STS Finals Reviewer PDF

lOMoARcPSD|45778308 STS-Finals-Reviewer Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (University of Southern Mindanao) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|45778308 STS-Finals-Reviewer Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (University of Southern Mindanao) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Science, Technology and Society Common Good Reviewer - Development for the majority. Social Justice THE INFORMATION AGE - Equitable distribution of wealth, power, and opportunities. Sustainability Introduction to Information Age - Considering needs across generations. Knowledge communicated or obtained Social Responsibility about a specific fact or circumstance. Highly modernized, automated, data- - Everyone contributing to addressing driven, and technologically advanced. social issues. Also known as the "Digital Age" and "New Media Age.” SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS James R. Messenger's Theory (1982) Proposed the theory of the information 1) No Poverty: Inclusive economic growth age. for sustainable jobs and equality. Emphasized the interconnection of 2) Zero Hunger: Agriculture's role in computers, real-time operation, and eradicating hunger and poverty. user-friendly aspects. 3) Good Health and Well-being: Essential Defined the Information Age as the era for sustainable development. where access to and control of 4) Quality Education: Foundation for information characterize human improved lives and development. civilization. 5) Gender Equality: Fundamental for a peaceful, prosperous world. 6) Clean Water and Sanitation: Essential for Before and After Information Age: the world we want to live in. Before: People viewed as mechanical 7) Affordable and Clean Energy: Crucial for machines; industrial era with figures like addressing major challenges. Galileo, Newton, Edison, Bell, and Ford. 8) Decent Work and Economic Growth: Sustainable development requires quality After: Shift to viewing the human mind as jobs. a computer; tech leaders like Steve Jobs 9) Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: and Bill Gates; emphasis on services Crucial for sustainable development. over manufacturing. 10) Reduced Inequalities: Universal policies addressing the needs of disadvantaged populations. CORE VALUES IN DEVELOPMENT 11) Sustainable Cities and Communities: Ensuring opportunities for all. 12) Responsible Consumption and Human Dignity Production: Emphasis on responsible production and consumption. - Recognizing human rights and faculties. 13) Climate Action: Addressing the global Popular Participation challenge of climate change. 14) Life Below Water: Managing this - Involving people in development essential global resource for a planning and implementation. sustainable future. Empowerment 15) Life on Land: Managing forests, combating desertification, and preserving - Providing skills for self-reliance. biodiversity. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS 16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY Access to justice, building effective institutions. Biodiversity 17) Partnerships: Revitalizing the global partnership for sustainable development. - Biodiversity encompasses the entire spectrum of life on Earth, from unicellular organisms to multicellular species. It is Level of Development the variety of life in all its forms, - A stage in life where individuals fulfill supporting essential elements for our physical, social, political, economic, survival. "Bio" refers to life, and moral-spiritual, emotional/psychological, "diversity" denotes variety. and intellectual needs. Healthy Society - A healthy society ensures residents have Information Age Overview access to quality education, safe homes, employment, transportation, physical Web Browsers: Software to access and activity, nutrition, and healthcare. Well- navigate the World Wide Web (e.g., functioning ecosystems are crucial for Internet Explorer, Firefox). healthy communities. Search Engines: Tools to find information on the Internet (e.g., Google Search, Yahoo Search). Relation to Biodiversity Basic Computer Skills: Word processing, - Healthy communities depend on robust cybersecurity awareness, understanding ecosystems. To achieve this, preserving computers. and conserving biodiversity is essential. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY Transparency in Data Practices. Informed Consent. Responsible Data Governance. Genetic Biodiversity - Variation within the same species, TRUTHS OF THE INFORMATION AGE inherited from parents to offspring. Examples include traits for disease Information must compete. resistance and stress tolerance. Newer is equated with truer. The media sells what the culture buys. The early word gets the perm. Species Diversity You are what you eat and so is your - Variety of species in a region, influenced brain. by environmental conditions. Taxonomy, Anything in great demand will be the scientific study of classification, counterfeited. includes species richness (number of Ideas are seen as controversial. species) and species evenness Undead information walks ever on. (distribution among species). Media presence creates the story. The medium selects the message. Ecological Diversity The whole truth is a pursuit. - Interaction of different species in an ecosystem, emphasizing the importance of diverse ecosystems for essential services. