 4IR Big data learn & advance their capabilities ⮚ Klaus Schwab – German engineer, economist, & of understanding more complex & prolific founder of World Economic Forum (WEF) datasets - Popularized 4IR ⮚ Primary Beneficiaries of the Shift ⮚ 4IR – used widely in scientific literature E-commerce, social media, search engines - Refer a period where changes are not just mere ⮚ Cloud improvements to efficiency, but - Web-based & software programs - Shift in industrial capital brought about by the - Easily beefed up data capacity & fusion of the latest dev’ts in AI, robo, IoT, 3D - Allows remote & flexible access to files & data printing, gene editing, quantum computing b/w diff. services - Period marked by the blurring of the divides o Amazon Cloud Drive, Dropbox, Google Drive, b/w physical, digital, & biological words OneDrive, iCloud - Increases operational efficiency ❖ Software industry – shifted from physical storage to the new business model of data ⮚ 4 KEY THEMES, HALLMARK OF PRESENT storage – software-as-a-service INDUSTRIES: Companies earn by collecting revenues & 1. INTERCONNECTION offer real-time software updates - Able to seamlessly connect & communicate w/ e.o through IoT or IoP (people) AS THEY HAPPEN – 2020s INFO AGE SHIFTS - Machines, devices, sensors, people 2. INFO TRANSPARENCY - 5G instead of 4G – even faster - Info >accessible & transparent - Cloud Computing expected to evolve into edge - Provide stakeholders w/ comprehensive info to or edge computing make decision ⮚ Edge computing – deployment of computing & 3. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE storage resources right at the data source, w/o - Establish technological prerequisites of systems passing a large digital network to transfer data able to assist humans in decision making & problem solving - Help w/ difficult & unsafe tasks Nidocakes 7  4. DECENTRALIZED DECISIONS DISINFORMATION, FAKE NEWS, & POST-TRUTH ERA - Cyber physical systems - Capable of independent decision-making & FAKE NEWS autonomous performance of tasks - Larger ecosystem of ethical dilemmas Info tech become >common = expected to change - Use & distribution of info ppl’s lives - Range of inaccuracies of info Info plays a pivotal role in everyday living w/ adv & - Truth but lack of context, leaves important disadv = be greatest moral & ethical dilemmas details - Fact but is written in a negative way = triggers 4 ETHICAL ISSUES OF THE INFO AGE (IA) hatred & doubt ⮚ Richard O. Mason o Overlaps w/ 3 untruths - Early as 1986, IA at its infancy, - American prof & Science philosopher 3 TYPES OF UNTRUTH: - Call for the ethical use of info ⮚ DISINFORMATION o MIS Quarterly – proposed 4 major issues of info - false info & deliberately created for harm ethics of the IA - owner purposely & intentionally post - 3 decades later, he called the world’s attention, - shared on socmed o Issues >relevant & cover a great deal of all ⮚ MAL-INFORMATION present-day moral & ethical dilemmas - Info based on reality - each comes w/ critical questions guiding indvl’s - Context is removed in ethical use - Improper assess of info - Inflict harm ⮚ MISINFORMATION o Ethical Dilemmas: (PAPA) - Info is false 1. PRIVACY - No fact-checking, owner believes its true - Citizens must exercise caution in using info - No intention for harming technologies Rapid growth of IT – pervasive capacity for ❖ Spread of misinfo can be traced to the advent of surveillance, comms, computation, storage, & info age & internet retrieval ❖ Better IT & systems = info is stored, processed, Privacy invasion – increased value of info in spread more rapidly decision-making impel policymakers to covet info INFO ECONOMY 2. ACCURACY - First to deliver news & info = rewarded w/ more - Misinformation hits, views, website traffic Exacerbated when the party w/ inaccurate info - Internet speed gets faster has power & authority - People’s need for instant access to info shaped People rely on info for matters concerning life & death ⮚ Perfect Storm – UNESCO 3. PROPERTY - Potentially catastrophic event - Most complex out of 4 - Powerful institutions use tools & propaganda Intellectual property – difficult to safeguard - for their vested interests >handy w/o destroying the original, regardless of how difficult it is to produce ❖ Era where lies spread faster than truths Info is easily reproducible on the Internet – ❖ Objective facts are less influential in shaping difficult to reimburse the right-bearer when a public opinion than appeals to emotion & 3rd party uses their intellectual prop. personal belief 4. ACCESSIBILITY ⮚ POST-TRUTH ERA - Demand in info literacy to ensure: - When truth & objective facts Have access to how info tech store, convey, No one believes anything unless they read it on process info socmed – if posted, it’s the truth - Past: library, radio, tv; Current info ecosystem makes new ones - Present: devices – online libraries, newspapers >susceptible to the virus of life Must have access to info itself, reverting the Everything is just speculation & nothing is fact issue of property & whether the right to access Nothing is true unless it feels good or fits supersedes other info rights (#1, #3) personal biases (Mason) Living in this era means >responsibilities of the ❖ Mason concludes – info systems should users of info engender access to safeguard info from indignities of illiteracy & deprivation Nidocakes 8  Navigating through period of time can be uncertain & worrisome – people battle against untruth o Fact checking – process of verifying factual info to ensure veracity & correctness ▪ Moral & ethical duty HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS: 1. CHECK CREDENTIALS – whether author can speak about the subject w/ authority & accuracy 2. READ THE “ABOUT US” – reliable sources have the about us in the website 3. LOOK FOR BIAS – links to a party? One-sided? 4. CHECK THE DATES – up-to-date are >reliable 5. CHECK OUT THE SOURCE – websites; from reliable journalism 6. INTERROGATE URLs – domain manipulation happens; verify URL if official 7. SUSPECT THE SENSATIONAL – responsible journalism gives all sides of the story & is not biased 8. JUDGE HARD – critically assess every info Nidocakes 9 S2 – BIODIVERSITY, HEALTH, SOCIETY, & COVID-19 ⮚ 2 phenomena: a. Variations in ecosystem w/in a geographical BIODIVERSITY / BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY location, different ecosystems – - Walter G. Rosen, 1986 o >diverse ecosystem, >species - Variety of life on Earth b. Variety of habitat, biotic communities, - Essential interdependence of living things at all ecological processes in biosphere, complex levels – from genes to ecosystem level of diversity; w/in biographical or - Total sum of all organisms – starting from political boundary unicellular organism to multicellular o Ex. Pond possess different sets of flora o Convention on Biodiversity, 1992 & fauna as compared to the river ▪ Multilateral env’tal consensus on ecosystem biodiversity convention BIODIVERSITY VALUE ▪ Variability among living organisms from all sources; ecological complexities (part of), 1. CONSUMPTIVE USE VALUE diversity w/in & b/w species & ecosystem - Biodiversity production is harvested & directly ▪ Complex collection of various organisms – consumed constitutes vital life support for the survival o Fuels, medicine, food, protein of human race 2. PRODUCTIVE USE VALUE o Int’l Union for the Conservation of Nature - Commercially usable values where product is (IUCN) marketed & sold ▪ Biodiversity is the totality of genes, species, o Lumber, wild gene resources, animal ecosystems in a region products – tusk of elephant, musk from ▪ Global authority on the status of the natural musk deer, wool from sheep world 3. SOCIAL VALUE ▪ Safety measures to safeguard - Associated w/ social life, customs, religions are psychospiritual aspects of people BIODIVERSITY HAS 3 LEVELS: - Plants are considered holy & sacred in diff. 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY country - Gene pool or total genetic info - Animals have significant place in our psycho- - Exists in all individual (microorganisms, plants, spiritual arena & hold special social importance animals, humans) (snake, cow, bull, peacock) - Least observable 4. AESTHETIC VALUE Represents gene variations only w/in species - Attached to biodiv - Genetic info contained in the genes of indvl - Stretches of barren lands w/ no signs of visible organisms inhabiting earth life is not a pleasant sight o Ex. Dog breeds; rice; corn kernels vary on - Eco-tourism based on this genetic level - Eco-tourism estimated to generate about 12B ▪ Leading to differences in physical dollars of revenue/year appearance 5. ETHICAL VALUE / EXISTENCE VALUE - Ethical issues like “all life must be preserved” & “live & let live” - May or may not use a species – - Feel the existence of the species is necessary 6. OPTIONAL VALUES - Potential of biodiv that are presently unknown & needs to be explored o Possibility of finding cure for cancer, AIDS w/in depths of marine/tropical ecosystem 7. ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUE 2. SPECIES DIVERSITY - Services provided by ecosystem - Most common level a. Atmospheric regulation - Comprises the number of diff. species at a place b. Climate regulation - Consist of abundance of a specie at a place c. Soil & water conservation Population differences w/in specie due to diff. d. Nutrient Cycling genetic combination e. Pollination - Variety of living org estimated to be b/w 5-50M o Coastal wetlands & mangroves SPECIES RICHNESS ▪ # of species thrive in a certain location 3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Nidocakes 10  HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS & RICH BIODIVERSITY - Important to the well-being of the planet - Crucial role in sustaining life on Earth o Quinney 2020: declined rate of species diversity & w/ ecosystems o Carrington 2018: loss of 83% of all wild mammals & half of all plants is caused by humans ❖ Alarming state of biodiv loss should alert stakeholders; ❖ Human activities depend on healthy ecosystems & rich biodiversity; ❖ No alternative if mawawala ang biodiv nang tuluyan BIODIVERSITY: (Quinney) 1. ENSURES HEALTH & FOOD SECURITY - Supports global nutrition & food security - Diff. species provide food; yet are under threat 2. HELPS FIGHT DISEASE - Healthier ecosystem & richer biodiversity - Plants help in medicine dev’t - Biodiv conservation decreases rate of infectious - Invertebrate animals & plants make-up most of diseases passed from animals the species 3. BENEFITS BUSINESSES - About 70% of all known species – invertebrates - Accounts for more than half of the world’s GDP (animals w/o backbones) - Natural materials