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Values of Biodiversity - Dependence on healthy ecosystems for agriculture and fisheries, emphasizing - Consumptive Use Value: Estimating the agrobiodiversity. local population's use of natural resources, such as food, drugs, and fuel. Energy - Historical development influenced by Productive Use Value various factors, with recent concerns about the environmental impact of - Placing value on nature's products, like energy use on biodiversity. lumber and wool, after passing through the market. Water Storage and Flood Control Social Value - Natural and artificial water storage, flood control through dams, with pros and - Reflecting cultural, spiritual, and cons. recreational values of biodiversity, tied to livelihoods. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Aesthetic Value - Appreciating the beauty of nature. Habitat Loss and Destruction - Caused by deforestation, urbanization, Ethical Value agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. - Upholding the principle of 'live and let others live,' acknowledging the right of all forms of life to exist. Over-Exploitation - Excessive use of natural resources Optional Value leading to overfishing, illegal wildlife trade, logging, and overgrazing. - Preserving biodiversity for future possibilities. Natural Calamities Ecosystem Service Value - Impact on biodiversity through events like earthquakes, floods, and wildfires. - Assigning monetary values to ecosystem goods and services like oxygen production, water purification, and habitat Chemical and Environmental Pollution maintenance. - Introduction of hazardous substances into the environment, including chemical Biodiversity Benefits and environmental pollution. - Health and Medicine: Utilizing biodiversity for disease prevention and Biological Pollution cures. Historical examples include herbal medicines, while modern - Introduction of harmful non-indigenous pharmaceuticals continue to be organisms, leading to biodiversity loss, developed. ecosystem disruption, economic impact, and human health issues. Food CONSEQUENCES OF THREATS Extinction of species and populations. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Degradation of ecosystems. Agriculture Erosion of genetic diversity. - Biotechnology improves crop yield, pest Loss of ecosystem services. resistance, and nutritional content. Erosion of support systems of human societies. Industry PROTOCOLS ON BIODIVERSITY - Biotechnology revolutionizes materials, promoting easily degradable products. Environment Montreal Protocol: Addresses ozone depletion by phasing out substances like CFCs. - Microorganisms, fungi, and enzymes used to restore contaminated Kyoto Protocol: Aims to limit global temperature ecosystems. increase below 2 degrees Celsius. TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Cartagena Protocol: Ensures safe transfer and use of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs). Red Biotechnology - Health sector, develops vaccines, Convention on Biological Diversity: Promotes antibiotics, and regenerative therapies. conservation, sustainable use, and fair benefit - sharing from genetic resources. Adopted in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Green Biotechnology - Focus on agriculture, fights pests, and strengthens crops against environmental GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS challenges. (GMOs) AND GENE THERAPY White Biotechnology - Industrial branch, improves Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and manufacturing processes and develops Biotechnology Timeline biofuels. Yellow Biotechnology BIOTECHNOLOGY - Focus on food production, genetically - Biotechnology is a science-driven improves food quantity and quality. industry using living organisms for Blue Biotechnology product and process development. - Exploits marine resources for History: Coined by Karl Ereky, the field traces aquaculture, cosmetics, and healthcare back to zymotechnology, studying fermentation. products. Notable advancements include genetic engineering in the 1970s, leading to GMOs, Grey Biotechnology biopharmaceuticals, and gene therapy. - Conservation and restoration of contaminated ecosystems through bioremediation. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Gold Biotechnology (Bioinformatics) - Deals with biological information, Medicine especially DNA and amino acid - Biotechnology crucial for sequences. pharmaceuticals, vaccines, gene therapy, and personalized treatments. SUB-CATEGORIES Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS 1980s-1990s: Becomes a leader in biotechnology, developing GM crops with Brown, Purple, Orange, Black Biotechnology improved traits. - Further specialization in agriculture, legal studies, information dissemination, and health attacks. Advantages of Biotechnology CONTROVERSIES AND ETHICAL ISSUES - Lowers CO2 emissions, optimizes water usage, and minimizes chemical Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) processes. - Concerns about environmental and Health Improvements health impacts, lack of transparency, and - Enhances medical diagnosis, decreases consumer awareness. infection rates, and supports healthcare Pesticides and Herbicides progress. - Roundup's alleged health risks and Sustainable Agriculture environmental damage, including the - Offers nutritious, toxin-free food, reduces controversy over glyphosate and cancer. pesticide usage, contributing to Seed Patents sustainable farming. - Criticized for aggressively protecting GM Poverty and Hunger Alleviation seed patents, leading to legal action - Increases land cultivation and food against farmers. production, addressing global hunger. Lobbying and Political Influence DISADVANTAGES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - Accusations of using financial resources to influence political decisions and regulations. Impact on Biodiversity - Lab-engineered