to natural wonders - 15% are plants Tourism, pharmaceuticals - Mammals, animal group to w/c man belong, 4. PROVIDES LIVELIHOOD comprise a comparatively small # of species - Healthy water ecosystem – fishing - 10-15% live in N. America & EU - Agricultural sector - Centers of greatest biodiv tend to be in the - Forests tropics 5. PROTECTS US; MAKES PLANET HABITABLE BIODIVERSITY & SOCIETY - Diverse ecosystem acts as a natural layer of protection from disasters - SOCIETY benefits a lot from richness of biodiv Mountains (Sierra Madre) protects from - Natural systems provide goods & services typhoon & flood o Food, energy, pharmaceutical prods. o Regulation of climate, water storage, 4 BIODIVERSITY BENEFITS TO HUMANS: (Tang) flood control, buffering against extreme - Healthy & functional ecosystems play a crucial weather events, treatment of water & role in human livelihood sustenance air 1. NUTRITIONAL - provides food sources - ensures food security - allows better nutrition - contributes to agricultural resilience 2. CULTURAL (& ECONOMIC VALUE) - Source of energy, recreational activities, & identity 3. HEALTH - Provides materials for traditional & modern medicine - Prevents spread of infectious diseases - Contributes to physical & mental health 4. CLIMATE-RELATED - Climate adaptation - Improves microclimates - Sustains water cycle Nidocakes 11 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY & ITS MAINSTREAM BIODIVERSITY MAINSTREAMING - Biodiversity administration & governance - Framework used to deal w/ biodiv loss prioritize growth over conservation & - Integral component of Convention on BioDiv restoration - Informed inclusion of relevant env’tal concerns - Threat: increase demand for natural resources into other sector’s decisions & actions - Generally understood as ensuring that biodiv & ⮚ 5 DIRECT DRIVERS OF BIODIV LOSS: services it provides appropriately & adequately 1. Land & Sea Use Change factored into policies & practices relying & - Land expansion of agriculture impacting on it - Transformed forest, wetlands, grasslands for o Pre-condition of sustainable dev’t: BioDiv cropping & livestock use conservation 2. Overexploitation o Call to action: integration of conservation & - Endangers species; sustainable use of biodiv at every stage of - 33% of marine fish stock; mammals extinct due policy, plan, prog, proj. cycle to poaching & hunting o Possible thru (IUCN): cross-sectoral & sectoral 3. Climate Change plans - Reduce the distribution of species o Sustainable dev’t, poverty reduction, - Changes in ecological balance turn – from climate change adaptation & mitigation, beneficial animals to pests – happens if natural int’t dual, positive biodiv, dev’t outcomes enemies disappear ❖ No amount of dev’t justifies biodiv loss; - Seasonal cycle increase – hibernation, ❖ Only way forward is that both benefit from one migration, flowering another 4. Pollution - From human activities (mining, agriculture, ❖ Kumming Montreal Global Biodiversity industrial revo) Framework - Affects: humans indirectly thru disrupted food chain; land use disrupts habitats - Full integration of biodiv values across gov’t 5. Invasive Alien Species - Assessment & disclosure of impacts & - Invasive species disrupts habitats dependencies by business - Threatens native biodiv by outcompeting for - Promotion of sustainable consumption resources - Quantified targets for resource mobilization - Enhanced mechanisms & resources for CURRENT MAJOR THREATS: implementation A. Habitat destruction & loss - Ensure equitable, inclusive & gender responsive B. Anthropogenic activities BIODIVERSITY & CURBING FUTURE PANDEMICS - Destructive & unsustainable practices - Logging, induced fires - Minimize human interface w/ wild animals & C. Natural calamities spaces D. Overexploitation - Eliminates transmission points where likelihood - Population pressure, poverty & paucity of of viral spillover to humans is high livelihood opportunities - Better monitoring of legal trade in wildlife - Open access nature of many bio-resources - Diligent suppress illegal & unsustainable trade contribute to the overexploitation & non- in wildlife sustainable use of biodiv - Conserve natural habitats E. Chemical or Env’tal Pollution - Evidence showed that zoonosis increase due to - Wetlands take a toll from chemical waste biodiv loss F. Biological Pollution o Increase chances of pathogens reaching - Introduction of exotic species occurred by & humans large in wetland ecosystems Zoonosis – infectious diseases transmitted from animals o Better: humans surround w/ healthy, functional, species-rich ecosystems o Consequence: increase disease pandemic due to human activities that destroy ecosystem Nidocakes 12 FLORA & FAUNA SPECIES RICHNESS IN THE PH Cacatua Haematuropygia o 1,000 live in PH FLORA Aceros Waldeni - 3,000 kinds of trees found – including lumber, o Walden’s hornbill locally called tanguile, yakal, tindalo, kagong dulungan o Abundant in Cordilleras, Quezon, o Visayan wrinkled hornbill, rufous- Palawan, Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao, headed hornbill, writhed-bill hornbill Cotabato, Lanao o Critically endangered species of hornbill - Forest yield lumber & by-products – medicinal living in the rainforest on the islands of plants, rattan, charcoal, resins, dyewoods, nippa Negros & Panay palms Philippine eagle - 