foods may reduce crop diversity, impacting ecosystems. Monoculture and Biodiversity Health and Environmental Risks - Promotion of select GM crop varieties linked to concerns about agricultural - Unforeseen allergies, potential organism biodiversity and monoculture farming. poisoning, and escape of modified bacteria pose risks. Deceptive Marketing Ethical Controversies - Criticisms of marketing practices downplaying or misrepresenting risks - Cloning, genome modification, and associated with products. assisted reproduction raise ethical and societal concerns. Environmental Impact Economic Impact - Concerns about pollution and harm to non-target organisms from agricultural - Increased yields may lead to job chemicals. displacement, and high biotechnology costs can hinder smaller landowners. Ethical Dilemmas for Farmers BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS - Farmers face dilemmas such as inability to save seeds and concerns about Monsanto's economic power. 1970s: Introduces Roundup herbicide, followed by Roundup Ready crops. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Risks: Allergenicity: Introducing genes across species may create new allergens. Environmental Impact: Altering ecosystems. Herbicide and Pesticide Use: GMOs engineered to resist pests may lead to PROS AND CONS OF ORGANIC GARDENING increased chemical usage. AND GMOS Benefits: Enhanced Nutritional Value GMOs (Pros) Increased Crop Yields Reduced Pesticides Higher Yield IMPACTS OF GMOS ON THE FUTURE Food Production Increase Added Nutritional Values Governmental Policies Cost-Effective - Regulatory decisions, trade impacts, Does Not Need Fertile Land economic effects, and market access Resistance to Sickness influence GMO outcomes. More Nutrients GMOs (Cons) Agricultural Practices Allergic Reactions - Reduced pesticide use, enhanced Antibiotic Resistance nutritional value, biodiversity concerns, Altered Taste climate resilience, and potential loss of Harm to Organisms biodiversity. New Allergies Health Complications. Crop Failures USES OF GENE THERAPY Organic Gardening (Pros) Gene Therapy Disease Prevention - Medical approach correcting genetic Soil Protection issues without drugs or surgery. Pest and Disease Resistance Natural Fertilizers Animal Reproduction Uses: 1. Monogenic Diseases: Treating cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. Organic Gardening (Cons) 2. Cancer: Targeting cancer cells using gene therapy. Expensive 3. Hemophilia: Introducing clotting factor Limited selection genes. Short shelf life 4. Infectious Diseases: Making patients Potential lack of authenticity more resistant to certain diseases. Labor-intensive. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Voretigene Neparvovec (Luxturna) (GMOS) - BENEFITS AND RISKS - Approved gene therapy for inherited vision loss. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS GENE THERAPY IN THE PHILIPPINES ETHICAL ISSUES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING Research and Development Genetic Engineering - Scientists in the Philippines studying gene therapy for disease treatments. - Laboratory technologies altering organism DNA. Clinical Trials: - Testing gene therapy treatments on ETHICAL ISSUES patients to ensure safety. 1. Ethical and Religious Objections: Some Rules and Safety: view genetic engineering as playing God. - Government regulations ensuring safety 2. Genetic Anomalies: Unintended health and ethical standards. problems due to genetic manipulation. 3. Genetic Diversity Hampered: Loss of Access and Cost: genetic diversity. - Availability and affordability of gene therapy may vary in different regions. PROS AND CONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING NANOTECHNOLOGY Pros: Nanotechnology Better Variety of Crops Enhanced Longevity - Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, Cons: showing potential to transform various industries. Hamper Dietary Value Entry of Pathogens Nanomanipulation - The ability to control and rearrange individual atoms to create new GENE THERAPY POTENTIAL, CHALLENGES, structures. AND RISKS Nanomaterials - Engineered materials with nanoscale Potential features, made from metals, - Treating genetic diseases, cancer semiconductors, or polymers. therapy, infectious disease control, rare Nanoparticles diseases, and more. - Tiny particles in the nanometer range, Challenges exhibiting unique properties in medicine, - Safety concerns, long-term effects, electronics, and catalysis. temporary results, high costs, ethical questions, and regulatory hurdles. Relationships: Risks Nanotechnology studies matter at the - Unwanted genetic changes, immune nanoscale. reactions, cancer risk, ethical concerns, Nanomanipulation controls matter at the and viral vector issues. nanoscale. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Nanoparticles and nanomaterials result - Introduced the concept of molecular from nanotechnology and nanotechnology. nanomanipulation. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN Nanoscale Science and Engineering NANOTECHNOLOGY - Study and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, spanning disciplines like Scale and Properties chemistry, physics, and engineering. - Nanoscience studies matter 1-100 nanometers in size, exhibiting unique properties. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Quantum Mechanics Origins - Describes behavior at the atomic and subatomic levels, fundamental to - Started with Richard Feynman's 1959 nanoscale phenomena. lecture, envisioning atomic and molecular manipulation. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches Conceptual Growth Bottom-Up: Assembles structures from - Expanded through Drexler's molecular atoms and molecules. nanotechnology and advancements in Top-Down: Breaks down larger materials scanning probe microscopy. to generate nanostructures. EARLY CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY a) Feynman's Lecture (1959): Proposed manipulating atoms for creating new materials and devices. 1. Electronics: Nanoscale transistors and b) Drexler's Molecular Nanotechnology quantum dots for smaller, more powerful (1980s): Introduced the idea of building devices. structures atom by atom. 2. Medicine: Nanoparticles in drug delivery c) Scanning Probe Microscopy (1980s): and nanoscale imaging for disease Enabled visualization and manipulation detection. of individual atoms. 3. Energy: Nanomaterials enhance solar cells, batteries, and energy efficiency. 4. Materials Science: Nanocomposites and PIONEERS IN NANOSCIENCE AND nanocoating for stronger, lighter NANOTECHNOLOGY materials. Richard Feynman NANOTECH ETHICS - Visionary behind nanotechnology's conceptual foundation. Health and Safety Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer - Nanoparticles can be risky to workers - Developed the Scanning Tunneling and consumers. Safety measures must Microscope (STM). be in place. K. Eric Drexler Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS Dual-Use Dilemma 3. Disruption of ocean currents. 4. Spread of diseases. - Nanotech can be used for good and harm. Preventing misuse is crucial. WHO CAN FIX IT? Environmental Impact Governments Positive - Laws to reduce emissions. o Nanotech helps clean air pollution. Businesses - Sustainable processes. Negative People o Some nanomaterials harm the - Personal choices and voicing concerns. environment. Marine life suffers from released nanoparticles. Safety Concerns STS AND CLIMATE CHANGE - Exposure to Nanoparticles raises toxicity concerns. Inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption can lead to health issues. Negative Contributions: Resource extraction for clean energy CLIMATE CHANGE harms the environment. Dependence on fossil fuels increases emissions. Society's decisions, like reliance on fossil Climate change fuels and excessive consumption, - A long-term shift in average weather contribute negatively. patterns. Global Temperature Positive Contributions (Adaptation): - The Earth is getting warmer, leading to Drought-resistant crops. climate changes. Early warning systems. Sea walls to prevent flooding. Weather vs. Climate - Weather is short-term, while climate is ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES long-term. Causes: 1. Climate Change 1. Deforestation: Releases CO2, reduces - Definition: Long-term shift in average trees capturing CO2. weather patterns. 2. Burning Fossil Fuels: Releases CO2, - Examples: Global warming, extreme used for energy. weather. 3. Biodiversity Reduction: Weakens - Causes: Deforestation, burning fossil ecosystems' ability to capture carbon. fuels, biodiversity reduction. - Effects: Changing wildlife patterns, Effects: melting ice caps, extreme weather. 2. Food Waste 1. Wildlife adaptations and cycles change. 2. Ice caps melt. Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45778308 NJS - Definition: Discarding edible food, a global issue. - Definition: Presence of plastic in the - Causes: Overproduction, retail practices, environment, harming ecosystems. consumer behavior, supply chain issues, - Effects: Wildlife impact, economic lack of infrastructure. consequences, environmental damage, - Effects: Economic loss, environmental human health risks. impact, resource depletion, food - Causes: Single-use plastics, improper insecurity. waste disposal, lack of recycling. - Prevention: Education, improved supply - Recommendations: Reduce single-use chain, surplus redistribution, incentives, plastics, improve recycling, legislation, policy change. public awareness. 7. Air Pollution - Definition: Presence of harmful substances in the air. - Causes: Industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, fossil fuel burning, deforestation, agriculture. - Effects: Respiratory issues, 3. Global Warming cardiovascular problems, environmental damage, global warming. - Definition: Long-term warming due to - Prevention: Clean energy adoption, increased fossil fuel use. improved transportation, industrial - Causes: Power generation, regulations, reforestation, public manufacturing, deforestation, awareness. transportation. - Effects: Hotter temperatures, severe 8. Water Pollution storms, increased drought, rising oceans, food scarcity. - Definition: Contamination of water - Prevention: Energy conservation, electric sources, rendering water unusable. vehicles, reduced reliance on fossil fuels. - Effects: Health issues, economic impact, environmental damage. 4. Deforestation - Causes: Improper waste disposal, industrial discharge, agricultural runoff. - Definition: Cutting down forests, leading - Prevention: Reduce plastic consumption, to emissions and habitat loss. proper waste disposal, car maintenance, - Causes: Logging, forest fires, agriculture sustainable landscaping, public expansion, urbanization. awareness. - Effects: Climate change, desertification, soil erosion, species extinction. - Recommendations: Sustainable logging, agroforestry, responsible consumption, conservation, reforestation. 5. Biodiversity Loss - Definition: Decrease in variety of life forms, driven by human activities. - Effects: Ecosystem disruption, economic impact, increased vulnerability, reduced food variety. - Prevention: Protecting habitats, sustainable practices, combating invasive species, raising awareness. 6. Plastic Pollution Downloaded by Lael Jay ([email protected])