8,500 kinds of flowering plants o Monkey-eating eagle; Great PH eagle - 1,000 varieties of ferns; o Critically endangered species of eagle of - 8,000 species of known orchids the family Accipitridae – endemic to - 800 are found in the PH forest forest - Large flower growing in the forest of MNDN – ANIMALS ONLY IN THE PH pungapong – looks like rafflesia – said to be largest flower in the world 1. PH Spotted Deer – Cervus Alfredi - Waling2 – rare kind of orchid – “queen of the - Rarest mammals – Philippine Orchid” - Panay island forest - Trees thrive in the riverbanks & seashores of - Most endangered deer in the planet the country o Deer can’t be found elsewhere – o Palm trees, talisay, agoho, mangrove, Calamian hog deer – have longer & cogon trees, lemon grass darker legs compared to other hog - Other flower commonly grow in tropical deers countries o 1996, population further declined to o PH – sampaguita, rosal, gumamela, 900 – prompting declaration of champaca, santan, ilang2 endangerment 2. Pygmy Water Buffalos – Bubalus Mindorensis FAUNA - Unique; endemic to Mindoro - Water buffalo – carabao – beast of burden is - 1/10 most endangered species farmer’s BF – withstand w/ the hotness & - 10,000 in 1900s; to 369 in 1980; to as few as 20 coldness today - 2,000 species of fish 3. PH Tarsier – Tarsius Syrichta o Lapu2, milkfish, tamban, biya, asuhos, - 12cm in length galunggong, sapsap, tilapia, ayungin, - 2 big eyes can’t move & do not have a tapetum hito, bulig – upper protective tissue o Largest & smallest fish found in the PH o Can turn its head 180 degrees o Largest is whale shark – 50ft/> in length o Islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol, MNDN o Smallest is Tabios – found in lake buhi - Found its name from elongated tarsus bone CamSur - 1,000 in the wilds of Corella town in Bohol – - 900 species of birds – biggest concentration o Eagle, kalaw, pipit, kulasisi, pigeon, 4. Pilandok – Tragalus Nigricans maya2 - South of Palawan – Balabac Island – home of o Eagle – king of birds – found in the world’s smallest hoofed mammal marinduque, bohol, leyte, samar, - Ruminant MNDN - 40cm at shoulder level Acerodon Jubatus 5. PH Eagle – Pithecophaga Jefferyi o Considered to be largest bat in the - Rainforest of Isabela, Samar, Leyte, MNDN world - Similarities w/ Papua New Guinea’s Harpy Eagle o Face similar to fox = FLYING FOX – Harpyopsis Novaeguinea o Found only in PH – Maitum & MNDN - Lives on large snakes, hornbills, civet cats, o Danger of extinction – poaching flyring lemurs, monkeys Diceaum Quadricolor - 100-300 today – danger of extinction o Endemic to Cebu 6. Gray’s Monitor – Varanus Olivaceus o Global pop. at 85-105 - Southern Luzon & Catanduanes Islands – o Extinct during 20th cent. forested slopes of low mountains o Rediscovered in 1992 7. PH Salt Water Crocodile – Crocodylus Porosus o One of the most endangered bird in the - Took 40 men to bring ashore world Nidocakes 13  8. PH Flat-Headed Frog – Barbourula BIODIVERSITY PROVIDE 2 PROTECTION MECHANISMS Busuangensis FOR THE PREVENTION OF ZOONOSIS & POTENTIAL - Busuanga, Culion, Palawan PANDEMICS: - Clear, unpolluted, swiftflowing mountain 1. DILUTION streams & rivers in lowland rainforest - Floats near the surface of water unless - Unable to achieve optimal concentration to disturbed thrive once virus reaches an intermediate host - Chances dies out - Hides under submerged rocks 2. BUFFER - Genetic diversity of an intermediate host allows to adapt the virus - Becomes resistant, prevents further spread ❖ Both mechanisms require rich biodiversity ❖ When virus infects one specie in the ecosystem, spread is quick – o Natural adaptation is not expected in the same species o Does not affect if variation in the gene pool is present ❖ Optimum health cannot be achieved w/o considering ways in w/c contributions from env’t & animal health are present ❖ Prevention: protect biodiversity – mitigation of natural chain of biological processes disruption ❖ ONE HEALTH – interdependent state of env’tal, animal, & human health COVID-19 VIRUS - Believed to be originated from a reservoir host; - Then transferred to intermediate host o ^ exchange cause virus mutation; can be transmitted to humans - Passed on humans in contact w/ intermediate host Theories: o Spread in wildlife & poaching o Wildlife animals appear healthy but reservoirs of diseases – o Pathogen exchange – transfer of virus from animals to humans CURBING FUTURE PANDEMICS - Complex & daunting task of bringing together diff. fields of science to work, ensuring a pandemic-proof future Nidocakes 14 S3 – PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY IN THE TIME OF COVID o Good emotional health = able to understand oneself, know the meaning - Notable dev’t in the field during early modern of feelings; able to determine the cause age of +&- feelings - Most recent public health crisis – covid19 o Good financial health achieved by good - Causes, spread, prevention of the transmission financial management = less worry, able of the disease to buy wants & needs, meet financial - Understand through epidemiologic triangle responsibilities - Moral & ethical challenges to science & scientific community PUBLIC HEALTH - Protection & promotion of entire population’s health HEALTH - Multidisciplinary science – diff. disciplines/fields - 1948, WHO, UN specialized agency in charge of of science work together to promote & protect int’l public health defined vv people’s health & communities where they live, State of complete physical, mental, & social learn, work, & play well-being & not merely the absence of disease - Prevents sickness or injuries to people of infirmity - The disaster that did not happen – concern for - 1986, WHO furthered that vv, all Positive concept emphasizing social & personal - Encourages healthy behaviors to promote resources & physical capacities; health & wellness Health as resource of everyday life, not only o Wide range of workers – health objective of living educators, scientists, first responders, A requisite to allow an indvl to perform health restaurant inspectors, nutritionists, social functions community planner, social workers,… Healthy lifestyle = channels to leading a full, o Responsibilities: educate people about meaningful, & purpose-driven life health, vaccinations, inform risk of alcohol & cigars, setting safety standards o Significant feats of modern science in in workplace, develop school nutrition addressing health risks & hazards of 21st cent. programs - The Lancet’s editorial (2009) – health as ability to adapt on emerging threats & infirmities ⮚ HEALTHCARE – focuses on patient’s diagnosis & treatment RELATIONS OF HEALTH: o Sick patients o Doctors or physicians, public health 1. PHYSICAL HEALTH pprofessionals - Indvl maintains healthy physical health by - Charles-Edward A. Winslow, American exercising regularly, has balanced nutrition, & bacteriologist & public health expert gets enough rest o Defined public health (1920) - Having bodily functions, processes, & systems o Public Health – science & art of all working at their peak preventing disease, prolonging life, & promoting physical health & efficiency 2. MENTAL HEALTH ▪ To achieve this, organized - Indvl’s emotional state, social, & psychological community efforts is need for the well-being sanitation of the env’t, control of - Achieve in a healthy env’t community infections, education - Depends on ability to enjoy life, recover & adapt of indvl in principles of personal to difficult experiences & balance life (work, hygiene, organization of medical & personal, school); feel safe & secure nursing service for early diagnosis - Brain is healthy = able to achieve goals & accept & preventative treatment of failures disease, dev’t of the social w/o MH, achieving an active lifestyle is hard – machinery w/c ensures to the indvl motivation, well-being in the community a standard of ❖ also hinged on spiritual, emotional, financial living adequate for maintainance health of health ❖ Linkage b/w aspects of one’s health to lower ⮚ DECLARATION OF ALMA ATA (1978) levels of stress & improved physical & mental - Major milestone of 20th cent. public health well-being. - Identified primary healthcare as key to the o Good spiritual health = calmness, achievement of “Health for All” peach, sense of purpose & mindfulness ▪ Highlights of Declaration: Nidocakes 15  a. Most important worldwide social goal – policy during First Industrial health Revolution b. Concern to all countries due to being - John Snow, English physician – leader in dev’t of unacceptable – gross inequalities in medical hygiene & health b/w developed & developing o Father of Epidemiology countries - Epidemiology - understanding how diseases c. In planning & implementing healthcare, spread & what factors influence their presence participating individually & collectively or absence in different groups of people. is a right & duty of people - Cholera Outbreak 1831 – Broad Street C.O; d. Essential healthcare – Primary Golden Square Outbreak healthcare – forms integral part of the o Snow was a medical apprentice working country’s healthcare system & overall to systematically study the spread of dev’t of the community Vibrio Cholerae Bacteria e. Health for All by 2000 can be attained o Snow solved 1854 sever C.O in SoHo, thru a full & better use of the world’s London resources; part is spent on armaments & o Germ-contaminated water as cause, military conflict rather than air particles – took 616 lives o Proposed hypothesis & tested by HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH systematically making comparisons b/w - Ancient age as far as 2000 B.C grps of ppl who used Broad Street Well o Inventions of ancient antecedents of & who used diff. well water supply, bathrooms, toilets, o Broad Street Well infection led to drainage intervention of removing pump handle Start of Modern PH: 18th century of BSW - Constrained the address of emerging health o Snow’s experiment caused far greater concerns – due to lack of systematic methods of health & safety impact than removal of testing possible associations b/w risk factors & pump handle diseases o 1854 C.O solving led to several important ▪ ^^ major PH setback during early modern contributions to dev’t of epidemiologic age – thinking or how diseases spread ▪ Challenging to come up with effective o “Miasma” or “Bad Air Theory” proposed strategies to prevent & treat diseases germ contamination as alternative - Takes years, decades, centuries to develop and explanation evolve determinants of health & disease as it’s - Louis Pasteur would not formally establish the complex Germ Theory, proposed the cause of diseases - 1700-1800s carried out the effectiveness of among humans until 1861 were microscopic prevention & treatment of the diseases after organisms systematic attempts - Pushed to its limits during 18th cent. – due to First Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD - Lead in unprecedented rate of dev’t – new jobs, new goods, better methods, increased trade - Provided important foundations for the - Brought problems: mass migration, rapid importance of PH population rise, poor housing & long working - During spread of major epidemics & disease hours outbreak Saw the embrace of democracy, citizenship, o ^^ methods systematically deal w/ new health emergencies reason, rationality, & social value of intelligence o EU & US – widespread of new set of Integral to the ongoing PH discourse – value of health probs gathering info to guide decisions ▪ ^^ cholera, typhoid, typhus, - Jeremy Bentham & disciples – “Philosophical smallpox, tuberculosis Radicals” ▪ Cholera outbreaks: IND (1820); o Lobbies the belief – nature placed RUS, HUN, GER (1831); LDN, UK humankind under the governance of two (1832); RUS, England & Wales masters – pain & pleasure (1848); Ganges Delta of S. Asia o Philosophical Radicals argued for (1863) – claimed thousands of lives UTILITARIANISM – moral theory stating ▪ King Cholera – claimed 6500 lives that actions should be judged right or in London, 2nd major outbreak wrong based on whether they maximize ▪ ^^ outbreak forced gov’t to put pleasure or minimize pain public health at the heart of public - Evaluate Actions based on outcomes Nidocakes 16  ▪ UTILITARIANISM provides theoretic underpinning for health policy & wider ❖ CORE FUNCTIONS: 10 EPHS social policies of 18-19th cent. a. Core Function 1: ASSESSMENT – collects & analyzes ▪ Practical utilitarian application – public PH problems & concerns info health’s concern for improvement of ▪ Essential Service 1: Monitor health status to people’s health & death rate reduction identify community health probs - Healthy working population contributes to ▪ Essential Service 2: Diagnose & investigate wealth or economy of the state and benefits the health probs & hazards in community gov’t & insti. - Public Official’s Moral Responsibility – ensure b. Core Function 2: POLICY DEVELOPMENT – consults good governance – achieve welfare of wealthy w/ a broad range of stakeholders to ensure the best & poor interventions & serve public interest - Integral to governance: support for efforts & ▪ Essential Service 3: Inform, educate, empower experts who attempt to understand causes, people about health issues prevention, treatment of diseases ▪ Essential Service 4: mobilize community partnerships to identify & solve health probs - Benefiting from the feats of PH during the Early ▪ Essential Service 5: develop policies & plans to Modern Age made a more well-defined & support indvl & community health efforts focused PH - Centered on: env’t sanitation, prevention & c. Core Function 3: ASSURANCE – promotes & mitigation of communicable diseases & protects public interest thru PH activities that education for health & hygiene ensure the achievement of agreed upon PH goals - PH during late modern age didn’t suddenly ▪ Essential Service 6: enforce laws & regulations develop or reach its peak that protect health & ensure safety - 20th cent. PH achievement: able to address risks ▪ Essential Service 7: link ppl to health services & threats of 20th cent. living as a product of & assure the availability of healthcare when multitude of sectors & experts working together otherwise unavailable - Present PH continues to benefit from these ▪ Essential Service 8: assure a competent & PH achievements: vaxx to reduce epidemic & personal healthcare workforce disesases, improve motor vehicle safety, safer ▪ Essential Service 9: evaluate effectiveness, workplaces, control of infectious diseases, accessibility, & quality of personal & cardiovascular disease death declination, food population-based health services safety improvements in maternal & child health, ▪ Essential Service 10: research on new insights fam. planning, fluoridation of drinking water, & innovative solutions to health probs tobacco use reduction PUBLIC HEALTH TODAY - 21ST century - Built on multidisciplinary expertise – bio, psych, env’tal & earth sci, socio, gov’t, med, stat, comms - Gold standard: prevention of diseases o Prevention prolongs life & improves quality o necessary for leading a meaningful, purpose-driven, value-laden life - Faced challenges: across different parts of the world, demographics changed; technological & - Core functions & essential PH services provide: digital revolution; political influence on PH; framework for strong & fully functioning PH influence of vested interests; new ethical issues system hinged on the right to health - Framework becoming >complex, involving - To address: to overcome roadblocks of “Health interplay of genetic, env’tal & lifestyle factors for All”, strong PH sector must be ready - To solve complex probs: complex solutions o Multiple perspectives o In PH – interventions work thru ⮚ 10 Essential PH Services (EPHS) (1994) understanding of disease, hazard, & developed by PH Functions Steering behavior of ppl Committee, consisting of US gov’t & non-gov’t o Public participation & accountability - Functions: guide PH sector today in addressing come from a clear understanding of 21st PH challenges importance of prevention like treatment Nidocakes 17 - PH prof. challenges to full public participation is - Uses more tradition tech of injecting vaxx daunting due to less obvious benefits compared particles that have been grown in culture & to life-saving medical procedures killed to destroy disease-producing capacity 4. Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) - Adenovirus-based viral vector vax PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY AT THE TIME OF COVID 5. Janssen / Johnson & Johnson - One dose regimen adenovirus-based - Worst 21st PH crisis 6. Covaxin / BBV152 - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus - Whole inactivated vaxx 2 (SARS-Cov-2) 7. Moderna (Spikevax) - Identified in Wuhan, China in Dec. 2019 - mRNA - Declaration as PH emergency of Int’l Concern 8. Sinopharm BIBP (PHEIC) (1/30/2020) – WHO can’t contain from - Whole inactivated its geographical origin - Immediate worldwide response: slow down o 3/11/2022 pandemic spread - Spreads: close contact via aerosols & ⮚ EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE (ET) respiratory droplets Model developed by scientists - Faster in 3Cs – crowd, close-contact, confined Understand the spread, mitigation, & - Diagnostic tests: molecular test & antigen test treatment of infectious diseases o MT – polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Goal: break at least one side of the triangle test, nucleic acid amplification test to disrupt the connection of 3 (NAATs); - o Helps understanding nature & behavior ▪ detecting genetic material from of virulent pathogen, the virus & diagnose active o Educate people of health standards infections o Develop treatments & vaxx ▪ nasal, oral, throat, saliva ⮚ 3 VERTICES OF ET represents the 3 elements of o Antigen/Antibody/Rapid test – detect infectious disease outbreak immune system response after 1. Agent – what, cause, exposure, search for specific proteins on 2. Host – who, exposed or harbor the virus’ surface disease ▪ Rapid response – produce results 3. Environment – where, causes or allows >quickly transmission - Anosmia – loss of smell; Ageusia – loss of taste - Antiviral treatments & monoclonal antibodies MORAL CHALLENGES OF SCIENCE IN TIME OF COVID o AT treatments – oral pills Pfizer, Merck – - Scientific & technology emergency targets specific parts of the virus to stop - Diff. fields of science work together to end multiplying, prevents severity & death pandemic o mAb – recombitant neutralizing human Sciences to find a niche & thrive despite mAb Bebtelovimab – help infected constraints brought by strict health protocols, person’s immune defense by recognizing border controls, community quarantines & responding >effectively to the virus Social responsibility is emmeshed w/ need to - EUA Emergency Use Authorizations given by survive pandemic FDA to aforementioned treatments ⮚ Morgan, Hilgenkamp, Kassen (2021) enumerates challenges: 1. Travel restriction – scientist forced to ⮚ VAXX for COVID 19 collab at a distance 1. Pfizer BioNTech COMIRNATY – 2. Retreat from open access to data - mRNA vax, injects snippets of the virus’ generic 3. Engaging w/ media – disseminate info material into human cells 4. Improve science comms – scientist be - Teaches cells to produce protein triggering excellent researchers & effective immune response communicators 2. Oxford-AstraZeneca 5. Financial cuts – economies dropped - Non-replicating viral vector vaxx 6. Navigate socmed – scientists be socmed - Injects harmless adenovirus to deliver genetic literate to participate in knowledge info to human cells exchange - Cells follow the info to build immune response 7. Infrastructure & resources – 3. CoronaVac/ Sinovac investments reduces barriers to int’l - Whole inactivated virus vaxx collab 8. Encourage interdisciplinary thinking – actively encouraged to transcend Nidocakes 18  traditional disciplinary disciplines & encourage collab b/w disciplines 9. Academic freedom & integrity – attacks of the inconvenient truths & ppl who publish mis/disinfo 10. Curiosity vs mission-driven RS – must maintain balance b/w curiosity-driven RS & mission-driven RS; o CDRS – uncertain long term impact o MDRS – short term commercial gains - Socially responsible science reached a whole new level & meaning due to covid - Scientists to do more – passion for truth & goal of making a better world serves as foothold of our commitment to a future free from covid - Call to action: owe to our future to ensure micro/macro-processes continues - Only through science that we can achieve the good life a. \ - Nidocakes 19 S4 – ENVIRONMENT o importance of restraint in dealing w/ natural world ENVIRONMENTALISM (movement) o human obligation of env’t care - Refers to anything that revolves around - 3,000 B.C, Indus civilization in Mohenjodaro protecting the environment recognized the impacts of pollution on human o David – a concern for the env’t; actions & health - advocacies aimed at reducing the negative o Developed a standard for waste impacts of human activities to the env’t management & sanitation o Thompson – Modern age faced a global env’tal - 400 B.C, Greece, Plato observed that crisis, hence environmentalism movement rose deforestation led to soil erosion as a response o Ancient Chinese, Indian, Peruvian o World Wild Federation – ideology; human’s civilizations addressed soil erosion by: responsibility in protecting, respecting, & ▪ Constructing terraces preserving the natural world from man- ▪ Crop rotation made/anthropogenic activities ▪ Nutrient recycling  CORE – environmental awareness - Work of Greek physicians, Hippocrates & Galen recognized env’tal health problems  SUCCESS – human’s awareness & understanding ▪ Acid contamination among copper that env’t is fragile – humans are the cause & miners solution o Hippocrates’ treatise on human ecology  ABOUT – awareness about human actions to – oldest surviving EU work the local & global ecosystems - From 200-1200 A.D, Middle Age, agricultural & economic growth led to severe env’tal problems  ENVIRONMENTALLY AWARE – o Soil erosion & insect infestations – - understanding that our actions affect the env’t; cause of famine during MA - changing our actions when they are damaging  Formal Beginning of Environmentalist  PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR Movement o Green-, sustainable-, environment-friendly - During: Industrial Revolution behavior - Purpose: respond to worsening levels of - AIM after awareness is behavior pollution in the atmosphere - Human actions aimed at protecting the env’t - Due: growth in coal consumption, level of - Multidisciplinary psychological & sociological chemical by-products, growing volume of construct untreated human waste in 1900, - Concrete & tangible measures addressing actionable env’tal concerns  GREEN CONSUMERISM LAWS - Human actions  ALKALI ACTS – Great Britain, 1863 - Recycle, reuse, o Regulate gaseous hydrochloric acid air – - Eco-friendly products & services by-product of soda ash production & - Safeguards the env’t caused deleterious air pollution  Consumer’s power to influence production o 1st modern env’t legislations of the 19th towards pro-env’talism cent.  COAL ABATEMENT SOCIETY – by William Blake Richard, 1898 HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTALISM o Oldest non-gov’tal org on environmentalism - Ancient Age – Weyler,– fascinating &  PUBLIC HEALTH ACT OF 1875 complicated o 1st law to sanction factories that - Ecological Awareness came up in human belched large amount of black smoke historical record – early 5000 years ago  SMOKE ABATEMENT ACT, 1926  Hindu’s hymns praised wild forests o Extended the definition of harmful  Taoist Monks emphasizes respect & protection gases of nature to achieve harmony b/w humans & o Includes soot, ash, gritty particles env’t  CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1956  Buddhists are most active & engaged o due to: great smog of 1952 in LND – 6K environmentalists deaths, city to standstill  Oral Traditions/Lore  wildlife conservation laws were also passed o sacredness of the wilderness Nidocakes 20   ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRD  R.A 6969 or TOXIC SUBSTANCES & HAZARDOUS in 1889 & NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990 - Alfred Newton, English Zoologist o Regulated, restricted, prohibited the o Protection of animals from hunting importation, manufacture, processing, during mating season sale, distribution, use, & disposal of  SEA BIRDS PRESERVATION ACT OF 1869 chemical substances & mixtures - Alfred Newton  R.A 8749 or PH CLEAN AIR ACT, 1999 o 1st nature protection law in the world o Landmark legislation aimed to achieve  COMMONS PRESERVATION SOCIETY, 1865 & maintain clean air o To champion rural preservation against o Set guidelines for the Nat’l air quality industrial encroachments o Providing for the systematic  NATIONAL TRUST FOR PLACES OF HISTORIC measurement of criteria pollutants, INTEREST & NATURAL BEAUTY, 1895 reducing economic impacts of pollution o 1st organized movements for heritage  R.A 9003 or ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE conservation MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000  SIERRA CLUB o Adopted a systematic, comprehensive, o USA, 1892 ecological solid waste management o Protect natural landscapes against program in the PH human dev’t & o Ensures protection of public health & o Preserve for future gen. env’t through proper segregation,  SOCIETY FOR PRESERVATION OF NATURE collection, storage, treatment, disposal MONUMENTS IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1905 of solid waste o Stand against the plan of using nearby  R.A 9275 or PH CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 wetland as garbage dump o Aim to protect PH’s bodies of water  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL from land based sources of pollution, PROTECTION AGENCY, 1970 o Providing a comprehensive & integrated o Banned the use of DDT strategy to prevent & minimize through  Rachel Louise Carson, American biologist, multisectoral & participatory approach writer & conservationist o Use of DDT or  Env’tal societies were established due to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane & systematically address the env’tal hazards of Pesticides cause cancer & threaten industrialization in the late 19th cent. wildlife, resulting to USEPA  1960s saw beginnings of modern environmental movement, recalibrated based on growing  LOBBY GROUPS: challenges of the Modern Age on pollution &  FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, 1969 habitat loss  GREENPEACE, 1971  1970s gained rapid pace of env’tal movement  WORLD’s 1ST POLITICAL